2: MATRICES AND SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

MAT1013 MICRO-CREDENTIAL IN COMPUTER MATHEMATICS FUNDAMENTALS

LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

 Perform operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication) on matrices

 Determine the transpose and inverse of a matrix

 Solve systems of linear equations in two variables using matrices

 Apply concept of matrices in problem-solving

INTRODUCTION

 An m x n matrix is a rectangular array of the form consisting of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 entries

columns

𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
rows ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛

where i = 1, 2, 3, …, m and j = 1, 2, 3, …, n.
 𝑎11, 𝑎12, …, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 are called elements or entries of the matrix.
MATRICES IN COMPUTING

 A digital image can be represented using matrix

 Rows and columns correspond to rows and columns of pixels
 Numerical entries correspond to pixels’ colour values

 Video game development – matrices are used to perform transformations such as scaling, rotation or 2D and 3D
objects
 Digital audio processing - filtering or compressing digital audio signals which are represented using a sequence of
numbers with matrix multiplication
 Matrices are also used to represent graphs, which are in turn being used in network diagrams
 Cryptography – encryption and decryption algorithms make use of matrices
 Machine learning – matrices are used to represent data
SPECIAL MATRICES

 A matrix with all zero entries is known as a zero matrix.

0 ⋯ 0
O= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 ⋯ 0

 A matrix with ones on its diagonal and zeroes elsewhere is known as an identity matrix.

1 ⋯ 0
I= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
0 ⋯ 1
MATRIX OPERATIONS: ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑏11 ⋯ 𝑏1𝑛

Let 𝐴 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ and 𝐵 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑏𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑏𝑚𝑛

𝑎11 + 𝑏11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 + 𝑏1𝑛

𝐴+𝐵 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 + 𝑏𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 + 𝑏𝑚𝑛

𝑎11 − 𝑏11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 − 𝑏1𝑛

𝐴−𝐵 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 − 𝑏𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 − 𝑏𝑚𝑛
MATRIX OPERATIONS: SCALAR MULTIPLICATION

𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
 Let 𝐴 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ and k is a scalar.
𝑎𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛

𝑘𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑘𝑎1𝑛
𝑘𝐴 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑘𝑎𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑘𝑎𝑚𝑛
EXAMPLE 1

1 −2 3 3 0 2
Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = .
3 5 6 7 −2 4
 What is the size of matrices A and B?

 Determine A + B.

 Find 2A – 3B.
BASIC PROPERTIES

Let A, B, C be m x n matrices and k, k1 and k2 are scalars.

 Associative: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

 A+O=A

 A + (-A) = O

 A+B=B+A

 k(A + B) = kA + kB

 (k1k2)A = k1(k2A)

 (k1 + k2)A = k1A + k2A

MATRIX OPERATIONS: MULTIPLICATION

𝑏1 𝑛
𝑎1 … 𝑎𝑛 ⋮ = 𝑎1𝑏1 + 𝑎2𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = ෍ 𝑎𝑖 𝑏𝑖
𝑏𝑛 𝑖=1
EXAMPLE 2

1 3 1 1
2 5 0 2

1 3 2 0 −4
2 −1 3 −2 6

2 0 −4 1 3
3 −2 6 2 −1
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

 The transpose of a matrix A, written AT, is the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows of A with its columns

𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝐴= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛

𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚1
𝐴𝑇 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎1𝑛 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛
EXAMPLE 3

Find the transpose of the following matrices.

2
𝐴= 9
−15

−1 3 3
𝐶=
7 −5 −6
INVERSE OF A MATRIX

 A matrix is said to be invertible if there exists a matrix B such that AB = BA = I, where I is the identity matrix.

 The matrix B is known as the inverse of matrix A.

 In general, the inverse of a matrix A is written as A-1.

𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑑 −𝑏
 For a 2 x 2 matrix 𝐴 = , 𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 .
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎
EXAMPLE 4

Find the inverse of the following matrices.

2 4
 𝐴=
1 7

5 3
 𝑋=
0 2
APPLICATION OF INVERSE MATRICES: SYSTEM OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS

 We can use inverse matrix to solve a system of linear equations.

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑚

c𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑛
Identity
Represent the linear matrix
Multiply both sides
equations in matrix form
with A-1

𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑚 1 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 1 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑚
= =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑦 𝑛 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑏 𝑎 𝑐 𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑏 𝑎 𝑛
A-1 A X A-1 B
A X B
𝑥 1 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑚
𝑦 =
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑏 𝑎 𝑛
EXAMPLE 5

3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 9

5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 13

3 −1 𝑥 9 𝑥 5
= =
5 −2 𝑦 13 𝑦 6
A X B
x=5, y=6
𝑥 2 −1 9
𝑦 =
5 −3 13

X A-1 B
EXAMPLE 6

2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −15
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −2

2 −5 𝑥 −15 𝑥 −5
= =
1 3 𝑦 −2 𝑦 1
A X B
x=-5, y=1
𝑥 −15
𝑦 = −2

X A-1 B