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Module 3 Support Reactions &

Civil engineering (ACS college of Engineering)

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Lecture Notes

Course Name: Elements of Civil Engineering & Mechanics

Course Code: 18CIV14
Sem: First / Second AY: 2020-2021 Season: odd
Module-3

Support Reactions: Types of Loads and Supports, statically determinate

and indeterminate beams, Support Reaction in beams, Numerical
problems on support reactions for statically determinate beams (Point
load, uniformly distributed & uniformly varying loads and Moments) (RBT
Level : Ll, L2 & L3)
SUPPORT REACTIONS: INTRODUCTION
We know that, the various structural members are connected by various types of
supports. The structural members exert forces on supports known as action.
Similarly, the supports also exert forces on structural members known as reaction.

TYPES OF SUPPORTS

The following types of supports are found in practice:

1. Simple supports

2. Roller supports

3. Hinged or pinned supports

4. Fixed supports

Simple supports
Simple supports are those which exert reactions perpendicular to the plane of
support

Roller supports
Roller support is the one which exert reactions perpendicular to the plane of the
support. They restrict translation of the body along one direction only

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Hinged or pinned supports

Hinged supports are those which exert reactions in two directions namely in vertical
& horizontal directions

Fixed supports
Fixed supports restrict both translation and rotation of the body. Fixed supports
develop an internal moment known as restraint moment to prevent the rotation of the
body.

TYPES OF BEAMS
Simply supported beam
It is a beam which consists of simple supports (Figure 6.5). Such a beam can resist
forces normal to the axis of the beam.

Cantilever beam
It is a beam whose one end is fixed and the other end is free

Continuous beam
It is a beam which consists of three or more supports

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Propped cantilever beam

It is a beam whose one end is fixed and the other end is simply supported

TYPES OF LOADS
Concentrated load
A load which is concentrated at a point in a beam is known as concentrated load

Uniformly distributed load

A load which is distributed uniformly along the entire length of the beam is known as
uniformly distributed load

To convert the 20 kN/m UDL into a point load which is acting at the center of a
particular span (i.e. 3 m).Magnitude of point load = 20 kN/m x 3 m = 60 kN acts at
1.5 mt from the A or B
Uniformly varying load
A load which varies with the length of the beam is known as uniformly varying load

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PROBLEMS ON EQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE

SYSTEM: SPEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS:
1. In a coplanar non-concurrent force system, three conditions of equilibrium can be applied,

namely as follows: ∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0 and ∑M = 0

2.Draw the free body diagram of the given beam by showing all the forces and reactions

acting on the beam.

3. Apply the three conditions of equilibrium to calculate the unknown reactions at the supports.

Example: A simply supported beam of length (span) 5 m is loaded as shown in Figure below. Find
the reactions at A and B.

apply three conditions of equilibrium, we get

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Example: A simply supported beam of span 6 m is subjected to loading as shown in

Figure below. Determine the support reactions at A and B.

applying the laws of equilibrium

Example: Determine the reactions at A and E for the beam shown in Figure

SOLUTION: applying the laws of equilibrium

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Example: Determine the distance x such that RA and RB are equal, for the beam
Shown in Figure

Example: For the beam with loading shown, determine the reactions at the supports.

SOLUTION : Applying conditions of equilibrium, we get,

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Example: Find the support reactions at A and B for the beam loaded as shown in
Figure

SOLUTION : Applying conditions of equilibrium, we get,

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Example: Calculate the support reactions for the cantilever beam shown in Figure

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Example:Determine the reactions at the supports A and B for a beam loaded as

shown in Figure.

SOLUTION: Using conditions of equilibrium, we get

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EXERCISE PROBLEMS

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ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE TRUSSES:

Types of trusses, Analysis of statically determinate trusses using method of joints

and method of sections. (RBT Level : Ll, L2 & L3)

INTRODUCTION:
Plane trusses are those structures in which all members are lying in a single plane.
Plane trusses are made of several bars or members connected together at the joints
by riveting or welding to form a rigid formwork, and also support stationary loads or
moving loads

Types of Trusses

The trusses are classified into three types

1.Rigid truss or perfect truss 2. Non-rigid truss or deficient truss 3. Over rigid truss or
redundant truss

