Experiment Number: 07

Experiment Name: ADDING ATTRIBUTE DATA – QUERYING ON ATTRIBUTE DATA

Objective:
To add attribute data to the shapefile or layer and query on attribute data
Theory:
DATA CONVERSION:
Vectorization: Raster to vector conversion
In GIS digitization refers to creating vector datasets viz., point, line, or polygon from raster
datasets. It is a way of tracing/recording geographic features in vector format from georeferenced
images or maps. With the help of digitization, we can create a different set of layers Viz. Rivers,
roads, schools, ward boundaries, and building blocks from a single map; this process is known as
Vectorization. Vector data is easy to edit, and update and is more accurate as compared to raster
data. Vector data is more efficient for GIS analysis. Due to these reasons, Vectorization is the
first step in many GIS projects.
Vector data is mainly of three types
- Point: It consists of single points having (X, Y) coordinates, for example, lamp posts, bus
stops, postbox positions, etc.
- Line: It consists of a series of (X, Y) coordinates in a sequence (from the start node to the end
node with a number of vertices joining these two nodes). For example, roads, power lines, ward
boundaries, contours, etc.
- Polygon: It is a series of (X, Y) coordinates in a sequence closing a figure where the first and
last points are the same. For example, lakes, building blocks, village blocks, ward areas, and
forests, etc.
Rasterization: Vector to Raster conversion
Rasterisation (or rasterization) is the task of taking an image described in a vector graphics
format (shapes) and converting it into a raster image (pixels or dots). The rasterized image may
then be displayed on a video display or printer, or stored in a bitmap file format.
Rasterisation may refer to either the conversion of models into raster files, or the conversion of
2D rendering primitives such as polygons or line segments into a rasterized format.
Polygon features to raster data
When you convert polygons, cells are usually given the value of the polygon found at the center
of each cell.
Polyline feature to raster data
When you convert polylines, cells are usually given the value of the line that intersects each cell.
Cells that are not intersected by a line are given the value of No Data. If more than one line is
found in a cell, the cell is given the value of the first line it encounters when processing. Using a
smaller cell size during the conversion can alleviate this.
Point feature to raster data
When you convert points, cells are usually given the value of the points found within each cell.
Cells that do not contain a point are given the value of No Data. If more than one point is found
in a cell, the cell is given the value of the first point it encounters when processing. Using a
smaller cell size during conversion may alleviate this.
Procedure:
Raster to vector conversion
1. Open a new ArcMap and change the data frame properties to WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_44N.
2. Open the snapping toolbar Via Customize Toolbars>snapping
3. Make sure snapping is turned on and that all types are active.
4. Editor -> start editing. Select which layer to edit (your new shapefile point, line, or polygon).
Select the task to perform (Create New Feature).
5. Select the editing pencil tool and click on, along, or around the features in a georeferenced and
projected map you want to digitize or vectorize. You can zoom and pan to make this easier.
6. When finished drawing, right-click and select Finish Sketch.
7. To edit the attribute table for the feature you just created click the Attributes icon on the Editor
Toolbar.
8. All the editable fields for the feature you just created will appear. This way you can label your
features as you create them.
9. When you’re done creating features click on the Editor button on the Editor toolbar and select
Save Edits, and then Stop Editing.
Vector to Raster conversion
1. Open a new ArcMap and change the data frame properties to WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_44N.
2. Open vector layers or shape files point, line, and polygon
3. Arc tool box->conversion tools->To Raster->click Feature to Raster.
4. Give Input feature point/ line/ polygon.
5. Select the field ID.
6. Give output raster location to store.
7. Select output cell size (optional).
8. Click on ok to finish.
 Experiment Number: 09
Experiment Name: RASTER ANALYSIS

Objective:
To perform Raster Analysis using ArcGIS
Theory:
Raster analysis
Raster analysis is similar in many ways to vector analysis. Raster analysis, on the other hand,
enforces its spatial relationships solely on the location of the cell. Raster operations performed
on multiple input raster datasets generally output cell values that are the result of computations
on a cell-by-cell basis. The value of the output for one cell is usually independent of the value or
location of other input or output cells. In some cases, output cell values are influenced by
neighboring cells or groups of cells, such as focal functions.
Types of Raster Analysis:
• Math
• Distance
• Surface analysis
• Extraction or clip
• Change cell values
• Statistical Analysis
• Conditional
• Weighted overlay
• Vector to Raster Transformations

