A STUDY OF DULA-PHASE-LAG ON TRANSIENT FREE CONVECTION FLOW

IN A VERTICAL CHANNEL

By

OYELADE, ISMAILA OLATOYE

B.Sc. (ABU, 2016)

P17PSMT8004

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MATHEMATICS,

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA.

IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MATHEMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,

ZARIA, NIGERIA.

Chairman supervisory committee: Prof. B.K. Jha

Member supervisory committee: PROF. A.O. Ajibade

AUGUST, 2021

i
 DECLARATION

I declare that the work in this dissertation proposal titled “A STUDY OF DUAL-

PHASE-LAG ON TRANSIENT FREE CONVECTION FRLOW IN VERTICAL

CHANNEL’’ has been carried out by me in the Department of Mathematics under the

supervision of Prof. B.K. Jha and Prof. A.O. Ajibade. The information derived from the

literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No

part of this dissertation proposal was previously presented for another degree or

diploma at this or any other Institution.

OYELADE, Ismaila Olatoye ________ _________

(Name of Student) Signature Date

ii
 ABSTRACT

Two problems are proposed in this research to investigate the role of Dual-Phase-Lag

(DPL) on transient free convection flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in a vertical

channel. The first and second problems expatiated with Dual-Phase-Lag on energy

equations and isoflux boundary condition with isothermal and adiabatic process. In each

problem, the dimensionless governing equations with their initial and boundary

conditions are obtained through the transformation of dimensional governing equations

by using suitable dimensionless parameters.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii
TITTLE..............................................................................................................................i
DECLARATION..............................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem............................................................................................2
1.3 Significance of the Study..............................................................................................3
1.4 The Aim and Objectives................................................................................................3
1.5 Research Methodology.................................................................................................3
1.6 Basic Definition.............................................................................................................4
1.7 Basic Equation..............................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO...............................................................................................................9
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................9
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................9
2.2 Dual-Phase-Lag Heat Conduction Model....................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................13
THE FORMULATION OF PROBLEMS UNDER ASSUMPTIONS...................................................13
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................13
3.2 The Effect of DPL Heat Conduction Model on Transient Natural Convection flow in a
vertical Channel with Isoflux and Isothermal Boundaries......................................................13
3.2.1 Mathematical formulation of problem 3.2.........................................................13
3.2.2 The dimensionless governing equations of problem 3.2....................................15
3.3 The Impact of DPL Heat Conduction Model on Transient Natural Convection Flow of
an Incompressible Viscous Fluid in a Vertical Channel with Isoflux and Adiabatic Thermal
Boundaries.............................................................................................................................16
3.3.1 Mathematical formulation of problem 3.3.........................................................16
3.3.2 The governing equation of problem 3.3 in a dimensionless form.......................17
REFERENCES................................................................................................................19

iv
 CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Thermofluids is the branch of science and engineering that combined the study

of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and heat transfer. Thermofluids is a strong division

that analyzes the system and processes involved in energy, different appearance of

energy and transfer of energy in fluid. It application range from efficient of engine

design to heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Fluid mechanics is the study of effect

of forces and energy on fluids (liquids and gasses) and their behaviour at rest and in

motion. Fluid dynamics and fluid kinematics are the branches of fluid mechanics

dealing with the flow of liquids. Fluids dynamics cogitate the effects of forces on fluids

motion, while the motion of the fluid in a flow field described as fluid kinematics. The

applications of fluid mechanics are highly important in aeronautical engineering, marine

engineering, flight of creature, calculating of forces and moment on aircraft, study of

blood flow amongst others. Thermodynamics is a twig of thermal science that pact with

matter, heat, temperature and other form of energy with the law governing their

interaction in the system. Its applications are significantly found in our environment,

such as flow of heat from the higher temperature to the lower one, melting of ice cube,

cooling inlet and heat outlet in air conditioner, cooling air in refrigerator, automotive

engines and many others. The relationship between the thermodynamics and fluids

dynamics is a mechanical motion which requires work and energy and both are essential

in the processes of heating and cooling of objects in a channel. Such applications are fan

cooler, boilers, heat pump and others. The occurrence of fluid motion is always

governed by the Newton’s second law of motion, conservation of mass and laws of

1
thermodynamics. This resulted to the formulation of a set of non-linear partial

differential equations with the properties responsible for the flow of the fluid captured

by Navier-Stokes equation. (I have to put reference).

Some practical problems in thermodynamics lead to application of heat transfer

and heat transfer modes are basically thermal conduction, radiation and convection. In

the process of cooling and heating of objects or fluids in a vertical channel, convection

mode of heat transfer has been regarded as most suitable and economical to practice in

science and engineering. In a convection mode of heat transfer, any flow of the fluids

over a heated object formed with a natural mechanism forces, is generally termed as

natural or free convection flow otherwise forced convection flow if the flow is induced

by an external forces. The natural or free convection flow always occurs when the

temperature of the fluid is not uniform and driven by natural forces due to the presences

of acceleration field and density gradients. The convectional current constantly

generated through a fluid motion emanate from the circulation of natural convection

flow. The natural convection flow of the fluid in a vertical channel formed between the

two parallel plates has been the area of interest because of it application in technology.

A broadly research has been carried out on free convection flow of fluid in a vertical

channel with different thermal process and models to provide an accurate controlling of

cooling and heating in industrial application.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Paul et al (1996) examined the transient free convection flow in a vertical channel with

constant temperature and constant heat flux on walls. Similarly, Paul et al (2001)

studied transient natural convection flow in a vertical channel with isoflux and adiabatic

thermal boundary conditions. The investigation of these works is restricted of using

Fourier law and analytical solutions were obtained in each study. Therefore, this present

2
work study the role of Dual-Phase-Lag (DPL) heat conduction model on existing

problems by formulating the energy equations and isoflux thermal boundary of Paul et

al (1996) and (2001) with DPL model.

1.3 Significance of the Study

This research work would endow with substantial details on nature of fluids

(water∧gasses) with heat transfer (covection mode) in a vertical channel. It is

anticipated that, the achieved results will be useful for controlling of heating and

cooling of fluid or objects in the industrial application and also serve as tools to improve

on subsequent studies.

1.4 The Aim and Objectives

The aim of this work is to study the role of CF and ABC fractional time derivative and

dual-phase-lag (DPL) heat conduction models on unsteady transient free convection

flow of fluid in a vertical channel. This aim will accomplish through the following

objectives which are to:

i. examine the effects of CF and ABC fractional time derivative models on flow

formation in the channel with isothermal boundary conditions.

ii. examine the effect of DPL model on flow formation in the channel with isoflux

and isothermal boundary conditions.

iii. examine the effect of DPL model on flow formation in the channel with isoflux

and adiabatic boundary conditions.

1.5 Research Methodology

In order to achieve the set of objectives, the literature survey of the existing research on

natural convection flow in a vertical channel and related articles will be study and

elongated to capture some significant areas of the present study in which the previous

3
works are limited. The mathematical representations of the flow formation in each

model will be formulated and the governing equations in a dimensional form will also

be transforming into dimensionless with a required dimensionless quantity parameters.

The result dimensionless governing equations in each model will be solved with couple

of Laplace transform technique and undetermined coefficient method. In each model,

the semi analytical solutions in a dimensionless form for temperature, velocity, skin

friction, nusselt number and mass flux will be obtained through the inversion of

solutions from Laplace domain to time domain by using a numerical procedure called

Riemann sum approximation (RSA) as it was used by Jha and Apere (2013) and

Endalew and Sarkar (2019). The exact solutions for steady state will be achieved by

solving space-dependent of governing equations in problems 3.2 and 3.3. The effects of

pertinent parameters on temperature, velocity, skin friction, nusselt number and mass

flux shall be highlighted and numerically discussed through graphical illustration and

tables with support of MATLAB (R 2016 a) program.

