CARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEM

LO 2,3,4

Chapter 11
 BASIC
• STRUCTURE • FUNCTION
1. Heart Delivery of oxygenand
2. Blood Vessels nutrients by the
Left heart
Vein & Artery
Return of deoxygenated
blood to the Rightheart
Heart Location and Size
• Within the bony thorax
flanked by both lungs

• W/in Mediastinum

• Weighs <1 lb (250-350gr)

& the size of one’s fist

• Hollow & coneshape

*Heart Location and Size
• From 2nd rib - 5th ICS
• 2/3 in Lof MSL
• Base towards R shoulder
• Apex points inferiorly @ L hip
• Apex @5th ICS(Apical pulse rate)
• Point of maximal impulse (PMI) bet. 5th - 6th ribs
Heart Membrane (covering)
• Pericardium - double sac
1. Visceral (epicardium)
2. Parietal
Serous Fluid between –
a lubricating fluid allowing
frictionless heartbeats

Fibrous pericardium:
1.Protects the heart
2.Anchors it to surrounding structures
3.Prevents the heart from overfilling
Clinical Importance
Pericarditis
• Inflammation of the
pericardium
• Lost of serous fluid------
> Pericardial friction rub
• Sternal pain
 *LAYERSOFTHEHEARTWALL
• *EPICARDIUM
-the outer layer of the heart (visceral pericardium)
• MYOCARDIUM
-layer of thick bundles of the cardiac muscles are in a spiral &
circular arrangement that contract
• ENDOCARDIUM
-thin squamous epithelium lining the chambers & continuous with
linings of the blood vessels of the heart
GROSSANATOMY
*CHAMBERS &
GREATVESSELS
CHAMBERS
1. Right Atrium
2. Right Ventricle
3. Left Atrium
4. Left Ventricle

GREATVESSELS
1. Superior vena cavae
2. Inferior vena cavae
3. Pulmonary trunk (L/R)
4. Pulmonary veins (4)
5. Aorta
CHAMBERS

• ATRIA(a’tre-ah)
*”Receiving chambers”
* low pressure
*thin-walled

• VENTRICLES
*”Discharging chambers”
*High pressure
*thick- walled
 *Q: Why is the left ventricular wall of
the heart thicker than the right?

A: In order to pump bloodwith greater pressure.

 • VENAECAVAE(ka’ve)
GREATVESSELS * Superior & Inferior
* Oxygen-poor blood

• PULMONARYARTERY
*Right & Left
*Blood to lungs where
O2 & CO2exchange

• PULMONARY VEINS(4)
*O2 richblood

• AORTA(a-or’tah)
*Systemic arteries
supplying O2 rich blood
to allbody tissues
Major vessels of the heart - anterior
Vessels returning blood to the heart include: VEINS
Superior and inferior venae cavae - O2 poor blood
Right and left pulmonary veins - O2 rich blood
Vessels conveying blood away from the heart include: ARTERIES
Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and left pulmonary arteries - O2 poor blood
Ascending aorta (three branches) – brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and
subclavian arteries - O2 rich blood
Major vessels of the heart – posterior view
Vessels returning blood to the heart include: VEINS
Right and left pulmonary veins - O2 rich blood
Superior and inferior venae cavae - O2 poor blood
Vessels conveying blood away from the heart include: ARTERIES
Aorta- O2 rich blood
Right and left pulmonary arteries - O2 poor blood
Circulation Summary
• PULMONARY • SYSTEMIC
*circulation bet. heart & *circulation bet. heart &
lungs the rest of the body
*only function is for gas *supplies O2& nutrient
exchange
rich blood to all body
*only part of thebody
organs
where arteries have O2
poor blood & veins O2 *”Systemic pump”
rich blood after birth
*”Pulmonary pump”
• *Pulmonary Circuit
*from the R heart tothe lungs & back to the L heart
• Systemic Circuit
*from the Lheart to all body tissues & backto the R heart
 Blood Flow in the Heart

Vein Artery

L Atria
R Atria

R Ventricle L Ventricle

Oxygen-poor Oxygen-rich
Heart Valves
• Unidirectional flow
of blood enforced by
4 valves

• