Fourier Series 1

Unit - 1

FOURIER SERIES

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF FOURIER SERIES

An infinite series of the form
a 0  a1 x  a 2 x 2  ......... a n x n  ....... ... (1)
where x is a real variable, and a0 , a1, a2 , ..., an , ... are real constants, is called a real power series.
If in series (1) we replace x, x 2 , x3 , ....., by a sequence of functions f1 ( x), f 2 ( x), f3 ( x), ..., we obtain
the series :

a0  a1 f1 ( x)  a2 f 2 ( x)  ...  a
n 0
n f n ( x) . ...(2)

Series of type (2) are called functional series.

The single valued function can be represented by an infinite trigonometric series of the form
a0
 a1 cos x  b1 sin x  a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x  ...
2
within the desired range of the values of the variables. Such a series is known as Fourier Series.
The study of conditions under which such expansions are possible then determination of the coefficients
of the series, is known as Fourier Analysis.
Definition :
Fourier series for the functions f (x) in the interval   x    2l or ( ,  2l ) is given by :
 
 nx   nx 
 
a0
f ( x)   a n cos   bn sin   ...(3)
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 
  2l

1
where a0  f ( x) dx
l
  2l  n x 

1
an  f ( x) cos   dx
l  l 
  2l  n x 

1
bn  f ( x) sin   dx .
l  l 
Above formulae are also called Euler’s formulae. Constants a0 , an and bn are called Fourier
coefficients of f (x).
Deductions :
(i) Taking interval ( ,   2l )  (0, 2 ) i.e., Fourier Series of f (x) over the interval (0, 2 ) :
2 Engineering Mathematics-II
 

a b
a0
f ( x)   n cos nx  n sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

2 2 2

  
1 1 1
where, a 0  f ( x) dx, a n  f ( x) cos nx dx, and bn  f ( x) sin nx dx.
0 0 0

(ii) Taking interval ( ,   2l )  ( ,  ) i.e., Fourier series of f (x) over the interval ( ,  ) :
 

 b
a0
f ( x)   an cos nx  n sin nx
2 n 1 n1

  

     
1 1 1
where, a0  f ( x) dx, an  f ( x) cos nx dx, and bn  f ( x) sin nx dx.
  

1.2 SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAE

To determine a 0 , a n and bn , we shall need the following results : (m and n are integers)
c  2
c  2   cos nx 
(i)  c
sin nx dx  
 n c
  0, n  0 , and

c  2 c  2
 sin nx 
 c
cos nx dx  
 n c
  0, n  0

c  2
(ii)
 c
sin mx cos nx dx  0, m  n

c  2
(iii)
 c
cos mx cos nx dx  0, m  n

c  2
(iv)  c
sin mx sin nx dx  0, m  n

c  2
(v)  c
cos 2 nx dx   , n  0 (i.e. m  n)

c  2
 c
sin 2 nx dx   , n  0 (i.e. m  n)

c  2 c  2
 
1
(vi) sin nx cos nx dx  sin 2nx dx  0, n  0
c 2 c

e ax
(vii)  e ax sin bx dx 
a2  b2
(a sin bx  b cos bx)

e ax
(viii)  e ax cos bx dx 
a2  b2
(a cos bx  b sin bx)

(ix)  uv dx  uv  uv 1 2  u v3  u v4  ......., where u and v are functions of x.

(x) sin n  0, cos n  (1) n , sin 2n  0, cos 2n  (1) 2 n  1 .

 Fourier Series 3
1.3 DIRICHLET’S CONDITIONS [RGPV June 2014]
The sufficient conditions for the uniform convergence of a Fourier series are called Dirichlet’s
conditions.
 

a b
a0
Any functions f (x) can be expressed as a Fourier series  n cos nx  n sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

in the interval, (0, 2 ) or ( ,  ) , where a 0 , a n and bn are constants, provided :

(i) f (x) is periodic, single valued and finite,
(ii) f (x) has a finite number of finite discontinuities in any one period,
(iii) f (x) has a finite number of maxima and minima.
When these conditions are satisfied, the Fourier series converges to f (x) at every point of
continuity. At a point of discontinuity, the sum of the series is equal to the mean of the limits on the
right and left.
1
i.e., [ f ( x  0)  f ( x  0)]
2
where f ( x  0) and f ( x  0) denote the limit on the right and the limit on the left respectively.
1.4 THEOREM 1.1 : (PARSEVEL’S IDENTITY FOR FOURIER SERIES)
 

 b
a0
Let the Fourier series  a n cos nx  n sin nx.
2 n 1 n 1

If f (x) converges uniformly to f (x) at every point of the interval (0, 2 ), then

2 a0 2
  (a
1
{ f ( x)} 2 dx   2
 bn 2 ).

n
0 2 n 1

Example. 1.1 : Obtain the Fourier series for f ( x )  e  x in the interval 0  x  2 .

Solution. Let Fourier Series
 

 b
1
f ( x)  a0  a n cos nx  n sin nx (where l   ) …(1)
2 n 1 n 1

2 2 1  e 2
 
1 1 1
Then, a0  f ( x) dx  e  x dx  [e  x ]02  .
 0  0  
1  e 2
i.e., a0  …(2)

2 2

 
1 1
Now, an  f ( x) cos nx dx  e  x cos nx dx
0 0

1
 [e  x ( cos nx  n sin nx)]02 [ use formula (viii)]
 (n 2  1)
1
 [e  2 ( cos 2n  n sin 2n )  e0 ( cos 0  n sin 0)]
 (n  1)
2
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1 1  e 2
 [e 2 (1  0)  1 (1  0)] 
 (n 2  1)  (n 2  1)
[ cos 2n  1, and sin 2n  0]
2
1 e
i.e., an  , n  1, 2, 3, .......... . …(3)
 (n 2  1)
2 2
 
1 1
Finally, bn  f ( x) sin nx dx  e  x sin nx dx
 0  0

1
 [e  x ( sin nx  n cos nx)]02 [ use formula (vii)]
 (n  1)2

1 n(1  e 2 )
 [e  2 (0  n)  1 (0  n)]  [ sin 2n  0, and cos 0  1]
 (n 2  1)  (n 2  1)
n (1  e 2 )
i.e., bn  , n  1, 2, 3, .......... . …(4)
 (n 2  1)
Putting values of a0 , an , bn in Fourier Series (1), we get
 
(1  e 2 )  (1  e 2 )  n (1  e 2 )
ex 
2
  
  (n  1) 
n1 
2  cos nx    (n
n 1
2
 1)
sin nx

 1  e 2  1  1 1 1 
or e  x   
    cos x  cos 2 x  cos 3x  ........
    2  2 5 10 
1 2 3 
  sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  ........ Ans.
 2 5 10 
Example. 1.2 (a) : Find a Fourier series to represent x  x 2 from x  π to x  π . Hence show
1 1 1 π2 1
   .  .........
12 22 32 4 2 12
[RGPV Feb. 2005, June 2006, Feb. 2010 & June 2012, Dec. 2013]
Solution. Let f ( x)  x  x 2 , x  ( ,  )
We know that Fourier Series of f (x) over the interval ( ,  )
 

 b
a0
f ( x)   an cos nx  n sin nx . ….(1)
2 n 1 n 1

 1  x 2 x3 

1
We have, a0  ( x  x ) dx    
2
    2 3  

1   2  3    2  3  2 2  2 2
         a  .
  2 3   2 3 
0
3 3
 Fourier Series 5

 1  sin (nx)   sin (nx) 
 
1
Now, an  ( x  x 2 ) cos nx dx  ( x  x 2 )   (1  2 x) dx 
    n    n 

1 sin nx  cos nx   sin nx 
 ( x  x 2 )  (1  2 x)     (2)   
 n  n 
2
 n 3  
[ Integrating by parts]
1 cos n cos n  1  cos n 
 (1  2 )  (1  2 )      4 
  n 2
n 2
  n2 
(1) n
 a n  4 [ sin n  0 and cos n  (1) n ]
n2

 1  cos (nx)   sin nx   cos nx 

1
bn  ( x  x ) sin nx dx  ( x  x 2 ) 
2
  (1  2 x)    (2)  
    n   n 
2
 n  
3

[ Integrating by parts]
1 cos n cos n cos n cos n 
 ( 2   ) 2  (   2 ) 2
  n n 3 n n3 


1 cos n  (1) n (1) n

 2   2  b   2 .
  n 
n
n n
Hence (1) becomes :
 
2 (1) n (1) n
x  x 2  
3
4 
n 1 n2
cos nx  2 n 1
n
sin nx

 2
 cos x cos 2 x cos 3x    sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 
  4  2    .......  2     ......
3  1 22 32   1 2 3 
2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 
or x  x 2    4 2    .......  2     ....... ...(2) Ans.
3  1 2 2
3 2
  1 2 3 
2 1 1 1 1 
Putting, x = 0 in (2) we get, 0    4  2  2  2  2  ......
3 1 2 3 4 
1 1 1 1 2
  .   ......  Proved.
12 2 2 3 2 4 2 12
Example 1.2 (b) : Find a Fourier series to represent the function
f ( x ) = x  x 2 in the internal   x   .
21 1 1
Hence, show that 2
= 1
 2  2  ............... [RGPV Feb. 2006]
6 2 3 4
Solution. Proceed in a similar manner of above example.
1.5 FOURIER SERIES FOR EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
A function f (x) is said to be even, if
6 Engineering Mathematics-II
f ( x)  f ( x) , for all x
A function f (x) is said to be odd, if
f ( x)   f ( x) , for all x
Remarks :
(i) If f (x) is even function i.e., f ( x)  f ( x) , then in Fourier series of f (x) in the interval
( ,  ) or (0, 2  ), the Fourier coefficient bn =0, for n  1, 2, 3............... .
i.e., Fourier series :



a0
f ( x)   a n cos (nx).
2 n 1
 
 
2 2
where a 0  f ( x)dx and a n = f ( x) cos(nx)dx
 0  0

(ii) If f (x) is odd function i.e., f ( x)   f ( x) in the interval ( ,  ) , then in Fourier Series. The
Fourier coefficients a 0  0 and a n  0, n  1, 2, 3........ .
i.e., Fourier series :
 
