THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology

Focus:
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY ● Food and Nutrition Security
● End ignorance ● Countryside development
● Increase perception of facts/situations ● Competitive industries
● Awaken the ability to use resources ● Delivery of social services
● Develop creativity ● Intelligent transportation
● Improve the quality of life ● Renewable energy and energy storage solutions
● Sustainable environment ● Human security

Harmonized National Research & Development Agenda (2017-2022) Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
● S&T endeavors are directed toward realizing economic and social benefits for mankind. Purpose:
● The Agenda is in line with AmBisyon Natin 2040: matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay ● Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster
para sa lahat, which has three pillars: Malasakit (enhancing the social fabric), Pagbabago innovation
(reducing inequality), and Kaunlaran (increasing potential growth). ● Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
Organized into five (5) sectors: ● Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
1. National Integrated Basic Research Agenda
2. Health Research and Development Agenda SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
3. Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources ● K to 12 Curriculum (R.A 10533- Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013)
4. Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology ● Spiral progression approach to solve congestion of basic education curriculum.
5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation ● Secondary education: Earth Science, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, are taught every grading
period.
National Integrated Basic Research Agenda ● Science teachers should be equipped with the four areas.
Focuses on basic principles of research.
It has six (6) programs: Constraints:
1. Water Security – Tubig Program (Tubig ay Buhayin at Ingatan) ● Shortage of qualified science teachers
2. Food and Nutrition Security – SAPAT Program (Saganang Pagkain Para sa Lahat) ● Lack of quality textbooks
3. Health Sufficiency – LIKAS Program (Likas Yaman sa Kalusugan) ● Inadequate instructional materials and equipment
4. Clean Energy – ALERT Program (Alternative Energy Research Trends) ● Large classes
5. Sustainable Community – SAKLAW Program (Saklolo sa Lawa) ● Lack of support from the administrators
6. Inclusive Nation Building – ATIN Program (Ang Tinig Natin) ● The lack of instructional materials and equipment in schools has been used to account for the
poor performance of the students (SEI-DOST & UP NISMED, 2011)
Health Research and Development Agenda
1. Coordinating body for health research: Solutions:
- Philippine Council For Health Research and Development (PCHRD-DOST) ● DEPED distributed television sets and computer packages to aid the teachers in their
2. Core agencies: instructional materials.
- DOH, CHED, Natl. Institute of Health-UP Manila (NIH-UPM), National Unified ● Computers contain the Learning Resources Management and Development System (LRMDS)
Health Research Agenda (NUHRA) of the DEPED- which provides teaching and learning resources aligned to K to 12 curriculum.
3. Purpose
- National roadmap for health research LESSON 3
- Funding and donor agencies/ researchers THE GOOD LIFE
- Provides evidence-based solutions for health problems
The Three Dominant Ideas:
Agriculture, Aquatics, and Natural Resources 1.The Moral Life (Socrates and Plato)
Purpose: 2. The Fulfilled Life (Aristotle)
● Supports the use of advanced and emerging technologies such as biotechnology, genomics, 3. The Life of Pleasure (Epicurus)
nanotechnology, nuclear technology, space technology, electronics and automation, and ICT.
● Supports organic agriculture, halal food production, food safety, and the development of GMOs A Moral Life is a Good Life
as long as it is compliant with biosafety rules and regulations. ● Socrates and Plato
● Supports farm mechanization. ● One who has a good life is someone who possesses and practices most of the important virtues
such as kindness, courage, loyalty, and generosity
 ● Examining, reflecting, and questioning the nature of things is important. THE ROLE OF ETHICS IN INNOVATION
● Servitude to others is important. 1. Divergence
● One must control passions and desires through reason. - Innovation seeks to change the status quo. It aims to generate new ideas, concepts, and
methods, hence, diverging from the current and common.
The Fulfilled Life is a Good Life 2. Curiosity
Aristotle - According to Aristotle, curiosity allows us to teach our intellectual virtues. Curiosity drives us
to explore and examine things and ultimately enables us to gain new knowledge. Innovation
➔ Must be morally virtuous
starts from curiosity.
➔ Have a good health and long life
3. Multi-disciplinary
➔ Should be prosperous
- Provides a deeper and more holistic discourse about the problem and potential solutions. This
➔ Must have good friends
is made possible through teams composed of people with diverse backgrounds and skills.
➔ Should respect others
4. Resilience
➔ Must have good luck
- Innovation is usually the end product of many experiments. Innovators need resilience to
➔ Must use talents, abilities, and capacities
continue processing and testing despite many previous failures.
Epicurus 5. Effect to People
➔ Life is worth living because of pleasures. - Innovations are intended to benefit the end-users, and the end-users are the ultimate judge if the
➔ The view that pleasures will lead to a good life is known as hedonism. innovation is useful and relevant to them.