1.6 Basic Definition

i Compressible and incompressible fluid: A fluid it said to be compressible if

the density of the fluid altered with respect to pressure gradient. A fluid it said to

be incompressible if the density of the fluid remains unchanged. All the liquids

at a constant temperature are incompressible.

ii Steady and Unsteady flow: A flow it said to be steady if the flow parameter

such as velocity, pressure and acceleration does not depend on time but space or

position. A flow it said to be steady if the flow parameters depend on time.

4
iii Mass or volume flow rate: Is the rate which the fluid passes through the
γ

channel. It usually define as Q=∫ u dy , where α and γ are the position of the
α

plate.

iv Isothermal process: An isothermal process is a thermodynamics process

through which the temperature of the system linger constant. In isothermal

process, the temperature of the system is always altered in order to keep the heat

steady.

v Adiabatic process: An adiabatic process is thermodynamics process in which

no heat transfer into or out of the system. In this process, the system considered

to be insulated.

vi Isoflux process: Is the heat flux (in or out) of the system which it remain

constant at the boundary.

vii Heat flux: Heat or thermal flux is the amount of heat energy passing through the

surface of the system.

viii Nusselt number: Is the rate at which the heat transfer between the fluid and the

surface of the channel and it defined as;

Nu=
dθ
dy |
y=α
, where α is the position of the plates.

ix Skin friction: The skin friction or drag is a frictional drag exerted on an object.

It caused by viscous drag in the boundary layer around the object. In a channel,

it is the amount of friction arising between the fluid and the surface of the

channel which have a tendency to slow the movement of the fluid. Its expression

is defined as τ =
du
dy | y=k
, where k represent the plate’s position of the channel.

5
x Dimensionless quantity: A dimensionless quantity is a quantity which has no

physical dimension.

xi Prandtl number: Prandtl number is a dimensionless number which express the

ratio of momentum diffusivity (Kinematic viscosity) to the thermal diffusivity.

Practically, it used in heat transfer for both free and forced convection analysis

μv
and depends on fluid properties. It defined as Pr= , where μ , v and k are
k

properly defined in the nomenclature.

xi Bounssinesq approximation: Due to the complexity governing equations of

convectional flow, the Bounssinesq approximation is the suitable approximation

to simplify the computation. It is the assumption that, the fluid flow is

considered under the influence of little difference of temperature and density.

1.7 Basic Equation

Navier Poisson, Saint Vernant and Stokes derived the Navier-Stokes equations between

1827 and 1848. These equations are either solved analytical or numerical together with

continuity equation. The Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics and energy

equation of thermodynamics are the set of equation describes the flow of the fluid. The

Navier-Stokes and continuity equations embody the conservation of momentum of

Newton’s second law of motion and mass respectively. Also, energy equation represents

the conservation of energy derived from the first law of thermodynamics.

i Navier-Stokes Equation

The general form of Navier-Stokes momentum equation is given as follows;

ρ [ dU⃗
dt
⃗.⃗
+U ∇ ⃗] B− ⃗
U =ρ ⃗g + ⃗
μ ⃗ ⃗
∇ P+ ⃗
3
∇ ( ∇ . U )+ μ ∇2 . ⃗
U. (1.1)

6
 ⃗
dU
where ⃗.⃗
is a local acceleration, ( U ∇)⃗
U is a convective acceleration, ρ ⃗g is a
dt

B is a electrical force in a magnetic field, ⃗

gravity force, ⃗ ∇ P is a pressure force

μ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
∇ ( ∇ . U )+ μ ∇ .⃗
2
and U is a viscous shear forces or viscosity.
3

ii Navier-Stokes equation for steady flow

⃗
dU
For a steady flow, =0
dt

μ ⃗ ⃗
ρ [⃗ ∇]⃗
U .⃗ B −⃗
U =ρ ⃗g + ⃗ ∇ P+ ⃗∇ (∇ .U )+ μ ∇ .⃗
2
U. (1.2)
3

iii Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow

For incompressible flow, ⃗ ⃗ =0

∇ .U

ρ [ dU⃗
dt
⃗.⃗
+U ∇ ⃗ ] B− ⃗
U =ρ ⃗g + ⃗ ∇ P+ μ ∇ 2 . ⃗
U. (1.3)

iv Navier-Stokes equation in a channel coordinate

The expansion of equation (1.3) in a Cartesian coordinate system are given in

equation (1.4)