 
2
f ( x)  bn sin (nx) , where bn  f ( x) sin( nx) dx
n 1
 0

(iii) If f (x) is odd function in interval (0, 2 ), then in Fourier Series. The Fourier coefficient
an  0, n  1, 2, 3,................ .
i.e., Fourier Series :



a0
f ( x)   bn sin (nx) .
2 n 1

 
 
2 2
Where a 0  f ( x) dx and bn  f ( x) sin( nx) dx
   0

Example 1.3 : Obtain the Fourier Series for the function f(x)  x 2 ,  π  x  π. Hence show that

2

1 1 1 1
(i)    ......   [RGPV June 2009]
12 22 32 n 1 n2 6

( 1) n 1 2

1 1 1 1
(ii) 2
 2
 2
 2
 .........  2

1 2 3 4 n 1 n 12

2

1 1 1 1
(iii)  2  2  .......  
12
3 5 n 1 ( 2n  1)2 8

4

1 1 1 1
(iv) 4
 4
 4
 .......  4
 . [RGPV June 2008 (N)]
1 2 3 n1 n 90

Solution. Given f ( x)  x 2 which is even function i.e., f ( x)  f ( x) , x  ( ,  )

 Fourier Series 7
 Fourier coefficient bn  0
Then Fourier Series of f (x) in ( ,  ) is


 a cos (nx)
a0
f ( x)   n …(1)
2 n 1

  2  x3     
   
2 2 2
Then a0  f ( x) dx  x dx      2 .
2
 x 2 dx  2 x 2 dx 
0 0   3  3
0
  0 

  
  2  x 2 sin (nx)  
  
2 2 2 x.sin (nx) dx 
Now an  f ( x) cos nx dx  x 2 cos nx dx  
 0  0   n 
 0 n 
 0 

2   sin nx   cos nx   sin nx  2  cos n  (1) n
 x 2    2x     2       2   4
   n   n2   n 3  0   n2  n2
[ sin n  0]
Hence (1) becomes :

2 (1) n
 x2 
3
4  n 1 n2
cos nx

 2
 cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x cos 4 x 
or x2   4 2     ....... . …(2)
3  1 22 32 42 
(i) Putting x   in (2), we get
2  1 1 1 1  2 2 1 1 1 1 
x2   4   2  2  2  2  .......   4 2  2  2  2  .......
3  1 2 3 4  3  1 2 3 4 
1 1 1 1 2
     .......  . Proved. …(3)
12 22 32 42 6
2 1 1 1 1 
(ii) Putting x  0 in (2), we get, 0   4  2  2  2  2  .......
3 1 2 3 4 
1 1 1 1 2
     .......  . Proved. …(4)
12 22 32 42 12
1 1 1  2
(iii) Adding (3) and (4), we get, 2  2  2  2  .........  .
1 3 5  4

1 1 1 2
    .......  . Proved.
12 3 2 5 2 8
(iv) Using Parseval’s theorem :
  2  
 
 f ( x)2 dx    a0
 2
  (a
n 1
2
n  bn2 )

…(5)
8 Engineering Mathematics-II

2 2 4
where f ( x)  x 2 , a 0  , a n  2 (1) n and bn  0 .
3 n
  4 4   16 
Hence,  
x 4 dx       4 
 2.9 n 1  n 
 
 x5  2 5  16 
or   
 5   9
 
 4
n 1  n 
 
2 5 2 5  1   1  4
or
5

9
 16   4  or
n 1  n 
  n
n 1
4

 90
. Proved.

Example 1.4 Find the Fourier series to represent the function f ( x )  x 2 ,  l  x  l .

[RGPV Feb. 2010 & June 2012]
Solution. Proceed as above example, we have
l
l 2  x3 

1 2
a0 = x dx    = l 2 .
2
l l l  3  3
0
l  n x 

1
an = x 2  cos  dx
l l  l 
l  n x 

2
= x 2 cos   dx
l 0  l 
  n x  
l
 n x  
 sin  sin  
2  2  l  2x 
l l  
=
l 

 x 
n / l 
   0 n / l
dx


  
 0

2  l  n x 
=
n 
0  2 0 x sin 
 l
 dx
 
4 l  n x 
=
n  0
x sin 
 l 
 dx

 n x  
l
 n x  
 x cos  cos   
 4   
  l
 l  dx 

l
=  
n   n / l   0 ( n / l ) 
 
 
0 

   n x   
l
  sin   
4l  l  0 
= 2 2 
l cos n  0    
n   (n / l ) 
 
 
 Fourier Series 9

=
n 
4l
2 2
(1) l  0
n

4l 2
= (1) n n  1, 2, 3, .......
n 2 2
l  n x   l 
 
1
Now, bn = x 2 . sin  dx  0  odd fun.  0
l l  l   l 
Hence Fourier series is
l 2 4l 2  (1) n  n x 
x2  =  cos   Ans.
3  2 n  1 n2  l 
Example 1.5 (a) : Find the Fourier Series to represent the function, if
 π,  π  x  o
f(x)   [RGPV Dec. 2004, Dec. 2008, Dec. 2011 & Dec. 2014]
 x, o xπ
Solution. Given interval ( ,  ) , then Fourier Series of f (x) over ( ,  ) :
 

 
a0
f ( x)   a n cos (nx)  bn sin (nx) . …(1)
2 n 1 n 1

 
1 
0

  
1
We have a0  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx  f ( x) dx
  
  0 

1  
0

 


   dx  x dx 
0



 
1   x2   1  2
   ( x) 0        ( 0   )  
      2 
  2 0  

1  2  1 ( 2 )  
   2   .    a0  .
  2   2 2 2


1 0  
  
1
Now, an  f ( x) cos nx dx  f ( x) cos nx dx  f ( x) cos nx dx 
    0 


 
1 
0
1  0    sin nx   x sin nx  sin nx 
 
  

  cos nx dx   
x cos nx dx     
  
 
 n    n
  1.
0 0 n
dx 
 
Since sin n = 0, so that

1  cos nx  1  cos n  1  1  (1) n  1 
an          [ cos n  (1) n ]
  n 0   n
2 2
   n 2 
10 Engineering Mathematics-II
 0, n is even,

 an  2
 , n is odd.
 n 2

 1  0  
  
1
Finally, bn  f ( x) sin nx dx  f ( x) sin nx dx  f ( x) sin nx dx 
     0 
1  0   1
 
1
bn    sin nx dx  x sin nx dx   [1  2 cos n ]  [1  2 (1) n ]
     n n

 1
 , n is even,
or bn   n
3
 , n is odd.
 n
Hence (1) becomes :
 
 1  (1) n  1 
 
1
f ( x)     cos nx  {1  2(1) n } sin nx
4 n 1
  n 2  n 1
n

2 cos 3x cos 5 x   sin 2 x 3 sin 3x sin 4 x 
or f ( x)   
 cos x    ...   3 sin x     ... . Ans.
4  3 2
5 2
  2 3 4 
Example 1.5 (b) Expand the following function f(x) in a Fourier series in interval ( ,  ) , if
 0,    x  0

f ( x )   x [RGPV June 2013]
 4 , 0  x  
Solution. We know that the Fourier series of f (x) in ( ,  ) :
 

 b
a0
f ( x)   a1 cos nx  n sin nx …(1)
2 n 1 n 1
 1 0  x 
 
f ( x) dx    0.dx  
1
We have, a0 = dx 
    0 4 

1  x2  2
=   
4  2  8
0

  f ( x) cos nx dx
1
Now an =
 

1 0  x  
 0. cos nxdx   
1
= cos nx dx  = x cos nx dx
   0 4  4 0


1  sin x   sin nx 
=  x.
4 
 
n 0  0
1.
n
dx 


1   cos nx   1
= 0       2 (cos n  cos 0)
4n   n  0  4n
 Fourier Series 11
1
= 2
[(1) n  1] for n = 1, 2, 3, …
4n