➔ Pleasures: wealth, sexual pleasures, and fame. 6. Shared responsibility
➔ One should not lose himself/herself to pleasures. - The innovator’s intent for his innovation should be for the common good of the community. On
Epicurus believed that one should not lose oneself to pleasures because: the other hand, the community should use the innovation in a responsible manner.
➔ This will diminish one’s pleasure in the long run;
➔ There are other more important pleasures to consider such as friendship and education; and TECHNOLOGY VS. INNOVATION
➔ Everyone should live a virtuous life. ● Innovation is a human-centered perspective and process 🡪 generation of new ideas, concepts,
or methods to solve problems.
The Three Aspects of Good Life ● Technology is a possible product of innovation. Technology is also important in the
- Disregarding the hedonistic approach, a good life is the integration of these three aspects: development of innovation.
self-mastery, contemplation and learning, and servitude to society.
THE ROLE OF ETHICS IN INNOVATION
ETHICS AND ETHICAL STANDARDS ● Innovation should not just consider technological or economic gains. Innovation affects people
- ETHICS can be defined as the system of moral principles concerned with what is good for and many aspects of life, like health, politics, communication, and the justice system.
one’s self and society. ● Innovation should be done within the ethical framework.
● Ethical innovations are those that are humanistic, participatory, and sustainable.
ETHICS addresses the following dilemmas: 1. Humanistic – human-centered
2. Participatory –the innovation design was done with the people, not just for the people.
A. How to live a good life 3. Sustainable – innovation could sustain social, economic, political, and environmental aspects
B. Rights and responsibilities for a long time.
C. The language of right and wrong
D. What is good and bad LESSON 6
How to live a flourishing life?
- Living an ethical life is a unique characteristic of humans. This is because only humans can • Ancient Greek philosophers were some of the first thinkers who tried to answer the question.
reason out and be rational. • Two of the most prominent ancient Greek philosophers were
- Ethics provides a framework for answering complex questions, allowing humans to act based Plato and Aristotle.
on moral principles.
- Ethical dilemmas are inevitable. We encounter them in our day-to-day lives. - The Creek philosophers called a flourishing life eudaimonia.
- Our actions and decisions must be based on moral principles. - Eudaimonia is usually equated with happiness
Example: - For Plato and Aristotle, happiness is the result of eudaimonia or human flourishing.
➔ Will I tell my mom that I got low grades in some of my subjects?
➔ Is it okay to eat in an expensive restaurant while others are starving? Plato (428/427 - 348/347 B.C.)
➔ Will I tell my friend that his//her partner is cheating although I know that I will hurt him or ● For Plato, all human beings naturally desire eudaimonia or human flourishing.
her? ● Plato believed that in order to flourish, one must have moral thought and virtuous action. In
this case, virtue is referred to as excellence
 ● For Plato, the well-being of a human individual must NOT depend on external goods (such as ● Rationality allows humans to express, be creative, or obey reason.
fame, wealth and appearance). To live just for the sake of fame, wealth, good appearance and
other external goods will not lead to flourishing. How does one become more virtuous?
● For Aristotle, a virtue is a character trait that enables a person to flourish.
According to Plato, a human being can develop virtue by: ● Aristotle, like Plato, believed that humans through reason seek knowledge about the world. He
1. By examining things and thinking more believed that by gaining knowledge, humans will flourish. He called this "intellectual virtue.”
● Plato believed that a human being who does not examine his or her life and surroundings will ● Aristotle made an important distinction about knowledge and human flourishing.
not flourish. He said that humans can reason and must use it to become wiser in order to
flourish. There are two types of knowledge:
• theoretical knowledge or the knowledge about the nature of principles. Theoretical knowledge allows us
2. By masterly using reason to manipulate nature, however, without practical knowledge, it cannot be actually done.
● Plato believed that a human is good if he or she uses his or her reason over his desires. • practical knowledge or the knowledge of applying these principles
● Limiting one's reason may result in negative consequences. Reasoning allows the control of
one's self. Thus, knowledge is important in life, but it is the application of this knowledge that leads to flourishing.
● If a human is able to control one's self through reason and act for the common good, then he or
she will flourish. Aside from intellectual virtue, the other virtue in life is the virtue of character.
Aristotle believed that in order to flourish, one must possess the 11 virtuous traits.
3. By living the four cardinal virtues 1. Courage
Plato believed that there are four cardinal virtues: 2. Magnificence
• Wisdom 3. Truthfulness
• Courage 4. Justice
• Temperance 5. Temperance
• Justice 6. Magnanimity
For the virtue of wisdom, one must pursue learning that is based on curiosity. This would lead to more 7. Wittiness
efficiency and self-master which are needed to have a fulfilling life. 8. Shame
9. Liberality
Courage is important in a just society because justice needs courageous individuals to stand for what is 10. Patience
right and to correct what is wrong. Courage is also needed in order to face life's challenges. 11. Friendliness

