APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING

TECHNIQUES TO
PREDICT CROP YEILD
A Mini Project Report Submitted to
JNTU Hyderabad in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING

Submitted by
KOLA SAIPREETHI 19RG1A0588

VEMULA RANI 20RG5A0508

NEMURI SHIVANI 20RG5A0510

MEMUGANTI LAXMI 20RG5A0511

Under the Guidance of

Dr. VAKA MURALI MOHAN

B. Tech, M. Tech, PH.D.
Professor & principal

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &

ENGINEERING
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR
WOMEN
 (Approved by AICTE New Delhi and Affiliated to
JNTUH)

B. Tech Programs CSE & ECE

Accredited by NBA

MAISAMMAGUDDA, MEDCHAL(M), Hyderabad-

500100, T. S.

MAY 2023
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTE R SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

FOR WOMEN
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi and Affiliated to
JNTUH)
(B. Tech Programs CSE & ECE Accredited by
NBA)

MAISAMMAGUDA, MEDCHAL (M), Hyderabad-500100,

T. S.

MAY 2023

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini project entitled ”APPLICATIONS OF

MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES USING CROP YEILD
PREDICTION” has been submitted by
KOLA.SAIPREETHI(19RG1A0588), VEMULA.RANI(20RG5A0508),
NEMURI.SHIVANI(20RG5A0510 and
MEMUGANTI.LAXMI(20RG5A0511) in partial fulfilment of the
 requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. This record of BONAFIDE
work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision.
The result embodied in this mini project report has not been
submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of
any degree.

Dr. VAKAMURALIMOHA Dr. KANKA

DURGARETURI
Principal and professor Head of
the Department
Project guide

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Mini Project work carried out by our team in the

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, MALLAREDDY
College of Engineering for Women, Hyderabad. This work is
original and has not been submitted in part or full for any
degree or diploma of any other university.

We wish to acknowledge our sincere thanks to our project guide Dr.

VAKA MURALI MOHAN, Professor & principal, Computer Science &
Engineering for formulation of the problem, analysis, guidance and
her continuous supervision during the course of work.

We acknowledge our sincere thanks to Dr. kanaka Durga

Returi, Professor and Head of the Department CSE, Dr. Vaka
Murali Mohan, Principal, Malla Reddy College of Engineering for
women, for their kind cooperation in making this Mini Project work a
success.

We extend our gratitude to our Founder Chairman Sri. Ch.

Malla Reddy; our dynamic Secretary Sri. Ch. Mahender Reddy;
our President Dr. Ch. Bhadra Reddy; our Directory Sri. P.
Praveen Reddy for their kind cooperation in providing the
infrastructure for completion of our Mini Project work a success.

We convey our special thanks to the entire teaching faculty and

non-teaching staff members of the Computer Science & Engineering
Department for their support in making this project work a success.

KOLA. SAIPREETHI
19RG1A0588___________________

VEMULA. RANI
 20RG5A0508___________________

NEMUARI. SHIVANI
20RG5A0510____________________

MEMUGANTI. LAXMI
20RG5A0511____________________
 INDEX

Chapter Page
No.

ABSTRACT vii

LIST OF FIGURES
viii

1. INTRODUCTION 2

1.1 Motivation 2
1.2 Problem definition
1.3 objective of Project 2
2.LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Predicting yield of the crop using machine 2
Learning algorithms
2.2 Applications of machine learning 4

techniques
In agricultural crop prediction: a review
2.3 A model for prediction of crop yeild 4

2.4 Agricultural crop yield prediction using

4
Artificial neural network approach
2.5 Predictive ability of machine learning methods for
. massive crop yield prediction 5
3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 Existing system 6
3.2 Proposed system
3.3 System requirements
3.4 System study
6
4.SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 System architecture
7
4.2 UML diagrams
4.3 Implementation
5.SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT 7

6.SYSTEM TESTING 7

7.SCREENSHOTS
9
8.CONCLUSION
9.REFERENCES
9

11

11

11

16

17

46

49

54

55
 LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter. Fig. No. Fig. Name Pag

e
No
4.1 System architecture

4.2 UML diagrams 11

4.3 Python installation

11
7.1 Result screenshot-1

7.2 Result screenshot-2 38

7.3 Result screenshot-3

 49
7.4 Result screenshot-4
49
7.5 Result screenshot-5
50
7.6 Result screenshot-6
51