A rigid truss is one in which the number of members are sufficient to resist the
external loads, and in which deformation is very small. The relationship between the
number of members and number of joints is given by m= 2j-3

m =5 , j= 4

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5 = 2 x 4 -3 hence it is a perfect truss

Non-rigid truss or deficient truss

A non-rigid truss is one in which the number of members is less than that required for
a perfect truss. The relationship between the number of members and number of
joints is given by, m < 2j-3

Here, m =4, j=4

4 <2 x 4 -3

4<5, hence it is deficient truss

Over rigid truss or redundant truss

An over rigid truss is one in which the number of members is more than that required
for a perfect truss. The relationship between the number of members and number of
joints is given by m > 2j-3

m=6,j=4

6 > 2x4-3

6>5 Hence, it is an over rigid truss.

Assumptions made in the analysis of statically determinate trusses:

1. The members of trusses are straight.
2. The cross section of members is uniform.
3. Forces are acting only on joints.
4. All members are pin-jointed members.
5. All members are rigid.
6. All members of trusses are two force members subjected to either equal and
opposite tension or compression.
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE TRUSSES USING METHOD OF
JOINTS

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Method of joints
Analysis of truss mainly consists of calculations of support reactions and
determination of internal forces induced in the internal members of a truss. The
method of joints or joint method is a method in which the equilibrium of individual
joints are considered, and this method is useful in finding the forces in all members
of a truss.

steps involved in the method of joints are as follows:

1. Check whether the given truss is statically determinate or indeterminate.

2. Calculate the support reactions by considering the equilibrium of entire truss.

3. Now, consider a joint with minimum number of unknowns (maximum of 2

unknowns,

because only two conditions of equilibrium are available namely

∑Fx = 0 and ∑Fy = 0).

4. Initially assume that all members under consideration are in tension (arrow head
away from the joint is positive).

5. Apply the conditions of equilibrium and by solving the equilibrium, determine the

unknown forces in the members.

6. If the result works out to be positive then our assumption is right, if it is negative
then our assumption is wrong and it indicates that particular member is under
compression, so that reverse the direction of force while considering it in the next
joint.

7. Same procedure has to be followed for other joints to determine the internal forces
in the remaining members of a truss.

1. Analyze the truss in Figure by the method of joints.

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:
SOLUTION:
1.Calculation of support reactions

Consider joint A ( minimum number of unknowns, i.e. 2)

Joint A

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Joint : B Joint : C

Consider joint B

Consider joint C

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Joint D Joint E
Consider Joint : D

Consider Joint E

2. Analyze the truss shown in Figure by the method of joints. Tabulate the result and
indicate the nature of force in the truss.

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Solution: Let the reactions be as shown in figure. Check for determinate:

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Figure shows a framed of 4 m span and 1.5 m height subjected to two point loads at
B and D.Find the forces in all the members.

A truss of 8 metres span, is loaded as shown in Fig.Find the forces in the members
CD, FD and FE of the truss.

Figure shows a pin-jointed frame carrying a vertical load at B and a horizontal load at
D.Find the forces in the members DF, HE and DH of the frame.

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Figure represents a north-light roof truss with wind loads acting on it.Find the forces
in all the members of the truss Give your results in a tabulated form.

A truss of 12 m span is loaded as shown in Fig.Determine the force in the members

BD, CE and CD of the truss.

A truss hinged at A and supported on rollers at D, is loaded as shown Find the forces
in the members BC, FC, FE of the truss.

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METHOD OF SECTION
Method of section is the method in which a section line has to be passed through the
members in which the internal forces need to be calculated. This method is suitable
when it is necessary to find the forces induced in a few or selected members of a
truss.

1. The section line should be a complete.

The section line should pass through the members, but not through the joints.
3. The section line can pass through maximum of three members because only three
conditions of equilibrium are available.
4. The section line can pass through the four members in a situation where three
members are meeting at a common point.
5. The moment equation of equilibrium can be applied about a point may be beyond
the portion under consideration.
6. Consider either left portion or right portion whichever is easy for the analysis, as
both portions are under equilibrium.

1.Determine the forces in the members BC, BG, EG & GD of the truss shown in
Figure by the method of sections.

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2. Find the support reactions and forces in the members BC, CF, EF & CE of truss as
shown in Figure.

SOLUTION:

Applying equations of equilibrium,

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