 
1
and bn = f ( x) sin nxdx


1 0  x 
=
   0. sin nxdx   0 4
sin nx dx 

1 
=
4 0  x sin nx dx

1   cos nx   ( cos nx) 
=  x.
4  n
 
0  0 n
dx 


1   sin nx  
=   cos n  0    
4n   n  0 

=  (1) n for n = 1, 2, 3, …
4n
Hence (1) becomes
 
2 [(1) n  1]  (1) n
 
1
f (x) =  cos nx  sin nx
16 4 n 1 n2 4 n 1 n
2 1  2 2 2 
=   cos x  2 cos 3x  2 cos 5 x  ...
16 41 2
3 5 
 1 1 1 
 sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  ....
4  1 2 3 
2 11 1 1 
=   cos x  2 cos 3x  2 cos 5 x  ...
16 2 12
3 5 
 1 1 
 sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  .... Ans.
4  2 3 
Example 1.5 (c) Expand in Fourier series of the function :
 0, if    x  0
f ( x)   [RGPV June 2013]
1, if 0 x
Deduce that sum of the Gregory series
1 1 1 
1     .... 
3 5 7 4
Solution. We know that the Fourier series of f (x) in ( ,  ) :
 

 
a0
f ( x)   a n cos nx  bn sin nx …(1)
2 n 1 n 1
 1 0  
 
f ( x) dx    
1
We have, a0 = 0.dx  1.dx 
    0 
=
1
x0 
1
(  0)  1
 
12 Engineering Mathematics-II


 
1
Now an = f ( x) cos nxdx


1 0  
=
   0. cos nxdx  
 0
1. cos nx dx 


1  sin nx  1
=  [0  0]  0
  n  0 n
1 
and bn =
 
f ( x) sin nxdx


1 0  
=
   0. sin nxdx  
 0
1. sin nx dx 


1  cos nx  1
=    [cos n  cos 0]
  n  0 n
1 1
=  [(1) n  1]  [1  (1) n ] for n = 1, 2, 3, …
n n
Hence series (1) becomes

[(1) n  1]

1 1
f (x) = 0 sin nx
2  n 1
n
1 1 2 2 2 
=   1 sin x  3 sin 3x  5 sin 5 x  ....
2   
1 2  1 1 
=  sin x  3 sin 3x  5 sin 5 x  .... …(2)
2   

Put x   (0,  ) in (1), we get
2
1 2  1 1 1 
f ( / 2) =  1  3 (1)  5 (1)  7 (1)  ...
2   
1 2 1 1 1 
1 = 1     ... [ f ( / 2)  1]
2  3 5 7 
1 2 1 1 1 
Or = 1     ...
2  3 5 7 
1 1 1 
 1     ....  Proved.
3 5 7 4
Example 1.6 : Find the Fourier series to represent the function
0   x  0
f ( x) = 
sin x , 0  x  
1 1 1
Hence show that   .......... ..... = . [RGPV, June 2008(O)]
1.3 3.5 2
Solution. We know that Fourier series of f (x) over the interval ( ,  ) :
 

 b
a0
f (x) =  a n cos n x + n sin nx …(1)
2 n 1 n 1
 Fourier Series 13
 
1 
0

  
1 2
we have, a o = f ( x)dx =  0dx  sin x dx  =
   
  0 


f
1
an = cos n x dx

( x)


1 0 
= 


 
0

0. cos n x dx  sin x cos n x dx




 [sin(n  1) x  sin( n  1) x]dx

1
an = [ 2 cos A sin B  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)
2
0

1  cos(n  1) x cos(n  1) x 
=   , when n  1
2  n 1 n  1  0
1  cos(n  1) cos(n  1)   1 1 
=        
2  n 1 n  1   n  1 n  1 
[Since cos(n  1) = (1) n 1 =  (1) n and cos(n  1) =  (1) n ]
1  (1) n (1) n   1 1 
=    
  n  1 n  1 
2  n  1 n 1  

=
1   2(1) n

2  n 2  1
2 
 2  =
1
1  (1) n  
n  1  (n  1)
2

 an = 
1  (1)  , n  1 , and n = 2, 3, 4 ………..
n

 (n 2  1)
To find a1 :


  f ( x) cos1xdx
1
a1 =



1 
0
=



 0dx  sin x cos xdx
0



 
1  cos 2 x 

1 1
= sin 2 x dx =    =  [1  1] = 0.
2 2  2 0 4
0
 
1 
0


1
Now, bn =


f ( x) sin nx dx =
 
 0

 0. sin nx dx  sin x sin nx dx 




 sin x sin nx = 0, for n = 2, 3……., but n  1

1
=
2
0
To find b1 :
14 Engineering Mathematics-II
 
1 
0


1
 b1 =


f ( x) sin 1.x dx =


 0

 0. sin x dx  sin x. sin x.dx


 
(1  cos 2 x) 1  sin 2 x 

1 1
= dx =  x  = .
 2 2  2 0 2
0
Hence series (1) becomes
 

 
a0
f (x) =  a1 cos x  a n cos nx  b1 sin x  b n sin nx
2 n2 n2

 1  (1) n 

1 1
=    cos nx  sin x  0
 n2   ( n 2
 1) 
 2
1 2 1 1  1
=  cos 2 x  cos 4 x  ........  sin x …(2)
   3 15  2
Also put, x = 0 in (2), we get
1 2 1 1 
f (0) =     ........  0
   3 15 
1 2 1 1 
0=     ........ [ f (0)  0]
  1.3 3.5 
1 1 1
   ........ = . Proved.
1.3 3.5 2
Example 1.7 : Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function of period 2π, defined by
π π
f(x)  x, x if
2 2
π 3π
 π  x, if x .
2 2
Solution. Let the Fourier series expansion for f(x) with period 2 is
 

 b
1
f ( x)  a0  a n cos nx  n sin nx …(1)
2 n 1 n 1
3 / 2  /2 3 / 2
  
1 1 1
Then, a0  f ( x) dx  x dx  (  x) dx
  /2   /2  /2
 /2 3 / 2
1  x2  1 x2  1  2  2  1  3 2 9 2  2  2 
    x           
  2   / 2
  2 
 /2
 
 8 8    2 8 2 8 

3 9 1 1
 0       0  0  0
2 8 2 8
i.e., a0  0 . …(2)
3 / 2  /2 3 / 2
  
1 1 1
Now, an  f ( x) cos nx dx  x cos nx dx  (  x) cos nx dx
  / 2   / 2  /2
 Fourier Series 15
 /2 3 / 2
1  sin nx   cos nx  1 sin nx   cos nx 
  x.  (1) .    (  x).  (1) .  
 n  n 2
  / 2   n  n 2   / 2

1   sin (n / 2) cos (n / 2)  sin (n / 2) cos (n / 2) 

 .   . 
  2 n n2 2 n n2


1   sin (3n / 2) cos (3n / 2)  sin (n / 2) cos (n / 2) 
  .   . 
  2 n n2 2 n n2


1  1 
 {sin (3n / 2)  sin (n / 2)}  2 {cos (3n / 2)  cos (n / 2)}
  2n n 
1  1 
  . 2 sin (n ) cos (n / 2)}  2 . 2 sin (n / 2) sin (n )  0
  2n n 
i.e., an  0 . ….(3)
3 / 2  /2 3 / 2

     
1 1 1
Finally, bn  f ( x) sin nx dx  x sin nx dx  (  x) sin nx dx
 /2  /2 /2
 /2 3 / 2
 
2 1
 x sin nx dx  (  x) sin nx dx; [ x sin nx is an even function]
 0  /2
 /2 3 / 2
2    cos nx    sin nx  1   cos nx    sin nx 
  x.   (1) .    (  x).   (1) .  
  n   n 2  0   n   n 2   / 2
2    cos (n / 2) sin (n / 2) 
 . 
  2 n n2


1   cos (3n / 2) sin (3n / 2)  cos (n / 2) sin (n / 2) 
 .   . 
  2 n n2 2 n n2


1    cos (n / 2) 3 sin (n / 2)  cos (3n / 2) sin (3n / 2) 
 .   . 
  2 n n2 2 n n2


1  3 1 
 .{cos (3n / 2)  cos (n / 2)}  2 . sin (n / 2)  2 sin (3n / 2)
  2n n n 
1  3 1 
 . 2 sin (n / 2) sin (n )  2 sin (n / 2)  2 sin (3n / 2)
  2n n n 
1 1
 [0  3 sin (n / 2)  sin (3n / 2)]  [3 sin (n / 2)  sin (3n / 2)]
n  2
n 2
1
i.e., bn  [3 sin (n / 2)  sin (3n / 2)] . …(4)
n 2
Putting, n  1, 2, 3, ... in (4), we get
1 4
b1  [3 sin ( / 2)  sin (3 / 2)]  ,
 
16 Engineering Mathematics-II
1
b2  [3 sin   sin 3 ]  0,
2  2

1 4
b3  [3 sin (3 / 2)  sin (9 / 2)]   ,
3  2
3 2

1
b4  [3 sin 2  sin 6 ]  0, and so on.
42
Now, substituting the values of a0 , a n , bn in (1), we get
4  sin x sin 3x sin 5 x 
f ( x)    2  2  ... . Ans.
 1 2
3 5 
Example 1.8 : Find Fourier Series representation of f(x)  x.sin x, 0  x  2π
[RGPV June 2004, June 2007, Dec. 2008, Dec. 2012 & June 2015]
Solution. We know that Fourier Series of f (x) in (0, 2 )
 

 b
a0
f ( x)   a n cos (nx)  n sin (nx) …(1)
2 n 1 n 1
2 2
x( cos x)  1. ( sin x)02
 
1 1 1
We have a0  f ( x) dx  x sin x dx   2  a0  2.
0 0 
2 2 1 2
  
1 1
Now, an  f ( x) cos nx dx  x sin x cos nx dx  x(2 cos nx sin x) dx
 0  0 2 0
[ 2 sin A cos B  sin ( A  B)  sin ( A  B)]
1 2

2 0 x[sin (n  1) x  sin (n  1) x] dx [ sin ( )   sin  ]

