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SHIVAM JAIN MATHS CLASSES (IX XII)

CHAPTER 13
PROBABILITY
Mad for Maths

M ehnat – A alas + D edication = Success

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Chapter – 13 PROBABILITY
NCERT WORKSHEET
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
Q1 In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of
430, 10% of the girls study in class XII. What is the probability that a student chosen
randomly studies in Class XII given that the chosen student is a girl?

Q2 A die is thrown three times. Events A and B are defined as below:

A : 4 on the third throw

B : 6 on the first and 5 on the second throw.

Find the probability of A given that B has already occurred.

Q3 A black and a red dice are rolled. Find the conditional probability of obtaining the sum
8, given that the red die resulted in a number less than 4

Q4 A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What
is the conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once?

Q5 Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different. Find the
probability of the event ‘the sum of numbers on the dice is 4’

Q6 Two coins are tossed once, where

(i) E: tail appears on one coin, F: one coin shows head

(ii) E: no tail appears, F: no head appears

Q7 Mother, father and son line up at random for a family picture E : son on one end, F :
father in middle

Q8 Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a family has two
children, what is the conditional probability that both are girls given that
(i) the youngest is a girl, (ii) at least one is a girl?

Q9 Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin shows head, toss it again but if it
shows tail, then throw a die. Find the conditional probability of the event that ‘the die
shows a number greater than 4’ given that ‘there is at least one tail’.
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FORMULAE + WITH & WITHOUT REPLACEMENT
Q1 Three cards are drawn successively, without replacement from a pack of 52 well
shuffled cards. What is the probability that first two cards are kings and the third card
drawn is an ace?

Q2 Two cards are drawn at random and without replacement from a pack of 52 playing
cards. Find the probability that both the cards are black.

Q3 A box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected oranges drawn

without replacement. If all the three oranges are good, the box is approved for sale,
otherwise, it is rejected. Find the probability that a box containing 15 oranges out of which
12 are good and 3 are bad ones will be approved for sale.

Q4 Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black
and 8 red balls. Find the probability that

a) Both balls are red.

b) first ball is black and second is red. c) One of them is black and other is red.
Q5 An unbiased die is thrown twice. Let the event A be ‘odd number on the first throw’ and
B the event ‘odd number on the second throw’. Check the independence of the events A and
B.

Q6 Three coins are tossed simultaneously. Consider the event E ‘three heads or three tails’,
F ‘at least two heads’ and G ‘at most two heads’. Of the pairs (E,F), (E,G) and (F,G), which
are independent? which are dependent?

Q7 A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event ‘head appears on the coin’
and B be the event ‘3 on the die’. Check whether A and B are independent events or not. 5.

Q8 Evaluate P(A ∪ B), if 2P(A) = P(B) = 5/13 and P(A|B) = 2/5

Q9 Given that the events A and B are such that P (A) = , P (A U B) = , and

P (B) = p. Find p if they are (i) mutually exclusive (ii) independent.

Q10 Let A and B be independent events with P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.4. Find
a) P (A ∩ B) b) P(A ∪ B) c) P (A|B) d) P (B|A)

Q11 If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 1/4, P(B) = 1/2 and P(A ∩ B) = 1/8 , find P
(not A and not B).

Q12 A and B are two events such that P (A) 0. Find P (B|A), if

(i) A is a subset of B (ii) A B=

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Q13 Events A and B are such that P (A) = 1/2, P(B) = 7/12 and P(not A or not B) = 1/4
State whether A and B are independent?

Q14 Given two independent events A and B such that P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.6. Find (i) P(A
and B) (ii) P(A and not B) (iii) P(A or B) (iv) P(neither A nor B).

Q15 An electronic assembly consists of two subsystems, say, A and B. From previous
testing procedures, the following probabilities are assumed to be known:

P (A fails) = 0.2, P (B fails alone) = 0.15, P (A and B fail) = 0.15. Find

(a) P (A fails/B has failed) (b) P(A fails alone)

Q16 Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are

And respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability
that

(i)The problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.

Q17 In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi newspaper, 40% read English newspaper
and 20% read both Hindi and English newspapers. A student is selected at random.

(a) Find the probability that she reads neither Hindi nor English newspapers.

(b) If she reads Hindi new paper, find the probability that she reads English newspaper.

(c) If she reads English newspaper, find the probability that she reads Hindi newspaper.

Q18 A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once.

