Public Health

EVOLUTION AND
DIVERSITY OF
WOODY AND
SEED PLANTS
CHRISTIAMAE BARRA
Instructor
LIGNOPHYTES
WOODY PLANTS
are a monophyletic lineage of the

vascular plants that share the derived
features of a vascular cambium, which
gives rise to wood, and a cork cambium,
which produces cork
LIGNOPHYTES
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
a sheath, or hollow cylinder, of cells that

develops within the stems and roots as
a continuous layer, between the xylem
and phloem in extant, eustelic
spermatophyte
LIGNOPHYTES
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
Secondary xylem = wood, if produced to

the inside of the cambium or Secondary
phloem, if produced to the outside of
the cambium
LIGNOPHYTES
CORK CAMBIUM
similar to a vascular cambium, only it

differentiates near the periphery of the
stem or root axis.
The cork cambium and its derivatives

constitute the periderm (referred to as
the outer bark)
The outermost layer of the periderm is

cork
LIGNOPHYTES
CORK CAMBIUM
Cork cells contain a waxy polymer

called suberin (similar to cutin) that is
quite resistant to water loss
Cork produced by the cork cambium

functions as a thick layer of cells that
protects the delicate vascular cambium
and secondary phloem from mechanical
damage, predation, and desiccation.
SPERMATOPHYTES
SEED PLANTS
are a monophyletic lineage within the
lignophytes
The major evolutionary novelty that

unites this group is the seed.
A seed is defined as an embryo,

which is a immature diploid
sporophyte developing from the
zygote, surrounded by nutritive tissue
and enveloped by a seed coat
SPERMATOPHYTES
SEED PLANTS
The embryo generally consists of an
immature root called the radicle, a shoot
apical meristem called the epicotyl, and
one or more young seed leaves, the
cotyledons
the transi tion region between root

and stem is called the hypocotyl
An immature seed, prior to

fertilization, is known as an ovule.
BIO 114-TAXONOMY OF
Seed Evolution
HIGHER VASCULAR PLANTS
Probable step in seed evolution
Heterospory Endospory Reduction of Retention of Evolution of

megaspore
number to one
Megaspore Integument
IO 114-TAXONOMY
Pollen
A pollen grain is, technically, an
immature, endosporic male
gametophyte
Endospory in pollen grain evolution was

similar to the same process in seed
evolution, involving the development of
the male gametophyte within the
original spore wall
BIO 114-TAXONOMY
Pollen Tube
The male gametophytes of all extant
seed plants form a pollen tube soon
after the pollen grains make contact
with the megasporangial (nucellar)
tissue of the ovule
The formation of pollen tubes is termed

siphonogamy (siphono, tube + gamos,
marriage).
Pollen tubes also function to deliver the

sperm cells, directly or indirectly, to the
egg of the ovule
THYNK UNLIMITED
Pollination
Chamber
The cavity formed by this breakdown of
cells. The pollination droplet functions in
transporting pollen grains through the
micropyle.
A. Young ovule, longitudinal section, at time of pollination. Pollen
grains are pulled into micropyle by resorption of pollination droplet. Meiosis of the megasporocyte has yet to occur. B. Postpollination,
showing development of the female gametophyte and haustorial pollen tube growth of the male gametophytes within tissue of
megasporangium
(nucellus). C. Mature ovule, showing two functional archegonia within female gametophyte.
D. Close-up of archegonia, each containing a large egg cell with a surrounding layer of sterile cells and apical neck. E. Seed longitudinal section, seed coat removed,
showing embryo and surrounding nutritive layer of female gametophytic tissue.
SEED ADAPTATION
First, seeds provide protection, mostly by means of the
seed coat, rom mechanical damage, desiccation, and often
predation.
Second, seeds function as the dispersal unit of sexual
reproduction.
Third, the seed coat may have dormancy mechanisms that
ensure germination of the seed only under ideal conditions
of temperature, sunlight, or moisture.
Fourth, upon germination, the nutritive tissue surrounding
the embryo provides energy for the young seedling, aiding
in successful establishment.
EUSTELE
an apomorphy for most spermatophytes, including all
extant spermatophytes.
primary stem vasculature ( primary meaning prior to any
secondary growth) that consists of a single ring of discrete
vascular bundles.

Public Health

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Public Health

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Public Health

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EVOLUTION AND

are a monophyletic lineage of the

a sheath, or hollow cylinder, of cells that

Secondary xylem = wood, if produced to

similar to a vascular cambium, only it

The cork cambium and its derivatives

The outermost layer of the periderm is

Cork cells contain a waxy polymer

Cork produced by the cork cambium

The major evolutionary novelty that

A seed is defined as an embryo,

the transi tion region between root

An immature seed, prior to

Probable step in seed evolution

Heterospory Endospory Reduction of Retention of Evolution of

Endospory in pollen grain evolution was

The formation of pollen tubes is termed

Pollen tubes also function to deliver the

You might also like