Temperance or self-restraint is important in society because it prevents corruption and chaos. ● According to Aristotle, all virtues are connected by phronesis or "practical wisdom." It enables
A man without temperance will not flourish because lack of self-restraint can lead to vices and violence. an individual to apply the appropriate virtue in a particular situation.
● A virtuous life can be attained through education and habit.
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
● Aristotle argued that eudaimonia or human flourishing is the highest good of human beings. In summary, when an individual possesses intellectual virtues and virtues of character, then, he will attain
eudaimonia or human flourishing.
4 aspect of Human nature, according to Aristotle
1. Humans are physical beings. Intellectual Virtues + Virtues of Character = Eudaimonia or Human Flourishing
● As physical beings, humans need air, water, food, rest, and exercise to keep the body
functioning. Modern Concept of Human Flourishing
● In Psychology, happiness, life satisfaction, mental and physical health, meaning and purpose,
2. Humans are emotional beings. character and virtue, close social relationships and financial and material stability are all
● Like other animals, humans have urges, wants, desires and reactions. Humans have emotional components of Human Flourishing.
needs too.
● As social beings, it is inherent that humans need friendship, cooperation, and a sense of
belongingness in society.
3. Human are Social Being
● It is inherent that human needs friendship and cooperation and a sense of belongingness in the
society

4. Humans are rational beings.

● Rationality is what differentiates humans from other animals.
 Example
- The development of social media made it easier to communicate with people.
1. Flourishing is intrinsically worthwhile - Musical instruments helped in developing musical talent and provided entertainment and
● Flourishing is an intrinsic good, and that flourishing is worth striving for. Flourishing is happiness to many.
intrinsically worthwhile". - The development of medicines helped in combatting diseases, hence in prolonging life.
● This is different from the Greek Philosophers point of view that human flourishing is a means
to an end goal which is happiness. However, science and technology can be exploited which can result to serious negative impact.
2. The actualization of the human potential
● Human flourishing is when an individual is optimally using his or her potentials and • Technological developments made possible industrialization.
capabilities. • In some cases, industrialization made humans become 'machine-like' workers, depriving them of the full
● This is relative because every individual has different potential and encounters different actualization of their potential.
possibilities. Hence, different individuals' level of flourishing cannot be compared.
A. Life as a whole Technological developments also caused pollution. Pollution in turn caused diseases that caused lives.
● In considering an individual's flourishing, his or her whole life must be considered. 'Whole Technologies such as nuclear weapons also caused the extermination of humans.
life in this case, means the totality of human life, not just some parts.
B. Human flourishing is a dynamic state Technology as a Way of Revealing
● Human flourishing is dynamic. It requires an on-going developmental process to actualize the
human potential. In other words, one must continuously develop to become a flourishing Martin Heidegger (1889—1976)
human being. - Martin Heidegger is one of the most original and important philosophers in the 20th century.
C. Objective Goods - In the essay, 'The Question Concerning Technology, he suggested how we can establish a 'free
● The are things that are good for everybody, such as good social relationships. These good relationship' with technology. In this essay, Heidegger focused on our orientation to technology,
things or objective goods, if developed will contribute to human flourishing. not on the form or function.

The Human Person Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology The Question Concerning Technology
How do we generally think about technology?
- Aristotle said that humans flourish by gaining new knowledge. He called this the 'intellectual • technology is a means to an end (instrumental)
virtue. • technology is a human activity (anthropological)
- Aristotle also distinguished theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge.
- Science is a systematic body of knowledge that seeks to explain and understand life and the These definitions are correct, however, it limits our understanding of our relationship with technology.
world.
To understand fully what is meant by "technology as means to an end”, Heidegger discussed the concept
Role of Science and Technology in Human Flourishing of causality.
SCIENCE
• comparable to theoretical knowledge There are four causes:
• explains the nature or principles behind an object, event or phenomenon • causa materialis
TECHNOLOGY • causa formalis
• comparable to practical knowledge • causa finalis
• applies the theoretical knowledge in order to have an output • causa efficiens

Scientific and technological discoveries enable humanity to gain intellectual virtues.

Example
• Through science, the antibiotic nature of Penicillium notatum was discovered.
• Through technology, penicillin medicine was developed and provided a cure to many diseases.

Progress in Science and Technology had many positive impact to human life such as the following:
• made work easier, efficient or practical
• made us happy or entertained
• kept us healthy and safe
• helped to address social issues and concerns
• helped in the development of human talent and abilities
 The airplane, for example, has no "good" or value in and of itself but it is "good for" humanity as a mode
- The Latin word 'causa' means "that which brings it about" of transportation. If it is not 'good for' humanity anymore, then it can be disposed, leaving it with no value.
- However, Heidegger prefers the Greek word, aition which means "that which is responsible for So its disposal by humanity depends on its "goodness'.
something else.
Because humans are responsible for technological advances, humans will never completely become as
'standing reserves'

In the same way, nature and nature's mode of revealing will never completely become under human
control. Despite humans having now the capacity to destroy nature, the natural world reveals itself to
humans on its own terms.