51

52

ABSTRACT

Agriculture is one of the major and the least paid occupation in

India. Machine learning can bring a boom in the agriculture field by
changing the income scenario through growing the optimum crop. This
paper focuses on predicting the yield of the crop by applying various
machine learning techniques. The outcome of these techniques is
compared on the basis of mean absolute error. The prediction made by
machine learning algorithms will help the farmers to decide which crop to
grow to get the maximum yield by considering factors like temperature,
rainfall, area, etc.
1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 MOTIVATION

The history of agriculture in India[1] dates back to the Indus Valley

Civilization Era. India ranks second in this sector. Agriculture and allied
sectors like forestry and fisheries account for 15.4 percent of the GDP
(gross domestic product) with about 31 percent of the workforce. India
ranks first globally with the highest net cropped area followed by US and
China. Agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and
plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India. Due to
the revolution in industrialization, the economic contribution of agriculture
to India’s GDP is steadily declining with the country’s broad-based
economic growth.

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

The problem that the Indian Agriculture sector is facing is the
integration of technology to bring the desired outputs. With the advent of
new technologies and overuse of non-renewable energy resources
patterns of rainfall and temperature are disturbed. The inconsistent trends
developed from the side effects of global warming make it cumbersome
for the farmers to clearly predict the temperature and rainfall patterns
thus affecting their crop yield productivity. In order to perform accurate
prediction and handle inconsistent trends in temperature and rainfall
various machine learning algorithms like RNN, LSTM, etc can be applied to
get a pattern. It will complement the agricultural growth in India and all
together augment the ease of living for farmers. In past, many
researchers have applied machine learning techniques to enhance
agricultural growth of the country.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

This project focuses on predicting the yield of the crop by applying
various machine learning techniques. The outcome of these techniques is
compared on the basis of mean absolute error. The prediction made by
machine learning algorithms will help the farmers to decide which crop to
grow to get the maximum yield by considering factors like temperature,
rainfall, area, etc.
 2.LITERATUR SURVEY

2.1 PREDICTING YIELD OF THE CROP USING MACHINE

LEARNING ALGORITHM
AUTHORS: P.Priya, U.Muthaiah & M.Balamurugan
The agriculture plays a dominant role in the growth of the
country’s economy.Climate and other environmental changes has
become a major threat in the agriculture field. Machine learning (ML) is
 an essential approach for achieving practical and effective solutions for
this problem. Crop Yield Prediction involves predicting yield of the crop
from available historical available data like weather parameter,soil
parameter and historic crop yield.This paper focus on predicting the
yield of the crop based on the existing data by using Random Forest
algorithm. Real data of Tami lnadu were used for building the models
and the models were tested with samples.The prediction will helps to
the farmer to predict the yield of the crop before cultivating onto the
agriculture field. To predict the crop yield in future accurately Random
Forest, a most powerful and popular supervised machine learning
algorithm is used.

2.2 Applications of machine learning techniques in

agricultural crop production: a review
AUTHORS: Mishra .s, Mishra .D and Santra .G. H
This paper has been prepared as an effort to reassess the
research studies on the relevance of machine learning techniques in the
domain of agricultural crop production. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This
method is a new approach for production of agricultural crop
management. Accurate and timely forecasts of crop production are
necessary for important policy decisions like import-export, pricing
marketing distribution etc. which are issued by the directorate of
economics and statistics. However one has understand that these prior
estimates are not the objective estimates as these estimate requires lots
of descriptive assessment based on many different qualitative factors.
Hence there is a requirement to develop statistically sound objective
prediction of crop production. That development in computing and
information storage has provided large amount of data. Findings: The
problem has been to intricate knowledge from this raw data, this has lead
to the development of new approach and techniques such as machine
learning that can be used to unite the knowledge of the data with crop
yield evaluation. This research has been intended to evaluate these
innovative techniques such that significant relationship can be found by
their applications to the various variables present in the data base.
Application/Improvement: The few techniques like artificial neural
networks, Information Fuzzy Network, Decision Tree, Regression Analysis,
Bayesian belief network. Time series analysis, Markov chain model, k-
means clustering, k nearest neighbor, and support vector machine are
applied in the domain of agriculture were presented.