Procedure:
Raster Clip:
1. Arc Toolbox > Data Management > Raster > Raster Processing > Clip
2. Double-Click the Clip Tool to Open
3. Input Raster
4. Give the Output Extent (Optional)
5. Use the Input Feature for Clipping Geometry
6. Output Raster Dataset: This Is the Name of The Output (Clipped Raster). Add an Extension
for the Output Such As. Tif, .img, or .jpg.
Mosaic Raster:
1. Arc Toolbox > Data Management > Raster > Raster Dataset
2. Click the Mosaic to New Raster Tool to Open
3. Input raster datasets to mosaic
4. Give the output location to store
5. Raster Dataset Name with Extension Such As. Tiff, .img, or .jpg.
6. Select spatial reference for the raster (optional)
7. Select pixel type
8. Select cell size (optional)
9. Give the number of bands that the output raster will have.
10. Click on ok.
Vector to Raster conversion
1. Open a new ArcMap and change the data frame properties to WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_44N.
2. Open vector layers or shape files point, line, and polygon
3. Arc tool box->conversion tools->To Raster->click Feature to Raster.
4. Give Input feature point/ line/ polygon.
5. Select the field ID.
6. Give output raster location to store.
7. Select output cell size (optional).
8. Click on ok to finish.
 Experiment Number: 10
Experiment Name: MAP COMPOSITION

Objective:
To compose the map by adding map components, layout, and Exporting Map
Theory:
Map Composition
Map Composition is the process of bringing together the various symbols on a map so that they
work together to form the desired Gestalt or whole effect. The term is generally applied to the
combination of layers of geographic symbols in the map image itself; the inclusion of additional
elements such as titles, legends, and scale bars is referred to as Map layout. Quality composition
is crucial to creating a map that is both functionally effective and aesthetically pleasing. Most of
the principles and techniques of composition are based on the concept of Gestalt, in which all of
the elements of an artistic work (for example, a map) are perceived by viewers as a whole so that
viewers will develop a general judgment of the map, whether positive or negative.
Map Layout
Map Layouts in ArcGIS allow users to quickly create maps of spatial data, and to include charts,
tables, north arrows, scale bars, text and graphical primitives, and graphics files.
Map Layout elements:
Data frame:
A data frame's name property is always the same as what's shown in the table of contents.
Therefore, updating the name inside the Data Frame Properties dialog box will also update its
name in the table of contents.
North arrow:
North arrows indicate the orientation of the map. A north arrow element maintains a connection
to a data frame. When that data frame is rotated, the north arrow element will rotate with it.
North arrow properties include its style, size, color, and angle.
Legend:
A legend tells a map reader the meaning of the symbols used to represent features on the map.
Legends consist of examples of the symbols on the map with labels containing explanatory text.
When you use a single symbol for the features in a layer, the layer is labeled with the layer's
name in the legend. When you use multiple symbols to represent features in a single layer, the
field you use to classify the features becomes a heading in the legend, and each category is
labeled with its value. Scale bar:
Scale bars provide a visual indication of the size of features and the distance between features on
the map. A scale bar is a line or bar divided into parts and labeled with its ground length, usually
in multiples of map units such as tens of kilometers or hundreds of miles. If the map is enlarged
or reduced, the scale bar remains correct.
Scale text:
You can also represent the scale of your map with scale text. Scale text indicates the scale of the
map and features on the map. Scale text tells a map reader how many ground units are
represented by a map unit—for example, 1 centimeter equals 100,000 meters.
Export a map or layout
After you've created a map or layout, you may want to share it as a file. You can export to
several industry-standard file formats.
• EMF, EPS, PDF, SVG, and SVGZ formats are referred to as vector export formats because
they support a mixture of vector and raster data.
• BMP, JPG, PNG, TIFF, TGA, and GIF are referred to as image export formats because they are
purely raster export formats.

Procedure:
Map composition steps:
1. Starting ArcGIS
2. Getting Data into GIS
3. Preparing the Data
4. Adding Data to ArcMap
5. Organizing Layers
6. Editing the Airport Layer
7. Switching to Layout View
8. Adding and Editing Map Information
9. Finalizing the Map
10. Saving the Map as an Image
Creation of Map Layout:
• Click on layout view and create a new page layout
• Add data frame to the page layout
• Add map elements to the page layout
• Working with map elements
• Working with a page layout
• Data Driven Pages
• Grids and Graticules
• Printing and exporting your layout
• Creating a map layout
Exporting Map:
1. Arc map click on the file
2. Click on the export map command to export the map layout
3. Select EMF, EPS, PDF, SVG, and SVGZ for vector data export
4. Select BMP, JPG, PNG, TIFF, TGA, and GIF for raster data export
5. Click ok to Export and Save the Map
 Experiment Number: 08
Experiment Name: VECTOR ANALYSIS