Now integrating by parts, we get

2
1   cos (n  1) x cos (n  1) x   sin (n  1) x cos (n  1) x 
  x     1.   , for n  1
2   n 1 n 1   (n  1) 2 (n  1) 2  0

  cos 2 (n  1)  cos 2 (n  1)  
1
 2    , for n  1
2
  n 1 n 1 
1 1 2
or an     2 , if n  1, and n  2, 3, 4, ...... .
n 1 n 1 n 1
Since a n does not exist for n  1, so in order to find a1 separately.
2


1
 a1  f ( x) cos (1. x) dx, for n = 1
0
2 2
 
1 1
 x sin x. cos x dx  x sin 2 x dx [ 2 sin x cos x  sin 2 x]
 0 2 0
2
1   cos 2 x   sin 2 x  1 1 1
 x     1.     [ ]    a1  
2   2   4  0 2 2 2
 Fourier Series 17
2 2

 
1 1
Finally, bn  f ( x) sin nx dx  x sin x sin nx dx
0 0

1 2 2
 
1
 x (2 sin nx sin x) dx  x [cos (n  1) x  cos (n  1) x] dx
2 0 2 0
Now integrating by parts, we get
2
1   sin (n  1) x sin (n  1) x   cos (n  1) x cos (n  1) x 
 x     1.   , for n  1
2   n  1 n 1   (n  1) 2 (n  1) 2  0

1  cos 2 (n  1)  cos 2 (n  1)  1 1 
 0     , for n  1
2  (n  1) 2 (n  1) 2 (n  1) 2 (n  1) 2 

1  1 1 1 1 
or bn      ,  0, if n  1 and n = 2, 3, 4,……
2  (n  1) 2
(n  1) 2
(n  1) 2
(n  1) 2 
Since bn does not exist for n =1, so in order to find b1 separately.
2


1
 b1  f ( x) sin (1. x) dx for n =1
0
2 2 2

  
1 1 1
 x sin x sin x dx  2 x sin 2 x dx  x (1  cos 2 x) dx
0 2 0 2 0
2
   x 2 cos 2 x   1
sin 2 x    1 2 (2 )  4  1 
2
1 1
x  x    1.    (2 2 )   .
2
  2   2 4  2  2 4 4  2
0
Now Fourier series (1) may be written as



a0
f ( x)   a1 cos x  b1 sin x  a n cos nx  0 [ bn  0 for n  1]
2 n2



1 2
or f ( x)  1  cos x   sin x  cos nx
n  2 ( n  1)
2
2
1 2 2 2
or x sin x  1   sin x 
cos x  2 cos 2 x  2 cos 3x  2 cos 4 x  .... Ans.
2 2 1 3 1 4 1
Example 1.9 : Find the Fourier Series representation of
 
sin 2x,  π  x   2
 
f(x)  0,  x0
 2
sin 2x, 0  x  π

 by differentiation of the Fourier series of f(x).
Also find f (x)
Solution. The Fourier series of f (x) over the interval ( ,  )
 

 b
a0
f ( x)   a n cos (nx)  n sin (nx) …(1)
2 n 1 n 1
18 Engineering Mathematics-II
 1  / 2 0  
   
1
We have, a0  f ( x) dx  sin 2 x dx  0 dx  sin 2 x dx 
     / 2 0 
 / 2 
1  cos 2 x   cos 2 x   1 1
         (1  0)  .
  2    2 0  




 
1
Similarly, an  f ( x) cos nx dx


1  / 2  

   
. sin 2 x cos nx dx   0
sin 2 x cos nx dx 

 / 2 1 
 
1
 2 sin 2 x cos nx dx  2 sin 2 x cos nx dx
2  2 0
[ 2 sin A cos B  sin ( A  B)  sin ( A  B)]
 / 2 
 
1 1
 [sin (2  n) x  sin (2  n) x] dx  [sin (2  n) x  sin (2  n) x] dx
2  2 0
 / 2 
1   cos (2  n) x  cos (2  n) x  1   cos (2  n) x  cos (2  n) x 
        for n  2
2  ( 2  n) ( 2  n)   2  ( 2  n) ( 2  n) 0
 2  cos n  cos (n / 2)  2  cos n  1 
   2 , for n  2
  n2  4   n 4 
2 (1  cos (n / 2))
 an  , for n  2 and n = 1, 3, 4, 5, …….
 (n 2  4)
Since a n does not exist for n  2, so in order to find a 2 separately :


1
i.e., a2  f ( x) cos 2 x dx for n =2
 
 / 2 

  
1 1
 sin 2 x cos 2 x dx  sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
 0
 / 2 
 
1 1
 sin 4 x dx  sin 4 x dx  0  0  0  a2  0.
2  2 0


 
1
Now, bn  f ( x) sin (nx) dx


 / 2   0 
   
1 1
 sin 2 x sin nx dx  sin 2 x sin nx dx  f ( x) dx  0 
 0   /2 
[ 2 sin A sin B  cos ( A  B)  cos ( A  B)]
 / 2 

1
 cos (n  2) x  cos (n  2) xdx  1
 cos (n  2) x  cos (n  2) xdx
2  2 0
 / 2 
1  sin (n  2) x sin (n  2) x  1  sin (n  2) x sin (n  2) x 
        , for n  2
2  (n  2) (n  2)   2  (n  2) (n  2)  0
 Fourier Series 19
2 sin (n / 2)
 bn  , for n  2 and n = 1, 3, 4, 5, ….. .
 (n 2  4)
Since bn does not exist for n  2, so in order to find b2 separately.


1
 b2  f ( x). sin 2 x dx, for n=2
 
 / 2 

  
1 1
 sin 2 2 x dx  sin 2 2 x dx
 0
 / 2 (1  cos 4 x)  (1  cos 4 x)
 
1 1
 dx  dx
  2  0 2
 / 2 
1  sin 4 x  1  sin 4 x 
  x  x
2  4   
2  4  0
1    1 1 1 3
      ( )   
2  2  2 4 2 4
3
 b2  .
4
Thus the first few Fourier coefficients are :
1 2 2 1
a 0  , a1  , a 2  0, a3  , a4  ,
 3 5 3
2 3 2 2
b1  , b2  , b3  , b4  0, b5  , ...... and so on.
3 4 5 21
Hence required Fourier series (1) becomes:
1 12 2 1 
f ( x)    cos x  cos 3x  cos 4 x  ...........
2   3 5 3 
1 2 3 2 2 
   sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  sin 5 x  ..... …(2) Ans.
 3 4 5 21 
For f (x), differentiation of Fourier series (2), we get
1 2 6  1 2 3 
f ( x)    sin x  sin 3x  ......    cos x  cos 2 x  ...... …(3) Ans.
 3 5   3 2 
1.6 HALF RANGE FOURIER SERIES
1. If f (x) is an even function defined on the interval l  x  l , i.e., it reduces to Cosine Fourier
Series in half range interval (0, l ) .

 nx 
a
a0
f ( x)   n cos  
2 n 1  l 
l

2
with a0  f ( x) dx ,
l 0
20 Engineering Mathematics-II
l  nx 

2
an  f ( x) cos   dx , for n = 1, 2, 3, …… .
l 0  l 
2. If f (x) is odd function defined on the interval l  x  l , i.e., it reduces to Sine Fourier Series
in half range interval (0, l ) .

 nx 
f ( x)  b
n 1
n sin 
 l 


l  nx 

2
with bn  f ( x) sin   dx , for n = 1, 2, 3, …… .
l 0  l 
Example 1.10 : Find Fourier Series representation of f(x)  | x | in interval  l  x  l.
[RGPV 2001]
Or
Find Cosine Fourier Series of f(x)  | x | in (0, l) .
Solution. Here f ( x)  | x | , which is an even function in interval (l , l )
 Cosine Fourier Series of f (x) in half range interval (0, l )

 nx 
a
a0
f ( x)   n cos  . …(1)
2 n 1  l 
l l
 
2 2
We have a0  f ( x) dx  | x | dx
l 0 l 0
l

2
 x dx [ | x | x, 0  x  l ]
l 0

2 l2
or a0  .  l  a0  l
l 2
 nx 
l l  nx 
 
2 2
and an  f ( x) cos   dx  x . cos   dx ,
0 l  l  l 0  l 
Now integrating by parts, we get
 nx  
l
 nx  
 sin   sin  
an   x. 
l  l
 l  

2
 1. dx 
l   n    0  nx 
      
  l  0  l  

   nx   
l
  cos   
2  l    l  
 .  0   [ sin n  0]
l  n   n   
     
   l   0 


2
n
 l 

 n
 . cos n  cos 0   2 2 (1)  1

2l
n 
n
  [ cos n  (1) n ]
 Fourier Series 21

 4l
 , when n odd,
 a n   n 2 2
 0, when n even.
Hence Fourier Series (1) becomes :