2.3 A Model for Prediction of Crop Yield.

AUTHORS: Manjula.E

Data Mining is emerging research field in crop yield analysis. Yield

prediction is a very important issue in agricultural. Any farmer is
interested in knowing how much yield he is about to expect. In the past,
yield prediction was performed by considering farmer's experience on
particular field and crop. The yield prediction is a major issue that remains
to be solved based on available data. Data mining techniques are the
better choice for this purpose. Different Data Mining techniques are used
and evaluated in agriculture for estimating the future year's crop
production. This research proposes and implements a system to predict
crop yield from previous data. This is achieved by applying association
rule mining on agriculture data. This research focuses on creation of a
prediction model which may be used to future prediction of crop yield.
This paper presents a brief analysis of crop yield prediction using data
mining technique based on association rules for the selected region i.e.
district of Tamil Nadu in India. The experimental results shows that the
proposed work efficiently predict the crop yield production.

2.4 Agricultural crop yield prediction using artificial

neural network approach

AUTHORS: Dahikar, S. S, Rode and S. V.

 By considering various situations of climatologically phenomena
affecting local weather conditions in various parts of the world. These
weather conditions have a direct effect on crop yield. Various researches
have been done exploring the connections between large-scale
climatologically phenomena and crop yield. Artificial neural networks have
been demonstrated to be powerful tools for modeling and prediction, to
increase their effectiveness. Crop prediction methodology is used to
predict the suitable crop by sensing various parameter of soil and also
parameter related to atmosphere. Parameters like type of soil, PH,
nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, organic carbon, calcium, magnesium,
sulphur, manganese, copper, iron, depth, temperature, rainfall, humidity.
For that purpose we are used artificial neural network (ANN).

2.5 Predictive ability of machine learning methods for

massive crop yield prediction.
AUTHORS: Gonzlez Snchez. A, Frausto Sols. J and Ojeda Bustamante. W
An important issue for agricultural planning purposes is the
accurate yield estimation for the numerous crops involved in the planning.
Machine learning (ML) is an essential approach for achieving practical and
effective solutions for this problem. Many comparisons of ML methods for
yield prediction have been made, seeking for the most accurate
technique. Generally, the number of evaluated crops and techniques is
too low and does not provide enough information for agricultural planning
purposes. This paper compares the predictive accuracy of ML and linear
regression techniques for crop yield prediction in ten crop datasets.
Multiple linear regression, M5-Prime regression trees, perceptron
multilayer neural networks, support vector regression and k-nearest
neighbor methods were ranked. Four accuracy metrics were used to
validate the models: the root mean square error (RMS), root relative
square error (RRSE), normalized mean absolute error (MAE), and
correlation factor (R). Real data of an irrigation zone of Mexico were used
for building the models. Models were tested with samples of two
consecutive years. The results show that M5- Prime and k-nearest
neighbor techniques obtain the lowest average RMSE errors (5.14 and
4.91), the lowest RRSE errors (79.46% and 79.78%), the lowest average
MAE errors (18.12% and 19.42%), and the highest average correlation
factors (0.41 and 0.42). Since M5-Prime achieves the largest number of
crop yield models with the lowest errors, it is a very suitable tool for
massive crop yield prediction in agricultural planning.

3.SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:
Due to the revolution in industrialization, the economic
contribution of agriculture to India’s GDP is steadily declining with the
country’s broad-based economic growth. The problem that the Indian
Agriculture sector is facing is the integration of technology to bring the
desired outputs. With the advent of new technologies and overuse of non-
renewable energy resources patterns of rainfall and temperature are
disturbed. The inconsistent trends developed from the side effects of
global warming make it cumbersome for the farmers to clearly predict the
temperature and rainfall patterns thus affecting their crop yield
productivity. In order to perform accurate prediction and handle
inconsistent trends in temperature and rainfall various machine learning
algorithms like RNN, LSTM, etc can be applied to get a pattern. It will
complement the agricultural growth in India and all together augment the
ease of living for farmers. In past, many researchers have applied
machine learning techniques to enhance agricultural growth of the
country.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM:

 This paper focuses on the practical application of machine
learning algorithms and its quantification. The work presented here
also takes into account the inconsistent data from rainfall and
temperature datasets to get a consistent trend. Crop yield
prediction is determined by considering all the features in contrast
with the usual trend of determining the prediction considering one
feature at a time.

3.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.

 • Hard Disk : 40 GB.
• Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb.
• Monitor : 15 VGA Colour.
• Mouse : Logitech.
• Ram : 512 Mb.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

. Operating System: Windows

. Coding Language: Python 3.7

3.4 SYSTEM STUDY

FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business

proposal is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some
cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the
proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed
system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some

understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential .

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the
system will have on the organization. The amount of fund that the
company can pour into the research and development of the system is
limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as
well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the
technologies used are freely available. Only the customized products had
to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the
technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must not
have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to
high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high
demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a
modest requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for
implementing this system.

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the
system by the user. This includes the process of training the user to use
the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the system,
instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the
users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the
user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His level of
confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some
constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the

system.

4.SYSTEM
DESIGN
4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:

4.2 UML DIAGRAMS

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized
general-purpose modeling language in the field of object-oriented
software engineering. The standard is managed, and was created by, the
Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating
models of object oriented computer software. In its current form UML is
comprised of two major components: a Meta-model and a notation. In the
future, some form of method or process may also be added to; or
associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying,
Visualization, Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software
system, as well as for business modeling and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that
have proven successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented
software and the software development process. The UML uses mostly
graphical notations to express the design of software projects.
GOALS:
The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:
1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language
so that they can develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the
core concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and
development process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations,
frameworks, patterns and components.
7. Integrate best practices.

USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language
(UML) is a type of behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-
case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the
functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals
(represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those use
cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what system
functions are performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the system
can be depicted.
CLASS DIAGRAM:
In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified
Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that
describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their
attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the
classes. It explains which class contains information.
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:
A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a
kind of interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with one
another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart.
Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams, event
scenarios, and timing diagrams.

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:
Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of
stepwise activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and
concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be
used to describe the business and operational step-by-step workflows of
components in a system. the overall flow of control. Control workflows of

components activity diagram shows the overall

4.3 IMPLEMENTATION:
MODULES:
Upload Crop Dataset
The crop production dataset that is used to predict the name
and yield of the crop is fed into classification and regression algorithms.
Preprocess Dataset
Experiments were conducted on Indian government dataset and it
has been established that Random Forest Regressor gives the highest
yield prediction accuracy. Sequential model that is Simple Recurrent
Neural Network performs better on rainfall prediction while LSTM is good
for temperature prediction. By combining rainfall, temperature along with
other parameters like season and area, yield prediction for a certain
district can be made.
Train Machine Learning
This focuses on district wise yield prediction according to the crop
sown in the district. Yield is being predicted for given crops district wise
and crops with best yield.
Upload Test Data &Predict Yield
Results reveals that Random Forest is the best classifier when all
parameters are combined. This will not only help farmers in choosing the
right crop to grow in the next season but also bridge the gap between
technology and the agriculture sector.

5.SOFTWARE
 ENVIRONMENT

What is Python :-

Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level

programming language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural

paradigms. Python programs generally are smaller than other
programming languages like Java.
Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation
requirement of the language, makes them readable all the time.
Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies
like – Google, Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.
The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard
library which can be used for the following –
 Machine Learning
 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia

Advantages of Python :-

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code

for various purposes like regular expressions, documentation-
generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading, databases, CGI,
email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the
complete code for that manually.

2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other

languages. You can write some of your code in languages like C++ or
C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well.

You can put your Python code in your source code of a different
language, like C++. This lets us add scripting capabilities to our code
in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render

programmers more productive than languages like Java and C++ do.
Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more things done.

5. IOT Opportunities

Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry

Pi, it finds the future bright for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to
connect the language with the real world.

6. Simple and Easy

working with Java, you may have to create a class to

print ‘Hello World’. But in Python, just a print statement will do. It is
also squite easy to learn, understand, and code. This is why when
people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more
verbose languages like Java.
7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python

is much like reading English. This is the reason why it is so easy to
learn, understand, and code. It also does not need curly braces to
define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the
readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-

oriented programming paradigms. While functions help us with code
reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world. A class
allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only

can you download Python for free, but you can also download its
source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It downloads
with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.

10. Portable

When you code your project in a language like C++, you

may need to make some changes to it if you want to run it on another
platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you need to code
only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once
Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful enough
not to include any system-dependent features.

11. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since

statements are executed one by one, debugging is easier than in
compiled languages.
 Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the
comment section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when
the same task is done in other languages. Python also has an awesome
standard library support, so you don’t have to search for any third-party
libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people
suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big

organizations can leverage the free available resources to build
applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives you better
community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has

overtaken Java in the most popular programming language
category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac

or Windows. Programmers need to learn different languages for
different jobs but with Python, you can professionally build web apps,
perform data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do
web scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations. It is an
all-rounder programming language.
Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project.
But if you choose it, you should be aware of its consequences as well.
Let’s now see the downsides of choosing Python over another
language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But

since Python is interpreted, it often results in slow execution.This,
however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point for the project.
In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits
offered by Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python

is much rarely seen on the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever
used to implement smartphone-based applications. One such
application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that
it isn’t that secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that

you don’t need to declare the type of variable while writing the code. It
uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it just means that if it
looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the
programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC

(Java DataBase Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase
Connectivity), Python’s database access layers are a bit
underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge
enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a

problem. Take my example. I don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python
person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity of Java code
seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python

Programming Language.