Example: Humans cannot directly control the formation of coal deposits or the accumulation of nitrogen
in the soil.

We can only control the way we orient ourselves, our thinking and our actions, in relation to such
resources.

Humans tend to think of technology as an instrument, a means of getting things done. This definition,
however, misses the actual essence of technology, and tends to make us think that by making the
technology better, we will master technology and solve the problems that accompany it.
- Thus, Heidegger used the terms hyle, eidos, telos and logos as replacement to the four causes.
- Heidegger introduced the word poeisis', which literally means 'bringing forth'. It is basically the Heidegger suggested that the human impulse is to enclose all experiences of the world within categories of
way of making something that was not present be present. Poeisis, in a way, is a kind of understanding that are controllable such as mathematical equations, physical laws, sets of classifications.
revealing.
- Heidegger also introduced the word: 'aletheia, which literally means "unveiling" or "revealing." Heidegger introduced the concept of enframing, which stems from the human drive for a "precise" and
It is also the Greek word for "truth". "scientific" knowledge of the world.
- Heidegger argued that technology is a kind of poeisis, a way of bringing forth or revealing -
and, as such, is "the realm of truth" Enframing is the essence of technology. It may result to two possibilities:
- It may set man on a destructive and self-destructive course.
❖ The word "technology" was derived from the Greek 'technikon', which is related to the word - It may be a "saving power" by showing clearly the responsibility of human beings to the world.
techne. Heidegger makes two points about techne: Enframing will help us understand that we are a part of the world, but that the world "needs" us
- Techne refers to both manufacturing (the techniques of shoemakers and printers, for example) to care for it.
and to the arts (the techniques of poets and fashion designers, for example). Techne is part of
poeisis. Conclusion/ Summary
- Techne is a kind of knowing. It may refer to "expertise," or "know-how" - Ancient philosophers claim that human flourishing or eudaimonia is the end-goal of one's
activities, emotions and virtues.
So, if technology is derived from the concept of techne, then its essence lies not in the instrumental
production of goods or manipulation of materials, but in "revealing."

Heidegger explained the difference between older forms of technology and modern technology. He said
that modern technology has a different kind of 'revealing', it is 'challenging'.

Old windmills draw energy from the wind but "does not extract and store that energy" unlike modern
technology which challenges our nature. The term 'challenges' is synonymous to 'exploits' and 'exhausts'.

Again, modern technology is revealing but in a different way. To understand this, Heidegger introduced
the idea of 'standing reserve'. For Heidegger, technology transforms the world into "standing reserve."

It can be said that for technology, nothing in the world is "good" in and of itself, but only "good for"
something.
 - However, the modern-day concept is that human flourishing by itself is worth striving for.
- Science and technology impacts human flourishing. Some impacts are positive while some are
negative.
- Heidegger argued that technology is a kind of poeisis, a way of bringing forth or revealing -
and, as such, is "the realm of truth"
- Sometimes, modern technology challenges or exploits nature, but we humans have to
understand that we are part of the world and the world needs us to care for it.

LESSON 4

ETHICS
- is a system of moral principles concerned with what is good for oneself and society.
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
- refer to situations where the available choices and obligations do not allow for an ethical
outcome, requiring a choice or action that violates an explicit ethical principle or guideline.
HOW DO WE APPROACH AN ETHICAL DILEMMA
1. Recognize the ethical issue
2. Begin the decision making
3. Subject the dilemma to a critical analysis
4. Make a decision and evaluate the consequences
TECHNOLOGICAL ETHICAL DILEMMAS
- are those that arise from technology – from its conception, production, use, and effect.
What are the ethical dilemmas related to the internet? Robots?
- Technologies can pose ethical dilemmas if they put at risk the human body, the human rights,
the human environment, and the human society.
- Human rights should always be considered in dealing with technological ethical dilemmas.
HUMAN RIGHTS
- According to the United Nations it is right inherent to all human beings, whatever nationality,
place of residence, sex , national or ethnic origin, religion, language or any other status.
- are universal as enshrined in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948
HUMAN FLOURISHING AND HUMAN RIGHTS
- Humans are social beings. HUmans flourish when they are part of society. However, in a
society, there are individuals or groups who may interface with one’s autonomy or
self-directedness.
- In order to protect one’s autonomy and self directedness, there is a need for moral principles.
These moral principles are human rights.
- Human rights are important because they give us human dignity. One cannot flourish without
human dignity.