Q19 If A & B are two independent events, then the probability of occurrence of at least one
of A & B is given by 1 - P ( ) P (

TOTAL PROBABILIY
Q1 A person has undertaken a construction job. The probabilities are 0.65 that there will
be strike, 0.80 that the construction job will be completed on time if there is no strike, and
0.32 that the construction job will be completed on time if there is a strike. Determine the
probability that the construction job will be completed on time.

Q2 An urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random, its colour is noted
and is returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 additional balls of the colour drawn are put in the
urn and then a ball is drawn at random. What is the probability that the second ball is red
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BAYES THEOREM
Q1 Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while another Bag II contains 5 red and 6 black
balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is found to be red. Find the
probability that it was drawn from Bag II.

Q2 Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls. One
ball is transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from Bag II. The ball so
drawn is found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball is black.

Q3 An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers. The probability of an accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the
insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter driver?

Q4 Given three identical boxes I, II and III, each containing two coins. In box I, both coins
are gold coins, in box II, both are silver coins and in the box III, there is one gold and one
silver coin. A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is of gold,
what is the probability that the other coin in the box is also of gold?

Q5 Suppose that the reliability of a HIV test is specified as follows: Of people having HIV,
90% of the test detect the disease but 10% go undetected. Of people free of HIV, 99% of the
test are judged HIV–ive but 1% are diagnosed as showing HIV+ive. From a large population
of which only 0.1% have HIV, one person is selected at random, given the HIV test, and the
pathologist reports him/her as HIV+ive. What is the probability that the person actually
has HIV?

Q6 A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact,
present. However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person
tested (i.e. if a healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test will imply he
has the disease). If 0.1 percent of the population

Q7 Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40%. It is also assumed
that a meditation and yoga course reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription
of certain drug reduces its chances by 25%. At a time a patient can choose any one of the
two options with equal probabilities. It is given that after going through one of the two
options the patient selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability that the
patient followed a course of meditation and yoga?

Q8 Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes
the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a
head or tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she
threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die? actually has the disease, what is the probability that a
person has the disease given that his test result is positive ?
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Q9 A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a
six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.

Q10 If a machine is correctly set up, it produces 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly
set up, it produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the set
ups are correctly done. If after a certain set up, the machine produces 2 acceptable items,
find the probability that the machine is correctly setup

Q11 Two groups are competing for the position on the Board of directors of a corporation.
The probabilities that the first and the second groups will win are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively.
Further, if the first group wins, the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the
corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find the probability that the new
product introduced was by the second group.

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Q1 Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52
cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of aces.

Q2 Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in three throws of a pair of dice.

Q3 Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively without replacement) from a well
shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean,

Q4 Let X represent the difference between the number of heads and the number of tails
obtained when a coin is tossed 6 times. What are possible values of X?

Q5 Find the probability distribution of

a) number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three coins.

b) number of heads in four tosses of a coin.
Q6 Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two tosses of a die,
where a success is defined as

a) number greater than 4

b) six appears on at least one die
Q7 From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn at
random with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of defective
bulbs.

Q8 A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed
twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails.

Q9 Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive
integers. Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find E(X).
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Q10 In a meeting, 70% of the members favour and 30% oppose a certain proposal. A
member is selected at random and we take X = 0 if he opposed, and X = 1 if he is in favour.
Find E(X)

Q11 Let X denote the number of hours you study during a randomly selected school day.
The probability that X can take the values x, has the following form, where k is some
unknown constant.

P(X = x ) =

(a) Find the value of k.

(b) What is the probability that you study at least two hours ? Exactly two hours? At most
two hours?

Q12 The random variable X has a probability distribution P(X) of the following form, where
k is some number:

P(X) =

(a) Determine the value of k. (b) Find P (X < 2), P (X ≤ 2), P(X ≥ 2)

MISCELLANEOUS
Ques1 If a leap year is selected at random, what is the chance that it will contain 53
Tuesdays?

Ques2 In a game, a man wins a rupee for a six and loses a rupee for any other number
when a fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a die thrice but to quit as and when he
gets a six. Find the expected value of the amount he wins / loses.

Ques3 If each element of a second order determinant is either zero or one, what is the
probability that the value of the determinant is positive? (Assume that the individual
entries of the determinant are chosen independently, each value being assumed with
probability

Ques4 A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them gets a ‘6’ and wins the game. Find
their respective probabilities of winning, if A starts first.
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NCERT EXEMPLAR + RD WORKSHEET
Q1 A and B are two candidates seeking admission in a college. The probability that A is
selected is 0.7 and the probability that exactly one of them is selected is 0.6. Find the
probability that B is selected.