History of Python : -
What do the alphabet and the programming language
Python have in common? Right, both start with ABC. If we are talking
about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the programming
language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming
language and programming environment, which had been developed
in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde
&Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence the
design of Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido
van Rossum worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a
distributed operating system. In an interview with Bill Venners 1, Guido
van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an implementer on a
team building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en
Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well people know ABC's influence
on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to
everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked
on it."Later on in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I
remembered all my experience and some of my frustration with ABC. I
decided to try to design a simple scripting language that possessed
some of ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I started
typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a
simple runtime. I made my own version of the various ABC parts that I
liked. I created a basic syntax, used indentation for statement
grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and developed a
small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we
call it), a list, strings, and numbers."

What is Machine Learning : -

Before we take a look at the details of various machine
learning methods, let's start by looking at what machine learning is,
and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized as a subfield of
artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be
misleading at first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose
from research in this context, but in the data science application of
machine learning methods, it's more helpful to think of machine
learning as a means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building

mathematical models to help understand data. "Learning" enters the
fray when we give these models tunable parameters that can be
adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be considered
to be "learning" from the data. Once these models have been fit to
previously seen data, they can be used to predict and understand
aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the reader the more
philosophical digression regarding the extent to which this type of
mathematical, model-based "learning" is similar to the "learning"
exhibited by the human brain.Understanding the problem setting in
machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and so
we will start with some broad categorizations of the types of
approaches we'll discuss here.
Categories Of Machine Learning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be

categorized into two main types: supervised learning and unsupervised
learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship

between measured features of data and some label associated with
the data; once this model is determined, it can be used to apply labels
to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided
into classification tasks and regression tasks: in classification, the
labels are discrete categories, while in regression, the labels a re
continuous quantities. We will see examples of both types of
supervised learning in the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a

dataset without reference to any label, and is often described as
"letting the dataset speak for itself." These models include tasks such
as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms
identify distinct groups of data, while dimensionality reduction
algorithms search for more succinct representations of the data. We
will see examples of both types of unsupervised learning in the
following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and

advanced species on earth because they can think, evaluate and solve
complex problems. On the other side, AI is still in its initial stage and
haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the
question is that what is the need to make machine learn? The most
suitable reason for doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data,
with efficiency and scale”.
 Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the
key information from data to perform several real-world tasks and
solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by
machines, particularly to automate the process. These data-driven
decisions can be used, instead of using programing logic, in the
problems that cannot be programmed inherently. The fact is that we
can’t do without human intelligence, but other aspect is that we all
need to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge scale. That
is why the need for machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant

strides with cybersecurity and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as
whole still has a long way to go. The reason behind is that ML has not
been able to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that ML is
facing currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is

one of the biggest challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the
problems related to data preprocessing and feature extraction.

Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models

is the consumption of time especially for data acquisition, feature
extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its

infancy stage, availability of expert resources is a tough job.

No clear objective for formulating business

problems − Having no clear objective and well-defined
goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because
this technology is not that mature yet.
 Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is
overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be represented well for the
problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is

too many features of data points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it

quite difficult to be deployed in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and

according to researchers we are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is
used to solve many real-world complex problems which cannot be solved
with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications of
ML −

 Emotion analysis

 Sentiment analysis

 Error detection and prevention

 Weather forecasting and prediction

 Stock market analysis and forecasting

 Speech synthesis

 Speech recognition

 Customer segmentation

 Object recognition

 Fraud detection

 Fraud prevention

 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

 Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959
and defined it as a “Field of study that gives computers the
capability to learn without being explicitly programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times,
Machine Learning is one of the most popular (if not the most!) career
choices. According to Indeed, Machine Learning Engineer Is The Best
Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base salary
of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine
Learning and how to start learning it? So this article deals with the
Basics of Machine Learning and also the path you can follow to
eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s
get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming

an insanely talented Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can
always modify the steps according to your needs to reach your desired
end-goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but

normally, there are some prerequisites that you need to know which
include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus, Statistics, and Python.
And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D. degree
in these topics to get started but you do need a basic understanding.