Objective:
To perform Vector Analysis using Geoprocessing Tools using ArcGIS
Theory:
Vector Analysis
Vector analysis includes any of the formal techniques which study entities using their
topological, geometric, or geographic properties. Spatial analysis has a set of tools used for
analyzing spatial data. The results of spatial analysis are depended on the location of the objects
being analyzed.
Geoprocessing tools
Geoprocessing is a framework and set of tools for processing geographic and related data. The
large suite of geoprocessing tools can be used to perform spatial analysis or manage GIS data in
an automated way. Geoprocessing tools allow you to create, conduct surface analysis on, modify,
and convert terrain datasets.
Buffer:
The Buffer tool creates a new coverage of buffer polygons around specified input coverage
features. Features can be polygons, lines, points, or nodes. You can use the Buffer tool to
identify or define an area within a specified distance around a feature. For example, you may
create a buffer to define an area around a river to identify land that can't be developed, or you
may want to create a buffer to select features within a specified distance of a feature.
Clip:
Extracts input features that overlay the clip features. Use this tool to cut out a piece of one
feature class using one or more of the features in another feature class as a cookie cutter. This is
particularly useful for creating a new feature class—also referred to as a study area or area of
interest (AOI)—that contains a geographic subset of the features in another, larger feature class.
• The Clip Features can be points, lines, and polygons, depending on the Input Features type. o
When the Input Features are polygons, the Clip Features must also be polygons.
o When the Input Features are lines, the Clip Features can be lines or polygons. When clipping
line features with line features, only the coincident lines or line segments are written to the
output, as shown in the graphic below.
o When the Input Features are points, the Clip Features can be points, lines, or polygons. When
clipping point features with point features, only the coincident points are written to the output, as
shown in the graphic below. When clipping point
features with line features, only the points that are coincident with the line features are written to
the output.
• The Output Feature Class will contain all the attributes of the Input Features.
Intersect:
Intersect creates a new feature from the common areas or edges of any two selected features of
the same geometry type. The new intersected feature is created using the settings specified in the
chosen feature template. You can create a new feature from the intersection of features of
different layers, but the layers must be of the same geometry type (either line or polygon). The
original features are maintained, and the new feature is created without attribute values in the
current layer. You must manually enter attribute values for the new feature.
Union:
Union combines selected features into one new feature. Although the features may be from
different layers, the layers must be of the same geometry type—either line or polygon. Union
calculates the geometric union of any number of feature classes and feature layers. All input
feature classes or feature layers must be polygons. The output feature class will contain polygons
representing the geometric union of all the inputs as well as all the fields from all the input
feature classes. See below for examples of how attribute values are assigned to the output
features.
Union does the following:
• Determines the spatial reference for processing. This will also be the output spatial reference.
For details on how this is done, see Spatial Reference. All the input feature classes are projected
(on the fly) into this spatial reference.
• Cracks and clusters the features. Cracking inserts vertices at the intersection of feature edges;
clustering snaps together vertices that are within the x,y tolerance.
• Discovers geometric relationships (overlap) between features from all feature classes.
• Writes the new features to the output.

Merge:
Combines multiple input datasets of the same data type into a single, new output dataset. This
tool can combine point, line, or polygon feature classes or tables.
Usage:
• All fields in the output dataset and the contents of those fields can be controlled using the Field
Map controls.
• If feature classes are being merged, the output dataset will be in the coordinate system of the
first feature class in the Input Datasets list, unless the Output Coordinate System geoprocessing
environment is set.

• This tool does not support annotation feature classes. Use the
Append_Annotation_Feature_Classes tool to combine annotation feature classes.
• This tool does not support raster datasets. Use the Mosaic to New Raster tool to merge multiple
rasters into a new output raster.
Dissolve:
Creates a new coverage by merging adjacent polygons, lines, or regions that have the same value
for a specified item.
Usage:
• This tool is used to create a simplified coverage from one that is more complex. Although the
input coverage may contain information concerning many feature attributes, the output coverage
contains information only about the dissolve item.
• The merging of polygons with this tool is the counterpart of intersecting polygons in overlays.
Dissolve will remove the boundaries.
• Dissolve eliminates nodes or arcs between adjacent lines or polygons containing equal values
for the dissolve item.