}
x: ρ
∂u
∂t
+u [
∂u
∂x
+u
∂v
∂y
+u
∂ w −∂ P x
∂z
=
∂x
+μ] ( ∂2 u ∂ 2 u ∂ 2 u
2 )
+ 2 + 2 + B x+ ρ F x
∂x ∂ y ∂z
¿
y: ρ
∂u
∂t
+v
[
∂u
∂x
+v
∂v
∂y
+v
∂w
∂z
=
−∂
∂y
Py
+μ
] ( ∂2 v ∂ 2 v ∂ 2 v
+ +
∂ x2 ∂ y 2 ∂ z 2)+ B y + ρ F y (1.4)

¿
z: ρ
∂u
∂t [
+w
∂u
∂x
+w
∂v
∂y
+w
∂ w −∂ P z
∂z
=
∂z
+μ
] ( ∂ 2 w ∂2 w ∂2 w
+ +
∂ x2 ∂ y 2 ∂ z2 )
+ Bz+ ρ Fz

v Conservation of energy

7
 ∂P ⃗ ⃗
+ ∇ . U =0 (1.5)
∂t

vi Continuity equation

∂P
If ρ is a constant, then =0
∂t

⃗ ⃗ =0
∇ .U (1.6)

vii Conservation of energy equation

∂T k 2
+μ∇T= ∇ T.
∂t ρ cp

(1.7)

vii Laplace transforms technique

Suppose that f ( y ,t ) is a piecewise continuous function, then the Laplace

transform of f ( y ,t ) is defined as;

∞ ∞
L [ f ( y , t) ] =∫ f ( y ,t ) .e dt , f ( y , s )=∫ f ( y , t ) . e
− st −st
dt , s> 0 . (1.8)
0 0

where s is a Laplace transform technique parameter.

8
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Free convection flow in a vertical channel has been considered as a gratifying mode of

heat transfer in technology and science due to its versatility. Over the years, enormous

studies have been made on free convection flow in a vertical channel under the different

physical conditions. This area has been received an extensive attention of researchers

owing to its usefulness applications in technology. Such applications could be found in

cooling of electronic equipments, cooling of tower, human comfort in the building,

atmospheric flows, collection of solar energy, cooling nuclear reactor and many others.

The early and substantial studies on free convection flow under the various physical

conditions are reported in Ostracch (1954), Bodoia and Osterle (1962), Aung (1972),

Aung and Worku (1986), amidst others. Singh (1988) investigated unsteady couette

flow of an incompressible fluid in a vertical channel and exact solutions were obtained

in a dimensionless form for temperature and velocity profile. He noted that, the effect of

positive values of Grashof number (G) cause increase in velocity and decrease when

9
G<0 with respect to time, while increase in time leads to increase in temperature.

Transient free convection flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in a vertical channel

with isothermal conditions was studied by Singh et al (1996). In their work, exact

solutions were achieved for dimensionless temperature, velocity, skin-friction, nusselt

number and mass flux with aid of Laplace transform technique. They concluded that,

both temperature and velocity increases with increase in time and decreases with

increase in Prandtl number (Pr) .

2.2 Dual-Phase-Lag Heat Conduction Model.

Many models have been developed to solve heat conduction problem. Such models are

Fourier law of heat conduction model (classical parabolic diffusion model), Cattaneo-

Vernotte model (hyperbolic or thermal wave heat conduction model) and Dual-phase-

lag (DPL) heat conduction model. Fourier law of heat conduction model has been used

to inspect many problems in science and engineering. Fourier law was adopted in the

work of Paul et al (1996) and Paul et al (2001). The expression for Fourier law is

written as;

q=−k ∇ T (2.1)

Where q is the heat flux vector, while k and ∇ T represents thermal conductivity and

temperature gradient. This model existing on the assumption that heat flux vector and

imposed temperature gradient through the material volume are occur simultaneously.