Q2 A committee of 4 students is selected at random from a group consisting 8 boys and 4

girls. Given that there is at least one girl on the committee, calculate the probability that
there are exactly 2 girls on the committee.

Q3 Three machines E1 , E2 , E3 in a certain factory produce 50%, 25% and 25%,

respectively, of the total daily output of electric tubes. It is known that 4% of the tubes
produced one each of machines E1 and E2 are defective, and that 5% of those produced on
E3 are defective. If one tube is picked up at random from a day’s production, calculate the
probability that it is defective.

Q4. Four balls are to be drawn without replacement from a box containing 8 red and 4
white balls. If X denotes the number of red ball drawn, find the probability distribution of
X.

Q5. In a dice game, a player pays a stake of Re1 for each throw of a die. She receives Rs 5 if
the die shows a 3, Rs 2 if the die shows a 1 or 6, and nothing otherwise. What is the
player’s expected profit per throw over a long series of throws?

Q6 Three dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability of getting three two’s, if it
is known that the sum of the numbers on the dice was six.

Q7 The probability distribution of a random variable X is given below:

a) Determine the value of k.

b) Determine P(X≤ 2) and P(X > 2)
c) Find P(X≤ 2) + P (X> 2).
Q8 A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the game if he gets a total of 6 and B
wins if she gets a total of 7. It A starts the game, find the probability of winning the game
by A in third throw of the pair of dice.
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Q9 Three bags contain a number of red and white balls as follows: Bag 1 : 3 red balls, Bag
2 : 2 red balls and 1 white ball Bag 3 : 3 white balls. The probability that bag i will be
chosen and a ball is selected from it is , i = 1, 2, 3. What is the probability that
(i) a red ball will be selected? (ii) a white ball is selected?

Q10 A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1, A2, and A3. They are a mixture
where the proportions are 4 : 4 : 2 respectively. The germination rates of the three types of
seeds are 45%, 60% and 35%. Calculate the probability
a) of a randomly chosen seed to germinate
b) that it will not germinate given that the seed is of type A3.
c) that it is of the type A2 given that a randomly chosen seed does not germinate.

Q11 A letter is known to have come either from TATANAGAR or CALCUTTA. On the envelop
just two Consecutive letters TA are visible. What is the prob.? That the letter has come from
TATANAGAR

Q12 By examining the chest X ray, the probability that TB is detected when a person is
actually suffering is 0.99. The probability of an healthy person diagnosed to have TB is
0.001. In a certain city, 1 in 1000 people suffers from TB. A person is selected at random
and is diagnosed to have TB. What is the probability that he actually has TB?

Q13 Urn I contains 7 white and 3 black balls; Urn II contains 4 white and 6 black balls;
Urn III contains 2 white and 8 black balls. One of these urns is chosen with probabilities
0.2, 0.6 and 0.2 respectively. From the chosen urn, two balls are drawn at random with
replacement. Both the balls happened to be white. Calculate the probability that the balls
drawn were from Urn III.

Q14 A bag contains (2n + 1) coins. It is known that n of these coins have a head on both
sides whereas the rest of the coins are fair. A coin is picked up at random from the bag & is
tossed. If the probability that the toss results in a head is 31/42, determine the value of n

Q15 In a test an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer to multiple choice
question with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is 1/3. The probability
that he copies the answer is 1/6. The probability that the answer is correct, given that he
copied it is 1/8. Find the probability that he knows the answer to the question, given that
he correctly answered it.

Q16 A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is
a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.

Q17 If a machine is correctly set up, it produces 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly
set up, it produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the set
ups are correctly done. If after a certain set up, the machine produces 2 acceptable items,
find the probability that the machine is correctly setup.
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Q18 Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six positive
integers. Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find the probability
distribution of the random variable X, and hence find the mean of the distribution.

Q19 If a leap year is selected at random, what is the chance that it will contain 53
Tuesdays?

Q20 Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are 1/2

and 1/3 respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability
(i)The problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.

Q21 Ravi and Tanvi appear for an interview for the two vacancies in a company. The
probability of Ravi selection is 1/5 and that of Tanvi is 1/6. What is prob.? That (i) Both of
them selected (ii) only one of them selected (3/10) (iii) none of them selected

Q22 Harish can solve 90% of the problems of a book and Sony can solve 70% .what is the
prob. That at least one of them will solve a problem

Q23 The prob. that A hits a target is 1/3 and the prob. That B hits is 2/5. What is the
probability that the target will be hit?