(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in

Machine Learning. However, the extent to which you need them
depends on your role as a data scientist. If you are more focused on
application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily
focused on maths as there are many common libraries available. But if
you want to focus on R&D in Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear
Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is very important as you will have to
implement many ML algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around

80% of your time as an ML expert will be spent collecting and cleaning
data. And statistics is a field that handles the collection, analysis, and
presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical
Significance, Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression,
etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is also a very important part of ML which
deals with various concepts like Conditional Probability, Priors, and
Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate

Calculus and Statistics and learn them as they go along with trial and
error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip is Python! While
there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R,
Scala, etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In
fact, there are many Python libraries that are specifically useful for
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning such
as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that
using various online resources and courses such as Fork
Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.
 Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move
on to actually learning ML (Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start
with the basics and then move on to the more complicated stuff. Some
of the basic concepts in ML are:

(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by

applying some machine learning algorithm. A model is also called a
hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data.
A set of numeric features can be conveniently described by a feature
vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to the model. For example, in
order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color, smell, taste,
etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be
predicted by our model. For the fruit example discussed in the feature
section, the label with each set of input would be the name of the fruit
like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s
expected outputs(labels), so after training, we will have a model
(hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the categories
trained on.
 Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to
which it will provide a predicted output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training

dataset with labeled data using classification and regression models.
 This learning process continues until the required level of performance is
achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and
then finding the underlying structure in the data in order to learn more
and more about the data itself using factor and cluster analysis models.
 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data
like Unsupervised Learning with a small amount of labeled data. Using
labeled data vastly increases the learning accuracy and is also more
cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions
through trial and error. So the next action is decided by learning
behaviors that are based on the current state and that will maximize the
reward in the future.

Advantages of Machine learning :-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover

specific trends and patterns that would not be apparent to humans. For
instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it serves to
understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to
help cater to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It
uses the results to reveal relevant advertisements to them.
2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of
the way. Since it means giving machines the ability to learn, it lets them
make predictions and also improve the algorithms on their own. A
common example of this is anti-virus softwares they learn to filter new
threats as they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.
3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in

accuracy and efficiency. This lets them make better decisions. Say you
need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of data you have
keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions
faster.
4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are

multi-dimensional and multi-variety, and they can do this in dynamic or
uncertain environments.
5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML

work for you. Where it does apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a
much more personal experience to customers while also targeting the
right customers.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and

these should be inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also
be times where they must wait for new data to be generated.
2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop

enough to fulfill their purpose with a considerable amount of accuracy
and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to function. This can
mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret

results generated by the algorithms. You must also carefully choose the
 algorithms for your purpose.
4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to

errors. Suppose you train an algorithm with data sets small enough to
not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions coming from a
biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being
displayed to customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a
chain of errors that can go undetected for long periods of time. And when
they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize the source of
the issue, and even longer to correct it.
Python Development Steps : -
Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code
(version 0.9.0) at alt. sources in February 1991. This release included
already exception handling, functions, and the core data types of list,
dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module
system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new
features included in this release were the functional programming tools
lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido Van Rossum never liked.Six
and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was introduced. This
release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was
supporting unicode. Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions
2.x before the next major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python
3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python 3 is not backwards compatible
with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the removal of
duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming
close to fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be
one -- and preferably only one -- obvious way to do it."Some changes in
Python 7.3:

 Print is now a function

 Views and iterators instead of lists
 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a
heterogeneous list cannot be sorted, because all the elements of a
list must be comparable to each other.
 There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//"
can be used to have the "old" behaviour.
 Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-
We demonstrated that our approach enables successful
segmentation of intra-retinal layers—even with low-quality images
containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity ranges
throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.
Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language

for general-purpose programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and
first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes
code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic

memory management. It supports multiple programming paradigms,
including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and
has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the

interpreter. You do not need to compile your program before executing
it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and
interact with the interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important.
Readable and terse code is part of this, and so is access to powerful
constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code. Maintainability also
ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or
 understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of
development, the ease with which a programmer of other languages
can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to
another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to
implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been
patched and updated by people with no Python background - without
breaking.

Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for

dataflow and differentiable programming across a range of tasks. It is a
symbolic math library, and is also used for machine
learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both
research and production at Google.‍

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for

internal Google use. It was released under the Apache 2.0 open-source
license on November 9, 2015.

Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It

provides a high-performance multidimensional array object, and tools
for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with

Python. It contains various features including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number
capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an
efficient multi-dimensional container of generic data. Arbitrary data-
types can be defined using Numpy which allows Numpy to seamlessly
and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-

performance data manipulation and analysis tool using its powerful
data structures. Python was majorly used for data munging and
preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis.
Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five
typical steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless of the
origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze. Python
with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and
commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics,
etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces

publication quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and
interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can be used in
Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook,
web application servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits.
Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and hard things possible. You
can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error
charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For examples,
see the sample plots and thumbnail gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like

interface, particularly when combined with IPython. For the power
user, you have full control of line styles, font properties, axes
properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions
familiar to MATLAB users.
 Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised

learning algorithms via a consistent interface in Python. It is licensed
under a permissive simplified BSD license and is distributed under
many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use.
Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-

purpose programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first
released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes
code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic

memory management. It supports multiple programming paradigms,
including object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural, and
has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the

interpreter. You do not need to compile your program before executing
it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and
interact with the interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is
important. Readable and terse code is part of this, and so is access to
powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but
it does say something about how much code you have to scan, read
and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This
speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard
library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have
been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them
have later been patched and updated by people with no Python
background - without breaking.
 Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-

installed on your computer devices. Python was first released in the year
1991 and until today it is a very popular high-level programming
language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with its
notable use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by
Python enables programmers to write both clear and logical code for
projects. This software does not come pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the
years. The question is how to install Python? It might be confusing for the
beginner who is willing to start learning Python but this tutorial will solve
your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or
in other words, it is Python.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier
devices.
Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you
need to know about your System Requirements. Based on your system
type i.e. operating system and based processor, you must download the
python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit operating
system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on
Windows 7 device or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet
here.The steps on how to install Python on Windows 10, 8 and 7
are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.
Download the Correct version into the system
Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using
Google Chrome or any other web browser. OR Click on the following
link: https://www.python.org

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating
system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

 Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4
button in Yellow Color or you can scroll further down and click on
download with respective to their version. Here, we are downloading the
most recent python version for windows 3.7.4

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option
Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the
operating system.

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the
three options: Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable
installer or Windows x86 web-based installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the
three options: Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64
executable installer or Windows x86-64 web-based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first
part regarding which version of python is to be downloaded is completed.
Now we move ahead with the second part in installing python i.e.
Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version
you can click on the Release Note Option.

Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to
carry out the installation process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add
Python 3.7 to PATH.
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click
on Close.

With these above three steps on python installation, you have

successfully and correctly installed Python. Now is the time to verify the
installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed.
Type python –V and press Enter.
Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4
Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already
installed. You must first uninstall the earlier version and then install the
new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the
file. Click on File > Click on Save
 Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on
SAVE. Here I have named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

6.SYSTEM TEST
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process
of trying to discover every conceivable fault or weakness in a work
product. It provides a way to check the functionality of components, sub
assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of
exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system
meets its requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an
unacceptable manner. There are various types of test. Each test type
addresses a specific testing requirement.
TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate
that the internal program logic is functioning properly, and that program
inputs produce valid outputs. All decision branches and internal code flow
should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the
application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before
integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its
construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component
level and test a specific business process, application, and/or system
configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business
process performs accurately to the documented specifications and
contains clearly defined inputs and expected results.
Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software
components to determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is
event driven and is more concerned with the basic outcome of screens or
fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components were
individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the
combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing
is specifically aimed at exposing the problems that arise from the
combination of components.
Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that
functions tested are available as specified by the business and technical
requirements, system documentation, and user manuals.

Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.
Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.
Functions : identified functions must be exercised.
Output : identified classes of application outputs.
 Systems/Procedures: interfacing systems or procedures must be
invoked.
Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on
requirements, key functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic
coverage pertaining to identify Business process flows; data fields,
predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered for
testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are
identified and the effective value of current tests is determined.
System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software
system meets requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and
predictable results. An example of system testing is the configuration
oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process
descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and
integration points.
White Box Testing
White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester
has knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the
software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test areas that
cannot be reached from a black box level.
Black Box Testing
Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge
of the inner workings, structure or language of the module being tested.
Black box tests, as most other kinds of tests, must be written from a
definitive source document, such as specification or requirements
document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing
in which the software under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot
“see” into it. The test provides inputs and responds to outputs without
considering how the software works.
Unit Testing
Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and
unit test phase of the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for
coding and unit testing to be conducted as two distinct phases.
Test strategy and approach
Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will
be written in detail.

Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.
Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

Integration Testing

Software integration testing is the incremental integration

testing of two or more integrated software components on a single
platform to produce failures caused by interface defects.
The task of the integration test is to check that components or software
applications, e.g. components in a software system or – one step up –
software applications at the company level – interact without error.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully.
No defects encountered.
Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires
significant participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system
meets the functional requirements.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully.
No defects encountered.
 7.SCREENSHOT
S

To run project double click on ‘run.bat’ file to get below screen

 Result screenshot-7.1
In above screen click on ‘Upload Crop Dataset’ button to upload dataset

Result screenshot-7.2
In above screen selecting and uploading ‘Dataset.csv’ file and then click
on ‘Open’ button to load dataset and to get below screen
 Result scrrenshot-7.3
In above screen dataset loaded and we can see dataset contains some
non-numeric values and ML will not take non-numeric values so we need
to preprocess dataset to convert non-numeric values to numeric values by
assigning ID to each non-numeric value. So click on ‘Preprocess Dataset’
button to process dataset
In above screen all non-numeric values converted to numeric format and
in below lines we can see dataset contains total 246091 records and
application using (80%) 196872 records to train ML and using (20%)
49219 records to test ML prediction error rate (RMSE (root mean square
error)). Now click on ‘Train Machine Learning Algorithm’ button to train
Decision Tree Machine learning algorithm on above dataset and then
calculate prediction error rate
 Result screenshot-7.4
In above screen ML is trained and we got prediction error rate as 0.067%
and now Decision Tree model is ready and now click on ‘Upload Test Data
& Predict Yield’ button to upload test data and then application will predict
production

Result screenshot-7.5

In above screen selecting and uploading ‘test.csv’ file and then click on
‘Open’ button to load test data and then application will give below
prediction result

Result screenshot-7.6

In above screen each test record is separated with newline and in above
screen in square bracket we can see test data values and after square
bracket we can see predicted production and after that we can see
predicted YIELD per acre. So each test record and its prediction is
separated with newline. You

8 .CONCLUSION
 The paper presented the various machine learning algorithms for
predicting the yield of the crop on the basis of temperature, rainfall,
season and area. Experiments were conducted on Indian government
dataset and it has been established that Random Forest Regressor gives
the highest yield prediction accuracy. Sequential model that is Simple
Recurrent Neural Network performs better on rainfall prediction while
LSTM is good for temperature prediction. By combining rainfall,
temperature along with other parameters like season and area, yield
prediction for a certain district can be made. Results reveals that Random
Forest is the best classifier when all parameters are combined. This will
not only help farmers in choosing the right crop to grow in the next
season but also bridge the gap between technology and the agriculture
sector.
 9.REFERENCES

1. Agriculture Role on Indian Economy Madhusudhan L -

https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/agriculture-role-on-
indianeconomy-2151-6219-1000176.php?aid=62176
2. Priya, P., Muthaiah, U., Balamurugan, M. International Journal of
Engineering Sciences Research Technology Predicting Yield of the Crop
Using Machine Learning Algorithm.
3.Mishra, S., Mishra, D., Santra, G. H. (2016). Applications of machine
learning techniques in agricultural crop production: a review paper.Indian
J. Sci. Technol,9(38), 1-14.
4. Manjula, E., Djodiltachoumy, S. (2017). A Model for Prediction of Crop
Yield.International Journal of Computational Intelligence and
Informatics,6(4), 2349-6363.
5. Dahikar, S. S., Rode, S. V. (2014). Agricultural crop yield prediction
using artificial neural network approach.International journal of innovative
research in electrical, electronics, instrumentation and control
engineering,2(1), 683-686.
6. Gonzlez Snchez, A., Frausto Sols, J., Ojeda Bustamante, W. (2014).
Predictive ability of machine learning methods for massive crop yield
prediction.
7.Mandic, D. P., Chambers, J. (2001). Recurrent neural networks for
prediction: learning algorithms, architectures and stability. John Wiley
Sons, Inc..
8. Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J. (1997). Long short-term memory.
Neural computation, 9(8), 1735-1780.
9.Sak, H., Senior, A., Beaufays, F. (2014). Long short-term memory
recurrent neural network architectures for large scale acoustic modeling.
In Fifteenth annual conference of the international speech communication
association.
10. Liaw, A., Wiener, M. (2002). Classification and regression by
randomForest. R news, 2(3), 18-22.