Procedure:
Buffer:
1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Buffer.
2. Input the feature around which you want to create a buffer.
3. Type the distance in map units for the buffer area around the feature.
4. Choose the target in which the new feature will be created.
• If you have feature templates for the layers in your map, click the Template button and click the
template to use to create the new feature. You can also double-click the preview of the template
to choose a different template.
• If you do not have feature templates, click the layer in which to create the feature.
5. Click OK.
Clip:
1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Clip.
2. Select or input the features you want to use to clip.
3. Type a buffer value. You can leave the value as 0 if you are clipping with a polygon feature.
4. Click the type of clip operation: whether to discard or maintain the area that intersections.
5. Click OK to clip the feature.
Intersect:
1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Intersect
2. Select or input the features from whose intersection you want to create a new feature.
3. Choose the target folder in which the new feature will be created.
• If you have feature templates for the layers in your 3D view, click the Template button and
click the template in which to create the new feature. You can also double-click the preview of
the template to choose a different template.
• If you do not have feature templates, click the layer in which to create the new feature.
4. Click OK.
Union:
1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Union
2. Select or input the features you want to combine into one
3. Choose the target folder in which the new feature will be created.
4. If you have feature templates for the layers in your map, click the Template button and click
the template to use to create the new feature. You can also double-click the preview of the
template to choose a different template.
5. If you do not have feature templates, click the layer in which to create the feature.
6. Click OK.
Merge:
1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Merge
2. Select or input the features you want to merge. The features must be from the same layer.
3. Choose the target folder in which the new feature will be created.
4. Click the feature that the features will be merged into and will supply the attributes for the
merged feature.
5. Click OK.
Dissolve:
1. Click the Geoprocessing tools and click Dissolve
2. Select or input the features you want to Dissolve
3. Select the output feature class
4. Select the dissolve field (optional)
5. Choose the target folder in which the new feature will be created
6. Click OK.

Experiment Number: 06
Experiment Name: CREATION OF THEMATIC MAPS

Objective:
To create thematic maps of a given Toposheet using Arc GIS
Theory:
Thematic Map
A "thematic map" is a type of map specially designed to show a particular theme connected
with a specific geographic area. These maps "can portray physical, social, political, cultural,
economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region, nation, or
continent".
Thematic maps are further divided into two types,
a. Choropleth map
a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined
areas to indicate the average values of a particular quantity in those areas.
b. Isopleths map
An isopleth map generalizes and simplifies data with a continuous distribution. It shows the data
as a third dimension on a map; thus, isopleth maps are more common for mapping surface
elevations, amounts of precipitation, atmospheric pressure, and numerous other measurements
that can be viewed statistically as a third dimension.
Types of Data
To create a thematic map using ArcMap you will need two kinds of data:
1. Spatial data: Displaying boundaries, roads, or some other geographic feature(s). Spatial data
is georeferenced in a real-world coordinate system and may contain limited attribute information
associated with its features. Discrete geographic objects (as opposed to continuously varying
variables, like elevation) are generally represented by one or more of three geometrical forms in
a GIS:
• Points are used for showing the occurrence or relative locations (rather than size or dimension),
of features such as trees and fire hydrants, or (from a large-scale perspective) buildings or cities.
• Lines, composed of connected points or nodes, can represent routes, pathways, or boundaries,
or for uses not requiring detailed polygons, such as rivers or roads.
• Polygons consist of a series of nodes and lines enclosing an area, representing things such as
state boundaries, lakes, and tracts of land. 2. Attribute data: Descriptive information about a set
of features and the information needed to create the “theme” in a thematic map. It can be a
statistical data set collected through surveys, Census data, or any other information that describes
the features represented in your spatial data set.
Procedure:
1. Open a new ArcMap and change the data frame properties to WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_44N.
2. Add the Georeferenced and projected Survey of Bangladesh Toposheet which we have to
digitize for thematic map creation using Add icon.
3. Create point, line, and polygon shape files using the arc catalog
4. Editor -> start editing. Select which layer to edit (your new shapefile point, line, or polygon).
Select the task to perform (Create New Feature).
5. Select the editing pencil tool and click on, along, or around the features in a georeferenced and
projected map you want to digitize and create a point, line, and polygon theme.
6. When finished drawing, right-click and select Finish Sketch,
7. To edit the attribute table for the feature you just created click the Attributes icon on the Editor
Toolbar.
8. All the editable fields for the feature you just created will appear. This way you can label your
features as you create them.
9. Use the 'symbology' tab of the layer properties to modify the characteristics of the theme.
10. When you’re done creating features click on the Editor button on the Editor toolbar and
select Save Edits, and then Stop Editing.