Q24 A speaks the truth 60% of the cases and B in 90% of the cases .in what % of the cases
are they likely to contradict each other in stating the same fact

Q25 Three groups of children contain 3 girls and 1 boy, 2 girls and 2 boys and 1 girl and 3
boys. One child is selected at random from each group. Find the chance that the three
children selected comprise 1 girl and 2 boys
Q26 Three critics review a book, for the three critics the odds in favor of the book are 5:2,
4:3 and 3:4 resp. Find the prob. That the majority is in favor of the book

Q27 the odds against a man who is 45 years old living till he is 70 are 7:5 and the odds
against his wife who is now 36living till she is 61 are 5:3. Find the prob. That
a) The couple will be alive 25 years hence
b) At least one of them will be alive 25 years hence

Q28 A town has two fire extinguishing engine functioning independently. The probability of
availability of each engine when needed is 0.95. What is the prob. That
a) Neither of them is available when needed b) An engine is available when needed

Q29 Neelam has offered physics, chemistry and Math’s in class xii. She estimates that her
probability of receiving a grade A in these courses are 0.2, 0.3 and 0.9 resp. find the
probability that Neel receives
a) All A grade b) no A grade c) exactly 2 A grades

Q30 The prob. That a certain person will buy a shirt is 0.2. The probability that he will buy
a coat is 0.3 and the probability that he will buy a shirt given that he buys a coat is 0.4.
Find the prob. That he will buy neither coat nor shirt
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Q31 A and B are two candidates seeking admission in a college. The probability that A is
selected is 0.7 and the probability that exactly one of them is selected is 0.6. Find the
probability that B is selected

Q32 A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them gets a ‘6’ and wins the game. Find
their respective probabilities of winning, if A starts first.

Q33 If A and B are two independent events such that , then

find P(A) and P(B).

ANSWERS
CONDITIONAL PROBABILTY
Q1 0.1 Q2 1/6 Q3 1/9 Q4 2/5 Q5 1/15 Q6 a) 1 b) 0 Q7 1 Q8 1/2 , 1/3

Q9 2/9

FORMULAE

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Yes Q6 only E & F independent Q7 Yes

Q8 11/26 Q9 1/5, 1/10 Q10 (i) 0.12 (ii) 0.58 (iii) 0.3 (iv) 0.4 Q11 3/8 Q12 1, 0

Q13 Yes Q14 (i) 0.18 (ii) 0.12 (iii) 0.72 (iv) 0.28 Q15 (i) 0.5 (ii) 0.05 Q16 2/3, ½

Q17 a) 1/5 , (b) 1/3 , (c) ½ Q18 7/8

TOTAL PROBABILITY
Q1 0.488 Q2 ½

BAYES THEOREM
Q1 35/68 Q2 16/31 Q3 1/52 Q4 2/3 Q5 0.083 Q6 22/133 Q7 14/29 Q8 8/11

Q9 3/8 Q10 0.95 Q11 2/9

DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Q1 Q2
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Q3 Mean = 34/221 Q4 0, 2, 4, 6

Q5 b)

Q6 Q7

Q8 Q9 14/3 Q10 0.7 Q11 a) k = 0.15, b) 0.75, 0.3, 0.55

Q12 a) k = 1/6 b) ½ , 1, ½

MISCELLANEOUS
Q1 2/7 Q2 11/216 Q3 3/16 Q4 6/11, 5/11

NCERT EXEMPLAR & RD

1. 0.25 2. 168/425 3.17/400 4.

5 0.50 6. 1/10

Q7 a) 8/15 b)14/15, 1/15 c) 1 Q8 775/7776 Q9 i) 7/18 ii) 11/18

Q10 i)0.49 ii) 0.65 iii) 0.314 Q11. 7/11 Q12.110/221 Q13. 1/40

Q14. 10 Q15. 24/29 Q16. 3/8 Q17. 0.95

Q18. 14/3 19. 2/7 Q20. a)2/3 b)1/2 Q21 a) 1/30 b) 3/10 c)2/3

Q22 97% Q23 7/15 Q24 42% Q25 13/32 Q26 209/343
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Q27 i)5/32 ii) 61/96 Q28 i) 0.0025 ii) 0.95

Q29 i) .054 ii) .056 iii) 0.348 Q30 0 Q31 0.25 Q32 6/11, 5/11

Q33 1/5, 1/6 Or 5/6, 4/5