Also, it is assumed that, the thermal propagation at one position of the material would

provide a quick retort on the other position immediately and speed of the heat

propagation is assumed to be infinite. These assumptions become unacceptable and

many researchers consider them as uncertainty assumptions when transient heat flow

process is taken into consideration. Cattaneo (1958) and Vernotte (1958) separately

addressed the impossibility postulation assumptions of classical parabolic diffusion

10
model and modify it. This modification is called thermal wave model by adding

relaxation time τ CV as show in equation (2.2).

∂q
q +τ CV =−k ∇ T . (2.2)
∂t

This Cattaneo-Vernotte (CV ) model presume that, there is an instant retort

between the launched of temperature gradient and power transfer across the volume of

the system. And the temperature gradient is always the cause, while the heat flux vector

is the effect of heat transmission. The work of Gembarovic and Gembarovic (2004) and

Rahideh et al (2011) were investigated with approach of CV model. Tzou (1996)

proposed a generalized model called dual-phase-lag (DPL) heat conduction model with

assumption that either the temperature gradient (cause) to lead the heat flux vector

(effect) or the heat flux vector (cause) to lead the temperature gradient (effect) in the

transient process.

The DPL model expression and its one-dimensional Taylor’s series expansion of

first order approximation are written in equations (2.3) and (2.4) respectively.

q⃗ ( t '+ τ 'q , ⃗r )=−k ⃗

∇ T ( t '+ τ 'T , ⃗r ), (2.3)

Where τ 'q and τ 'T are called thermal relaxation and retardation time, while r⃗ and t ' are

position of the vector and time. If τ 'T <τ 'q, the heat flow is stimulated by temperature

gradient and making the heat flux vector the effect, while temperature gradient is the

cause. For τ 'T >τ 'q, the temperature in the system is the consequential effect of the heat

flow and make the heat flux vector the cause. Khadrawi and Nimr (2007) studied

unsteady hydrodynamics and thermal behaviour on natural convection flow of fluid in a

vertical microchannel with DPL and hyperbolic heat conduction models. The semi

analytical solutions were achieved in solving the governing equations through Laplace

11
transform techniques. They observed that, the hydrodynamic and thermal behaviour

slips are increases as Knudsen number (Kr) increase. It found that hydrodynamic

behaviour slip increase as τ T and τ q decreases, while decrease in τ T and τ q has no

significant effect on thermal behaviour slip. The effect of combined DPL and Dufour on

unsteady double-diffusive convection flow in a vertical microchannel filled with porous

material was investigated by Ajibade (2014). In his work, the governing equations were

solved with usual Laplace transform technique and semi analytical solutions were

presented through a numerical procedure, called Riemann sum approximation ( RSA ) . he

concluded that, mass flux in the channel increases with increase in porosity. Endalew

and Sarka ( 2019 ) employed DPL model to investigated double-diffusive MHD flow

with a porous microchannel with chemical reaction and semi analytical solutions were

presented to the governing equations.

In all above mentioned articles and best to our knowledge, none has

investigated the application of DPL model on unsteady transient free convection flow of

an incompressible viscous fluid in a vertical channel with Isoflux and adiabatic thermal

boundary conditions, hence motivation.

12
 CHAPTER THREE

THE FORMULATION OF PROBLEMS UNDER ASSUMPTIONS

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presented the derivation of the dimensional governing equations for

diverse flow formation. Through non-dimensional parameters, the dimensional

governing equations are malformed into the dimensionless from.

3.2 The Effect of DPL Heat Conduction Model on Transient Natural

Convection flow in a vertical Channel with Isoflux and Isothermal Boundaries

The objective of this segment is to formulate the mathematical representation of the

flow formation for transient natural convection flow in a vertical channel with isoflux

and isothermal heating method.