(1)  1. cos  nl x 




l 2l
| x |  n
2 n 1 n 2 2

l 4l  cos (x / l ) cos (3x / l ) cos (5x / l ) 

or | x |  2    ......
2   12
3 2
5 2

 (2n  1) nx 
 cos  
 

l 4l l
or | x |  for l  x  l. Ans.
2 2 n 1 (2n  1) 2
Example 1.11 : A periodic function of period 4 is defined as f(x) | x |,  2  x  2. Find its Fourier
Series expansion. [RGPV Dec. 2002]
Solution. Taking l  2 in the above example and proceed.
Example 1.12 : Expand the function f(x) in Fourier series in the interval ( π, π) :
2x, 0  x  π
f(x)   [RGPV 2001 & June 2011]
 x,  π  x  0.
 x,    x  0
Solution. Here f ( x)   .
2 x , 0  x  
We know that Fourier Series of f (x) in ( ,  )
 

a b
a0
Let, f ( x)   n cos nx  n sin nx. …(1)
2 n 1 n1

 1 0  
  
1
We have a0  f ( x) dx  x dx  2 x dx 
    0 
 0 
1  x2   2 
  ( x 2 )0   1 0     2  0  1 .     a 0   .
2
  
  2      2   2 2 2
 
 1 0  
  
1
Now, an  f ( x) cos nx dx  x cos nx dx  2 x cos nx dx 
    0 
  0  
   
1
 x cos nx dx  x cos nx dx   x cos nx dx, because put x   x 
0   0 

1  sin nx 1. ( cos nx)  1 1
 x.    [cos n  1]  2 [(1) n  1] …(2)
  n n 2
 0 n 2
n
[ sin n  0]
22 Engineering Mathematics-II
 1 0  
   
1
Finally, bn  f ( x) sin nx dx  x sin nx dx  2 x sin nx dx 
    0 
  0  
   
3
 x sin nx dx  x sin nx dx  x sin nx dx 
0   0 

3  ( cos nx) ( sin nx)  3 3
x  1.    cos n   (1) n . [ cos n  (1) n ]
 n n 2
0 n n
Hence Fourier Series (1) becomes :
 

 
1 3
f ( x)   {(1) n  1} cos (nx)  (1) n sin (nx).
4 n 1 n 2
n 1
n

 21 1   1 1 
  cos x  2 cos 3x  ....  3 sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  .... . Ans.
4  12 3   2 3 
1.7 FOURIER SINE AND COSINE SERIES IN INTERVAL 0  x  l
(i) The Sine Fourier Series on the interval 0  x  l :

 nx 
f ( x)  b
n 1
n sin 
 l 
 . …(1)

l  nx 

2
where bn  f ( x). sin   dx, for n =1, 2, 3, …..
l 0  l 
The series (1) is called Sine Fourier Series of f (x) on the interval (0, l ) or sometimes the half-
range Sine Fourier expansion of f (x).
(ii) The Cosine Fourier Series on the interval 0  x  l.

 nx 
a
a0
f ( x)   n cos  , …(2)
2 n 1  l 
l l  nx 
 
2 2
where a0  f ( x) dx and an  f ( x). cos   dx, for n = 1, 2, 3, ….. .
l 0 l 0  l 
The series (2) is called Cosine Fourier Series of f (x) on the interval (0, l ) or sometimes the half-
range Cosine Fourier expansion of f (x).
Example 1.13 (a) : Find the half range sine Fourier series for the function f ( x ) = x in interval
0 x  . [RGPV June 2007]
Solution. We know that half range sine series of f (x) in (0, l )
 
 n x 
f (x) = n 1
bn . sin
 l 
 = b
n 1
n sin nx …(1)

 

 f ( x) sin nx dx =   x sin nx dx
2 2
where bn =

0 0
 Fourier Series 23
 
2    cos nx   cos nx  
=   x 
  

   
n  0
0
 n  
dx


2   
=  cos n   0 
 cos n x dx  0
n  0 
 
2
=  (1) n ,
n
Hence series (1) becomes


  n (1)
2 n
x = sin nx
n 1

 1 1 
= 2sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x........ . Ans.
 2 3 
Example 1.13 (b) Determine half range sine series for the function f ( x )  x 2  x , 0  x   .
[RGPV Dec. 2012]
Solution. We know that the half range sine Fourier series of f (x) in (0, l )  (0,  ) .

 n x 
f (x) =  bn sin  
n 1  l 

or f (x) =  bn sin (n x) [ Here l   ] …(1)
n1
l  nx  2 
 
2
Where, bn = f ( x) sin   ( x 2  x). sin nxdx
l 0  l,   0


2  2  cos nx     cos (nx)  
( x  x) 
=
 
  n
  (2 x  1)
 0 0   n
 dx
 
2   
=
n  ( 2   ) cos n  0 
0 
(2 x  1) cos nx dx 


2   sin nx   sin n x 
=  (1) n ( 2   )  (2 x  1)
 n   n 0
   0
2.
n
dx 


2   2  cos nx  
= (1) (   )  0   
n
 
n  n n  0 

=
2 

n  n
2
 
(1) n (    )  2 (1) n  1] 

 n  1, 2, 3, .....

Hence (1) becomes

  ( 1) n 2 2 
f (x) =   ( 2   )  3 [(1) n  1] sin n x Ans.
 n  1 n n 
Example 1.14 : Express f(x) = x as a half range sine series in 0 < x < 2
[RGPV June 2009, Dec. 2011 & June 2015]
24 Engineering Mathematics-II
Solution. We know that half range sine series of f (x) in (0, l )  (0, 2)

 nx 
f ( x)   b . sin
n 1
n
2 
 [ l  2] ...(1)

l  nx  2  nx 
 
2 2
where bn  f ( x) sin dx  x. sin dx
l 0  l  2 0  2 
2
   nx 
 x. cos nx  cos 
 2 
=  2   2
 n   1  n 
dx
    
 0  2 
   nx   
2
  sin  
2   2  
=  (2 cos n  0)   
n   n   
    
   2   0 

2 4(1) n
= [2(1) n  0  0]  
n n
Hence series (1) becomes

(1) n  nx 

4
x sin  Ans.
n 1
n  2 
Example 1.15 : Find the Fourier series representation of f(x)  x . cos x,  π  x  π
Or
Obtain sine Fourier series of f(x)  x .cos x, x  (0, π) .
Solution. Here f ( x)  x cos x is an odd function over the interval ( ,  ), then a0  0, and a n  0 .
Therefore, It reduces to Sine Fourier series in half range interval (0,  ).

 f ( x)  b
n 1
n sin (nx) …(1)

 
 
2 2
where bn  f ( x) sin nx dx  x cos x sin nx dx
 0  0

[ 2 sin A cos B  sin ( A  B)  sin ( A  B)]

 
 
1 1
 {sin (n  1) x  sin (n  1) x} dx  [ x sin (n  1) x  x sin (n  1) x] dx
 0  0


1   cos (n  1) x   sin (n  1) x   cos (n  1) x   sin (n  1) x 
  x    (1)   x    (1)  , for n  1
   (n  1)   (n  1)  
2 (n  1)   (n  1) 2  0
 Fourier Series 25

1   cos (n  1)    cos (n  1)   
     0       0 , for n  1
   (n  1)   (n  1)  

(1) n (1) n 2n (1) n

   if n  1 and n = 2, 3,4,.. [ cos(n  1)  (1) n 1  (1) n ]
n 1 n 1 n 2 1
Since bn does not exist for n=1, so in order to find b1 separately
 
 
2 1 1 1
 b1  x cos x sin x dx  x sin 2 x dx    b1   .
 0  0 2 2
Hence Fourier series (1) may be written as
 
2n (1) n
 
1
f ( x)  b1 sin x  bn sin (nx)   sin x  . sin (nx) . Ans.
n2
2 n2 (n 2  1)
Example.1.16 : If f(x) is a function defined by
x ; 0  x  π/2
f(x)  
 π  x; π/2  x  π
Express f(x) by a Sine Fourier series and also by a Cosine Fourier series.
Solution. To express f (x) as a Sine Fourier Series :

f ( x)  b
n 1
n sin nx , x  (0,  ) …(1)

 2  /2  
  
2
where, bn  f ( x) sin nx dx  x sin nx dx  (  x) sin nx dx 
 0   0 /2 
 /2 
2   cos nx   sin nx  2  cos nx   sin nx 
  x    1.   2   (  x)     (1) .   2 
  n   n  0   n   n   / 2
2   n  1  n  2    n  1  n 
  cos    2 sin     cos    2 sin  
  2n  2  n  2    2 n  2  n  2 
4  n 
 bn  sin  .
 n2  2 
4 4 4
For n =1, 2, 3, ……. : b1  , b3   , b5  and so on
  .32  .5 2
and b2  b4  b6  ...  0.
Putting all values in (1), the required Fourier Sine series in (0,  ) is :
4  sin x sin 3x sin 5 x 
f ( x)    2  2  ... .
 1 2
3 5 
To express f(x) as a Cosine Fourier Series :


a
a0
f ( x)   n cos nx …(2)
2 n 1
26 Engineering Mathematics-II
 2  /2   
  
2
where, a0  f ( x) dx  x dx  (  x) dx  
0   0 /2  2
  /2 

   
2 2 2
and an  f ( x) cos nx dx  x cos nx dx  (  x) cos nx dx
0 0 /2
 /2 
2   sin nx   cos nx 
2  sin nx   cos nx 
 x   (  x) 
  1     (1)   
  n   
n 2  0  n   n 2   / 2
2  n  1  n  1  2  1   n  1  n 
  sin   cos    2    2 cos n  sin    2 cos  
  2n  2  n 2  2  n    n 2 n  2  n  2 
2   n 
 an  2 
 1  cos (n )  2 cos   , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ………….
n   2 
for n =1, a1  0 [ cos   1, cos  / 2  1]
8
for n =2, a2  [ cos 2  1, cos  1]
 .2 2
for n =3, a3  0 [ cos 3  1, cos 3 / 2  0]
for n =4, a4  0 [ cos 4  1, cos 2  1]
for n =5, a5  0
8 8
for n =6, a6  , a10  ,............
 .6 2
 .10 2
Putting all values in (2) then required Fourier Cosine series in (0,  ) is
 8  cos 2 x cos 6 x cos10 x 
f ( x)      ..... Ans.
4   2 2 62 10 2 
1 4l  x 1 3 x 
Example 1.17 : Prove that in 0 < x < l : x =  cos l  2 cos l  ........  and deduce that :
2 2  3 
1 1 1 4
4
 4
 4
 ......... = . [RGPV Dec. 2003]
1 3 5 96
Solution. Here f (x) = x, x  (0, l ) , then cosine fourier series in (0, l) is

 nx 
a
a0
f (x) =  n cos  ...(1)
2 n 1  l 
l

 f ( x) dx
2
Here a0 =
l
0
l
2 l2

2
= x dx = . = l  a0 = l
l l 2
0
l
 n x 
 f ( x) . cos 
2
and an =  dx
l l 
0
 Fourier Series 27
l
 n x 

