Scribd
Upload
91 views11 pages

Functional Units

Uploaded by

kishoreupk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
91 views11 pages

Functional Units

Uploaded by

kishoreupk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Computer

Architecture
Unit I – BASIC STRUCTURE OF
COMPUTERS
1. Functional Units
Functional Units
Arithmetic
Input and
logic

Memory

Output Control

I/O Processor

Figure 1.1. Basic functional units of a computer.


Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU)
➢Most computer operations are executed in ALU of
the processor.

➢Load the operands into memory – bring them to the


processor – perform operation in ALU – store the
result back to memory or retain in the processor.

➢Registers

➢Fast control of ALU


Memory Unit
• Two classes of storage
➢ Primary storage
❖Fast

❖Programs must be stored in memory while they are being executed

❖Large number of semiconductor storage cells

❖Processed in words

❖Address

❖Time required to access RAM - memory access time

❖Memory hierarchy – cache, main memory

➢ Secondary storage – larger and cheaper


Control Unit
➢All computer operations are controlled by the control
unit.

➢The timing signals that govern the I/O transfers are also
generated by the control unit.

➢Control unit is usually distributed throughout the


machine instead of standing alone.
Input / Output Units
➢Computer accepts coded information thr input
units

➢Whenever a key is pressed the corresponding letter


is translated automatically into binary code and
transmitted to memory or processor

➢Keyboard, joystick, trackballs, mouse

➢The processed output is sent to the outside world


thr output device
Information Handled by a
Computer

• Instructions/machine instructions

• Data
Machine Instructions
➢Govern the transfer of information within a computer as well as
between the computer and its I/O devices

➢Specify the arithmetic and logic operations to be performed

➢A list of instructions that performs a task is called a Program

➢Program is stored in memory

➢Source Program – input to the compiler – high level language

➢Object Program – built by compiler after translating source program


into machine language program
Data
➢Are numbers or encoded characters that are used as
operands by the instructions – digital information

➢Information handled by a computer must be encoded in


suitable format

➢Each number, character or instruction is encoded as a


sequence of binary digits (bits)

➢Encoding formats - ASCII, BCD, EBCDIC


Summary
Operations of a computer:

➢Accept information in the form of programs and data


through an input unit and store it in the memory

➢Fetch the information stored in the memory, under program


control, into an ALU, where the information is processed

➢Output the processed information through an output unit

➢Control all activities inside the machine through a control


unit

You might also like