3.2.1 Mathematical formulation of problem 3.2

We considered unsteady natural convection flow of an incompressible viscous fluid

between the two parallel and vertical plates separated by distance h under the influence

of isoflux and isothermal heating. The x ' -axis is taken vertically upward of the plates

and y ' -axis is normal to it, as it appeared in figure 3.1. The temperature of the fluid and

the channel plates is assumed to be T h at time t ' ≤ 0 and no fluid motion taken place in

13
the channel. At time t ' >0, the induced heat at plate y '=0 is assumed to be isoflux

heating while other plate at y '=h still maintained T h. The natural convection flow set in

due to the temperature gradient of the fluid. The plates of the channel are assumed to be

immobile. The fluid is also assumed to be fully developed in term of hydrodynamically

and thermally. The geometry of the flow formation is presented in figure 3.1. According

to Tzou (1995), we assumed that the dimensional energy equation and isoflux boundary

condition follows DPL heat conduction model and the dimensional momentum equation

follow the work of Paul et al (1996). The dimensional momentum equation, under the

Bounssineq’s approximation is written as:

' 2 '
∂u ∂u
ρ '
=μ ' 2 + ρg β f ( T '−T r ) , (3.1)
∂t ∂t

The Taylor’s series expansion of one-dimensional DPL model expression in equation

(2.3) with respect to time is obtained as follow:

q⃗ ( y , t ' ) + τ
' ∂ ⃗q ( y ' , t ' )
'
q
∂t '
=−k
∂ y' [
∂T ' ' ∂2 T '
+τT ' ' ,
∂t ∂ y ] (3.2)

In a non-existence of heat source, in combination of equation (3.2) with energy

equation as reported in Tzou (1995) gives

'
−∂ ⃗q ∂T
'
=ρ c p ' , (3.3)
∂y ∂t

By eliminating the heat flux from equations (3.2) and (3.3), we obtained the

dimensional DPL heat conduction model written as:

( )
2 ' ' 2 ' 3 '
'∂ T ∂T k ∂T ' ∂T
τ + '= + τT , (3.4)
∂ t ' ∂`y ' 2
q '2 '2
∂t ∂t ρcp ∂ y

The dimensional initial condition is given as:

t ' ≤ 0 :u' ( y ' , t ' )=0 , T ' ( y ' ,t ' )=T h at 0 ≤ y ' ≤ h , (3.5)

14
The dimensional boundary conditions are :

{
`
∂ ⃗q ( y , t )
[ ]
' '
∂ T ' ' ∂2T '
t ' >0 : u
'
( y
'
, t
'
)=0 , ⃗
q
'
( y
'
, t ) +τ
'
q '
=−k '
'
+τ T ' ' at y =0 ,(3.6)
∂t ∂y ∂t ∂ y
¿ u ' ( y , t ) =0 , T ' ( y ,t )=T h , at y '=h. (3.7)
' ' ' '

Figure 3.1 Geometry of the problem 3.2

The suitable dimensionless parameters to reduce the dimensional equations (3.1) and

(3.4−3.7) into dimensionless form, are:

}
t' ν y' u' υq ( T −T h ) hq '

t= 2 , y= , U= , θ=
h h gβkh k
μc
'
τ ν
'
τ ν (3.8)
¿ Pr= p , τ T = T 2 , τ q = q 2 ,
k h h
¿

15
3.2.2 The dimensionless governing equations of problem 3.2

By substituting the appropriate terms of equation (3.8) into equations (3.1) and

(3.4−3.7), the dimensionless form of momentum and energy equations are written as:

2
∂ U ( y , t) ∂ U ( y , t)
= +θ ,
∂t ∂ y2

(3.9)