2
= x cos   dx [sin n  0]
l
0
 l 

  nx  
l
 nx  
 x sin   l sin 
2  l  dx 
=   l  
 
n    n 
 
l
  0   
  l   0  l  
 
l
 nx 
 sin
2 l
=  . dx
l n l 
0
l
  nx  
  cos 
= 
2   l 
n  n 
 l 
 0
2 l
= . [cos n  cos 0]
n n
2l
an = 2 2 [(1) n  1]
n 
  4l
 , if n is odd
or an =  n 2 2
0,
 if n is even
Hence (1) becomes :
 nx 

l 4l 1
x =  2 cos 
2  n  odd n  l 
2

l 4l    x  1  3x  1  5x  
or x =  2 cos   2 cos   2 cos   ...... …(2)
2    l  3  l  5  l  
Further, using Parseval’s theorem :
 b  a   a0 


 a 
b 2

 [ f ( x)] 2 dx =     bn2 
2
n
a
 2   2 n 1 

(l  0)  l 2   4l  
l 2
 
2
x dx =    
 
2  2 n odd  n 2 2  
0  
l3 l  l 2 16l 2  1 1 1 
 =   4  4  4  4  ......
3 2  2  1 3 5 
2l 2 l 2 16l 2  1 1 1 
 =  4  4  4  5  ......
3 2  1 3 5 
28 Engineering Mathematics-II

2l 2 l 2 16l 2  1 1 1 
  = 4  4
 4  5  .......
3 2  1 3 5 
l 2 16l 2  1 1 1 
 =   4  4  .......
6  1
4 4
3 5 
4 1 1 1
 = 4  4  4  ...... Proved.
96 1 3 5
Example 1.18 : Obtain Fourier series for the expansion of f(x)  x sin x in the interval π  x  π.
π 1 1 1 1
Hence deduce that      ..... [RGPV June 2014]
4 2 1.3 3.5 5.7
Or
Obtain Cosine Fourier Series for f(x)  x sinx in interval (0, π) .
 

a b
a0
Solution. Let f ( x)   n cos nx  n sin nx,    x   …(1)
2 n 1 n 1
 

   
1 1
We have, a0  f ( x) dx  x sin x dx ,
 
 
[Since x sin x is even function i.e.,
 
2  0
]



2
0

x sin x dx 
2

 x cos x  sin x   
0

2
( cos  )  2. [ cos  1]  a0  2.


1  1 
Now, an 
  
f ( x) cos nx dx 
 
x sin x cos nx dx 
2   

 0 x sin x cos nx dx, [ x sin x cos (nx) is even function i.e.,  
2  0
]



1
 x [sin (n  1) x  sin (n  1) x] dx [ 2 cos A sin B  sin( A  B)  sin ( A  B)]
 0

Now integrating by parts


1   cos (n  1) x cos (n  1) x   sin (n  1) x sin (n  1) x 
  x        , for n  1,
   n 1 n  1   (n  1) 2 (n  1) 2  0

1   cos (n  1)  cos (n  1)  
    , for n  1 [ cos (n  1)  (1) n1  (1) n ]
  n 1 n  1 

 1 1 
 (1) n   , for n  1
 n  1 n  1
2 (1) n 1
or an  , if n  1, & n = 2, 3, 4, ……
n2 1
 Fourier Series 29
Since a n does not exist for n=1, hence we calculate a1 separately.
 

   
1 1
 a1  f ( x) cos x dx  x sin x cos x dx
 

     
   
2 1
 x sin x cos x dx  x sin 2 x dx  even function  2 even function 
0 0   0 
1  x cos 2 x sin 2 x   cos 2 1
      or a1   . [ cos 2  1]
 2 4  2 2


 
1
Finally, bn  x sin x sin (nx) dx


  
 bn  0 , for n = 1, 2, 3, ……. . 
 

odd function  0

Now putting values, the required Fourier series is
 

 b
a0
f ( x)   a1 cos (1.x)  a n cos (nx)  n sin (nx)
2 n2 n 1

(1) n 1

1
or f ( x)  1  cos x  2 cos (nx)  0
n  2 ( n  1)
2 2

1 2 2 2
f ( x)  1 
cos x  cos 2 x  cos 3x  cos 4 x  ...... .
2 3 8 15
1 2 cos 2 x 2 cos 3 x 2 cos 4 x
 x. sin x  1  cos x     ...... . …(2) Ans.
2 1.3 2.4 3.5

Deduction : Put x   ( ,  ) in (2), we get
2
  cos  cos 2 cos 3 
 1  0  2  0 0  ....
2  1.3 3.5 5.7 
1 1  1 1
or      .............. Proved.
4 2 1.3 3.5 5.7
Example 1.19 : Expand f (x) = | cos x | in a Fourier series in the interval ( π, π) .
Solution. Here f ( x)  | cos x | is even function in ( ,  )
 bn  0 and hence reduce to Fourier cosine series in interval (0,  ), i.e.,


a
a0
f ( x)   n cos (nx). …(1)
2 n 1



2
We have a0  cos x dx
0

[ cos x is positive when 0  x   / 2 and cos x is negative when  / 2  x   ]


2
  
 /2

0
cos x dx  


/2
 2
 

 cos x dx   sin x 0 / 2  sin x  / 2 
30 Engineering Mathematics-II

or a0 
2
1  0  0  1  4
.
 


2
Now an  cos x . cos nx dx
 0

2  /2  

   0
cos x . cos nx dx   /2
 cos x . cos nx dx 

[ 2 cos A cos B  cos ( A  B)  cos ( A  B)]
1  /2 
  cos (n  1) x  cos (n  1) xdx   cos (n  1) x  cos (n  1) xdx
  0  /2 
 /2 
1  sin (n  1) x sin (n  1) x   sin (n  1) x sin (n  1) x  
       , for n  1
  n  1 n  1 0  n 1 n  1  / 2 

1  sin (n  1)  / 2 sin (n  1)  / 2   sin (n  1)  / 2 sin (n  1)  / 2 
     , for n  1
  n 1 n 1   n 1 n 1 
2  sin (n  1)  / 2 sin (n  1)  / 2 
  , for n  1
  n 1 n 1 
2  cos (n  / 2) cos(n  / 2) 
  , for n  1  sin ( / 2   )  cos  and sin ( / 2   )  cos  
  n 1 n  1 
2 cos (n  / 2)  1 1  2 cos (n  / 2)   2 
  n  1  n  1   2 , for n  1,
     n 1
4  n 
or an  cos  , for n  1, and n  2, 3, 4, ........
 (n  1) 2
 2 
Since a n does not exist for n =1, hence we calculate a1 separately,



2
 a1  cos x . cos x dx, for n =1
0

2  /2  

   0
cos x. cos x dx   /2
( cos x) cos x dx 

2  /2   2  /2 (1  cos 2 x)  (1  cos 2 x) 

   0
cos 2 x dx   /2
cos 2 x dx   
   0 2
dx   /2 2
dx 

 /2 
1  sin 2 x   sin 2 x  
  x   x   
  2 0  2  / 2 

1     1    
            0.
 2  2    2 2 
Hence Fourier series (1) becomes :
a
 cos x  0  a1 cos x  a 2 cos 2 x  a3 cos 3 x  .....
2
 Fourier Series 31
2 4 4
cos x   cos 2 x  cos 4 x  .........
 3 15
4  cos 2 x cos 4 x
2 
     ..... . Ans.
   3 15 
Example 1.20 : Obtain a half-range cosine series for
 l
 kx, for 0  x 
f(x)   2 [RGPV Dec. 2004 & Feb. 2006, Dec. 2013,
l
k(l  x), for  x  l.
 2 June 2014 & Dec. 2014]

1 1 1 π2
Deduce the sum of the series    ..... 
12 32 52 8

 n x 
a
a0
Solution. Let f ( x)   n cos  , x  (0, l ) …(1)
2 n 1  l 
l 2 l/2 l 
  
2
We have a0  f ( x) dx  kx dx  k (l  x) dx 
l 0 l  0 l/2 
 l/2
  2 
l 
2  kx 2 
  k  lx  x  
   
l  2 0   2  
 l/2

2  kl 2  l2   l 2 l 2  2  kl 2  kl
   k  l 2    k      
 2
l  8  2  2 8  l  4 
l  nx  2 l/2  nx  l  nx  
  
2
Now, an  f ( x) cos   dx   kx . cos   dx  k (l  x). cos   dx 
l 0  l  l  0  l  l/2  l  
l/2
2  l  nx  l2  nx  
  kx. sin    k . 2 2 cos  

l  n  l  n   l   0
l 
 l  nx  l2  nx   
  k (l  x) sin    k . 2 2 cos  
 n  l  n   l   l / 2 
 
2  kl 2 n kl 2  n     kl
2
kl 2 n kl 2 n 
  sin  2 2  cos  1    2 2 cos n  sin  2 2 cos 
l  2n 2 n   2   n  2n 2 n  2 

2  2kl 2 n kl 2 kl 2  2kl   n  
 an   2 2 cos  2 2  2 2 cos n   2 2 2 cos    1  cos(n ).
l  n  2 n  n   n    2  

For n  1, a1 
2kl
2 cos  / 2  1  cos    0  cos   1, & cos  / 2  0
1 . 2
2

8kl
For n  2, a2 
2kl
2 cos   1  cos 2    cos 2  1
2 .
2 2
2 2. 2
32 Engineering Mathematics-II

For n  3, a3 
2kl
2 cos 3 / 2  1  cos 3   0  cos 3 / 2  0 & cos 3  1
3 . 2
2

For n  4, a4 
2kl
2 cos 2  1  cos 4   0
4 2. 2
For n = 5, a5  0
8kl 8kl
For n  6, a6  , a 7  0, a8  0, a9  0, a10  and so on.
6 .2 2
10 2. 2
 Fourier cosine series (1) becomes.
kl 8kl  1  2x  1  6x  
f ( x)   2  2 . cos    2 . cos    ..... . ….(2) Ans.
4  2  l  6  l  
Deduction : At x  l , then f (l )  0.
 From (2), at x  l , we get
kl 8kl  1 1 1 
0     .....
4  2  2 2 6 2 10 2 
kl 8kl  1 1 1 
  2     ......
4   (1.2) 2
(2.3) 2
(2.5) 2

2 1 1 1
    ...... Proved.
8 12 3 2 5 2
Example 1.21 (a) : Obtain the Fourier series for the function :
 πx, 0 x1
f(x)   [RGPV June 2002, Dec. 2004, June 2008 (O) & June 2011]
 π(2  x), 1 x2
Solution. Here interval (0, 2l )  (0, 2) l  1
 Fourier series of f (x) in (0, 2) is
 
 nx   nx 
 b
a0
f ( x)   a n cos   n sin  . …(1)
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 
2 1 2
We have, a0   0
f ( x) dx   0
x dx   1
 (2  x) dx
1 2
 x2   x2 
    2 x  
 2  0  2 
1

1   1 
    (4  2)   2    
2   2 
i.e., a0  
2 1 2
Now, an   0
f ( x) cos (nx) dx   0
x cos (nx) dx   1
 (2  x) cos (nx) dx
Now integrating by parts, we get
 Fourier Series 33
1 2
 sin nx   cos nx   sin nx   cos nx 
 x .      (2  x) .  ( )  
 n  n 2 2
 0  n  n 2 2  1
 sin n  0
 cos n 1    cos 2n cos n 
 2  2 
2
 2   2 [cot n  1]  cos 2n  1
 n  n   n  2
n   n 
2

 2 (1) n  1
n 
 [ cos n  (1) n ]

 0, if n is even

i.e., an   - 4
, if n is odd
 n 2
2 1 2
Finally, bn   0
f ( x) sin (nx) dx   0
x sin (nx) dx  
1
 (2  x) sin (nx) dx
On integrating by parts, we get
1 2
   cos nx    sin nx     cos nx    sin nx 
 x .      2 2    (2  x) .    ( )  2 2 
  n   n   0   n   n   1
  cos n   cos n 
  n 0
 n   
i.e., bn  0
Putting all values in (1), the required Fourier series :

(1)  1cos nx  0




2
f ( x)   n
2 n 1 n 2
4  cos x cos 3x cos 5x
 
or f ( x)      ..... Ans.
2   12 32 52 
Example 1.21 (b) : Find the half-range cosine Fourier series of the function :
 2t , 0t 1
f ( x) =  [RGPV, June 2003]
2( 2  t ), 1 t  2
Solution. We know that cosine Fourier series in interval (0, 2) = (0, l) is

 nt 

a0
f(t) =  a n cos  ( l  2)
2 n 1  2 
and proceed as above example. Ans.
Example 1.22 Expand  x  x in a half range sine series in (0,  ) up to the first three terms.
2

[RGPV June 2012]

Solution. Let sine series in (0, l ) be :

 n x 
f (x) =  bn sin  
n 1  l 

 f (x) =  bn sin (n x) [ l  n] …(1)
n1
34 Engineering Mathematics-II


2
We have, bn = f ( x) sin( nx) dx
 0

=
2
 

x  x  sin (nx) dx
0
2


2  cos(nx)   cos (nx) 
= (x  x 2 )
   n 0
  
0
(  2 x)
n
dx 



2
= (  2 x) cos(nx) dx
n 0


2  sin( n x)   sin (n x) 
= (  2 x)
 n  n 0
  (  2)
0 n 
dx 

2  2  
= 2 
n 
0
n 0 
sin (n x) dx 


4  cos (nx) 
=  
 n2   n  0

=
n
4
3
(1) n

 1 ; n  1, 2, 3, .....

8
when n  1, b1 = ,
  12
when n  2, b2 = 0,
8
when n  3, b3 = ,
  33
when n  4, b4 = 0,
8
when n  5, b5 = and so on.
 .5 3
Hence (1) becomes
x  x 2 = b1 sin (1  x)  b2 sin (2  x)  b3 sin (3  x)  ....
8  sin (1  x) sin(3  x) sin (5  x) 
=    ..... Ans.
12   32 52 
Example 1.23 : Obtain the Fourier series for the function
 l, for  2l  x  l,
 x, for  l  x  0,

f(x)  
 x, for 0  x  l,
 l, for l  x  2l.
Solution. Here given interval is (2l , 2l ).
 
 nx   nx 
a b Because, l  2l here
a0
 Let f ( x)   n cos   n sin   …(1)
2 n 1  2l  n 1  2l 
 Fourier Series 35
2l

1
We have, a0  f ( x) dx
(2l )  2l

1  l 0 l 2l 
a0 
2l    2l
l dx   l
( x) dx   0
x dx   0
l dx 

[ As given f (x) ]

  x 2 
0
 x 2 
l 
 lx2l        lxl2l   3 l  a 0  3l .
1  l
2l   2  l  2  0  2 2
 
2l  nx 

1
Now, an  f ( x) cos   dx
2l  2l  2l 
1  l  nx  0  nx  l  nx  2l  nx  
 
2l    2l
l cos 
 2l 
 dx   l
( x) cos 
 2l 
 dx   0
l cos 
 2l 
 dx  
l
l cos   dx
 2l  
4l  n 
 an  cos  1 , n = 1, 2, 3, ………
n  
2 2 2

4l
For n =1, 3, 5, …… an  2 2 [Because cos  / 2  cos 3 / 2  ....  0]
n 
8l
For n =2, 6, 10, …… an  2 2 [Because cos   cos 3  ....  1]
n 
For n =4, 8, 12, …… an  0 [Because cos 2  cos 4  ....  1]
 nx 
2l

1
Finally, bn f ( x) sin   dx = 0 for n = 1, 2, 3, ………..
 2l 2l  2l 
 Putting all values in (1), the required Fourier series :
3l 4l  1  x  1  3x  1  5x  
f ( x)    2 cos   2 cos    2 cos    .......
4 2 1   3
2l  2l  5  2l  
2  2x  2  6x  
  2 cos   2 cos   ....
2  2l  6  2l  
3l 2l    x  1  2x     x  1  3x  
or f ( x) 
 2 2 cos   2 cos   ....  cos   2 cos   ..... . Ans.
4     2l  3  2l     l  3  l  
Example 1.24 : Find the Fourier expansion of the periodic function f(x) defined by
 k,  π  x  0
f(x)  
 k, 0  x  π,
and f (x + 2) = f(x). Sketch the graph of f(x).
Solution. Since f ( x)  k  f ( x) for x  ( , 0) and
f ( x)  k  f ( x) for x  (0,  )
 f ( x)  f ( x) for x  ( ,  )
 f (x) is an odd function in ( ,  )
36 Engineering Mathematics-II
 a 0  0 and a n  0
 It reduces to Fourier sine series of f ( x)  k in half range interval (0,  ) .

 f ( x)  b
n 1
n sin nx [ l   ] …(1)

 
 
2 2
We have, bn  f ( x) sin nx dx  k sin nx dx
 0  0

2k  cos nx 
   
n  0 n
2k
1  (1) n .   [ cos n  (1) n and cos 0  1]

Hence Fourier Series (1) becomes :

 



2k
f ( x)  1  (1) n sin nx
n 1
n
4k  sin x sin 3x sin 5 x 
or f ( x)      ...... . Ans.
  1 3 5 
Graph of Series :
y
k