[ ] [ ]
2
∂ ∂θ 1 ∂ ∂θ
1+ τ q = 1+τ T , (3.10)
∂t ∂t Pr ∂ t ∂ y2

The dimensionless initial condition of problem 3.2 is given as:

t ≤ 0 :U ( y ,t )=0 ,θ ( y ,t)=0 , for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 , (3.11)

The dimensionless boundary conditions of problem 3.2 are written as:

{ [ ] [ ]
∂ ∂ ∂θ
U ( y , t )=0 , 1+τ q q=− 1+ τ T , at y=0 ,(3.12)
t >0 : ∂t ∂t ∂ y
¿ U ( y ,t )=0 ,θ ( y , t ) =0 , at y=1.(3.13)

3.3 The Impact of DPL Heat Conduction Model on Transient Natural

Convection Flow of an Incompressible Viscous Fluid in a Vertical Channel with

Isoflux and Adiabatic Thermal Boundaries

The point of ideal of this segment is to present a mathematical model for transient

natural convection low formed in a vertical channel through isoflux and adiabatic

heating process.

3.3.1 Mathematical formulation of problem 3.3

The transient natural convection flow of an in compressible viscous fluid in a vertical

channel of width r with isoflux and adiabatic thermal process is considered. The x ' -axis

is considered along the vertical upward path of the walls and y ' -axis is normal to it.

16
Initially, the fluid and the walls of the channel are assumed to have the same

temperature as T r when time t ' ≤ 0 and no fluid motion present. At time t ' >o , the heat

at wall y '=0 is assumed to be isoflux and the other wall at y '=r is assumed to be

insulated. The natural convection flow occurs in the channel as s a result of induced

heat and temperature gradient. The channel walls are assumed to be fixed. The

description of the flow formation is captured in figure 3.2. The energy and momentum

equation as well as isoflux boundary condition follows the same analogy used in section

3.2 .1. By Bounssineq’s approximation, the dimensional governing equations are written

as follows:
' 2 '
∂u ∂u
ρ ' =μ ' 2 + ρg β f ( T '−T r ) , (3.14)
∂t ∂t

( )
2 ' ' 2 ' 3 '
' ∂ T ∂T k ∂T ' ∂ T
τq '2
+ '= '2
+ τT ' ' 2 , (3.15)
∂t ∂t ρcp ∂ y ∂t y

The dimensional initial condition is given as:

t ' ≤ 0 :u' ( y ' , t ' )=0 , T ' ( y ' ,t ' )=T r at 0 ≤ ỳ ≤r , (3.16)

The dimensional boundary conditions are:

{
`
∂ ⃗q ( y ' , t ' )
[ ]
' 2 '
∂T ∂ T
u ( y , t )=0 , ⃗q ( y , t ) +τ
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' q =−k '
+τ T ' '
at y =0 ,(3.17)
t ' >0 : ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂ y
∂T ( y , t )
' ' '
' ' '
¿ u ( y , t )=0 , '
=0 at y '=r .(3.18)
∂t

17 r
 Figure 3.2 Geometry of the problem 3.3

3.3.2 The governing equation of problem 3.3 in a dimensionless form

By using equation (3.8) in equations (3.14−3.18), the dimensionless form of governing

equations are written as:

2
∂ U ( y , t) ∂ U ( y , t)
= +θ , (3.19)
∂t ∂ y2

[ ] [ ]
2
∂ ∂θ 1 ∂ ∂θ
1+ τ q = 1+τ T , (3.20)
∂t ∂t Pr ∂ t ∂ y2

The dimensionless initial condition of problem 3.3 is given as:

t ≤ 0 :U ( y ,t )=0 ,θ ( y ,t)=0 , for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 , (3.21)

The dimensionless boundary conditions of problem 3.3 are written as:

{ [ ] [ ]
∂ ∂ ∂θ
U ( y , t )=0 , 1+τ q q=− 1+ τ T , at y=0 ,(3.22)
∂t ∂t ∂ y
t >0 :
∂ θ ( y ,t)
¿ U ( y , t ) =0 , =0 , at y=1.(3.23)
∂y

18
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