-x x
-3 -2 - O  2 3 4
–k

–y
Example 1.25 : Expand f(x) in a Fourier series in the interval (0, 2) if
 x, 0  x  1
f(x)  
0, 1  x  2.
Solution. Here interval (0, 2l )  (0, 2)  l  1
 Fourier series of f (x) in (0, 2) is
 
 nx  nx 
  b .sin 
a0
f ( x)   a n . cos   n  [ l  1] ….(1)
2 n 1  1  n 1
1 
2l 2
 
1 1
We have, a0  f ( x) dx  f ( x) dx [ l  1]
l 0 1 0
1
1 2  x2 
 
1 1
 x dx  0 dx      a0  .
 2  2
0 1
 0 2
2  nx 

1
Now, an  f ( x) cos   dx [ l  1]
1 0  1 
1 2
  0
f ( x) cos nx dx   1
f ( x) cos nx dx
 Fourier Series 37
1
1   sin nx   cos nx 
  0
x cos nx dx  0   x 
  n 
  1.   2 2 
 n   0
1 1
 (cos n  1)  [(1) n  1] [ sin n  0]
n  2 2
n  2 2

  2
 , when n is odd
  n 2 2
 0 , when n is even
2 2
 a1   , a3   , ............
 2
3 2
a2  0, a 4  0, ........... and so on
2  nx 

1
Finally, bn  f ( x) sin   dx
1 0  1 
1 2
  0
f ( x) sin nx dx   1
f ( x) sin nx dx

1
1   cos nx   sin nx 
  0
x sin nx dx  0   x  
  n 
  1.   2 2 
 n   0
cos n (1) n
or bn    [ cos n  (1) n ]
n n
1 1 1
 b1  , b2   , b3   , ......
 2 3
Hence the required series (1) is
1 2  1 cos 5x 
f ( x)   2 cos x  2 cos 3x   ....
4   3 5 2

1 sin 2x sin 3x 
 sin x    .... . Ans.
  2 3 
Example 1.26 : Obtain the Fourier series for f ( x ) :
0,   x  0
f ( x) =  2 [RGPV Dec. 2003]
 x 0 x 
Solution. The Fourier series of f (x) in ( ,  ) is
 

 
a0
f (x) =  a n cos(nx)  bn sin( nx) [ l   ] …(1)
2 n 1 n 1
 
1  2
0


1
we have, a 0 =



 0dx  x 2 dx  =
f ( x)dx =
 0


3  
 
1 
0


1
Now, an =


f ( x) cos nxdx =  0 cos nxdx  x 2 cos nxdx

 0


 
38 Engineering Mathematics-II

1  2 sin nx  sin nx 

=  x
 

n 0
  2x
0
n 
dx


  
 cos nx  

2 2  cos nx 
=
n 
x sin nx dx =  x
n  n 0
  
 n  
dx 
0  0 
=
2
 cos n  = 2 (1) n .
2
 n2 n
 
1 
0

  
1
Also bn = f ( x) sin nx dx =  0. sin nx dx  x 2 . sin nx dx
  
  0 


x
1 2
bn = sin nx dx

0

1  2 cos nx   cos nx 
=  x 
 
 
n 0 0
2x 
n
dx 

1  2  
=
 n 
( cos n  0)  2  0
x cos nx dx 

1  2  x  sin n x    sin nx 
 cos n  2
=
n  n
 
0 0 n
dx
 

1  2 1 cos n x  
 
=  (1) n  2 0    
n   n   n  0 


1  2 2 
=  (1) n  2 (cos n x  cos 0)
n n 
1  2 2 
=  (1) n  2 [(1) n  1]
n n 
 2
=  (1) n  [(1) n  1]
n  n3
Putting the values of a0 , a n ' s and bn ' s in (1), we get
2  (1) n   2  

f (x) = 2  cos n x    3 [(1) n  1]  (1) n  sin nx
6 n 1 2 n  1  n n 
n 
Ans.
1.9 PRACTICAL HARMONIC ANALYSIS
In many engineering problems function f(x) is not given by a mathematical formula, but it is given
by a tabular form for corresponding values of x or it is given by a graph. the process of finding Fourier
series for such type functions is called Harmonic Analysis.
In this case the Fourier constants are evaluated numerically by the following formulae :
 Fourier Series 39
2  1 2 

(i) a0 =
 
0
f ( x) dx  2.  
 (2  0) 0

f ( x) dx


= 2.[mean value of f(x) in (0, 2 )]
b


1
[ As using Mean value of f(x) in (a, b) is f ( x) dx]
(b  a )
a

2  1 2 
 
1
(ii) an = f ( x). cos nx dx  2  f ( x). cos nx dx
  (2  0) 0 
0  
= 2. [Mean value of f ( x). cos nx in (0, 2 )]
2  1 2 
 
1
(iii) bn = f ( x). sin nx dx  2  f ( x). sin nx dx
  (2  0) 0 
0  
= 2.[Mean value of f ( x). sin nx in (0, 2 )]
Here mean value is also known as ‘average’.
From the above process:
The term (a1 cos x  b1 sin x) in Fourier series is called the first harmonic or fundamental harmonic.
The term (a2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x) in Fourier series is called the second harmonic and so on.

x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
y  f (x) : 4 8 15 7 6 2

Solution. Here the interval (0, 2l) has been divided into n  6 points, so that l  3 [(0, 2l )  (0, 6) ]

Then Fourier series of f (x) be

 
 nx   nx 
 
a0
f (x) =  an cos   bn sin  
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 

a0   x   x     x   x  
or f (x) =  a1 cos    a2 cos    ....  b1 sin    b2 sin    ... ...(1)
2   3  3    3  3 
f ( x)
where a0 = 2[Mean of f (x) in (0, 5)] = 2.
6

 x 
f ( x) sin  
 x   3
a1 = 2[Mean of f (x). cos  in (0, 5)] = 2.
 3 6
40 Engineering Mathematics-II
 x 
f ( x) sin  
 x   3
b1 = 2[Mean of f (x). cos  in (0, 5)] = 2.
 3 6

 2x 
f ( x). cos 
 2x   3 
a2 = 2[Mean of f (x). cos  in (0, 5)] =
 3  6

 2x  2x
b2 = 2[Mean of f (x). cos  in (0, 5)]= 2f ( x) sin
 3  3
Let us form the following table :

 2x   2x 
y=  x   x   2x   x   x  sin   y. sin  
x cos   y. cos  cos   sin   y. sin    3   3 
f(x)  3  3  3   3  3

0 4 1 4.0 4.0 0 0 0 0.
1 8 0.5 4.0 –4.0 0.866 6.928 0.866 6.928
2 15 –0.5 –7.5 –7.5 0.866 12.990 –0.866 –12.990
3 7 –1 –7.0 7.0 0 0 0 0
4 6 –0.5 –3.0 –3.0 –0.866 –5.196 0.866 5.196
5 2 0.5 1.0 –1.0 –0.866 –1.732 –0.866 –1.732

 x   2x  y. sin

f (x) y. cos  y. cos    y sin (x / 3)
 3  3  (2x / 3)
 42  12.990
  8.5   4.5   2.598

f ( x)  y   42 
Hence, a0 = 2  2   2   14
6  6   6 
 y. cos (x / 3)    8.5 
a1 = 2    2    2.83
 6   6 
 y. cos (2x / 3)    4.5 
a2 = 2    2    1.5
 6   6 
 y .sin (x / 3)   12.990 
b1 = 2    2   2.165
 6   6 
 y.sin (2x / 3)    2.598 
b2 = 2   2    0.433
 6   6 
 Required Fourier series (1) becomes :
 x x   x 2x 
y  7   2.83 cos 1.5 cos   2.165 sin  0.433sin Ans.
 3 3   3 3 
 Fourier Series 41
Example 1.30 : Find the Fourier series as for as the first harmonic to represent the function given by
the following table:
x° : 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
y = f(x) 2.34 3.01 3.69 4.15 3.69 2.20 0.83 0.51 0.88 1.09 1.19 1.64
Solution. Here the interval (0, 2l) has been divided into n  12 points, so that
(0, 2l )  (0, 360)  (0, 2 )  l  
a0
Then Fourier series of f(x): y =  (a1 cos x  b1 sin x)  (a1 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x)  ...(1)
2
 y 
where a0 = 2[Mean of y]  2 
 12 
 ycos x 
a1 = 2[Mean of y cos x]  2  
 12 
 y sin x 
b1 = 2 Mean of y sin x  2  
 12 
Let us form the following table:
x° y = f(x) cos x y cos x sin x y sin x
0 2.34 1 2.340 0 0
30 3.01 0.87 2.619 0.5 1.505
60 3.69 0.50 1.845 0.87 3.210
90 4.15 0 0 1.0 4.15
120 3.69 –0.50 –1.845 0.87 3.210
150 3.20 –0.87 –1.914 0.57 1.10
180 0.83 –1.0 –0.830 0 0
210 0.51 –0.87 –0.444 –0.5 –0.255
240 0.88 –0.5 –0.440 –0.87 –0.766
270 1.09 0 0 –1.0 –1.09
300 1.19 0.5 0.595 –0.87 –1.035
330 1.64 0.87 1.427 –0.5 –0.820
y  25.22 y cos x  3.353 y sin x  9.209

 y   25.22 
Hence a0 = 2   2    4.203
 n   12 
 y cos x   3.353 
a1 = 2    2   0.559
 n   12 
 y sin x   9.209 
b1 = 2    2  1.535
 n   12 
42 Engineering Mathematics-II
 Required Fourier series (1) becomes:
y  2.1015  (0.559 cos x 1.535 sin x)  .... Ans.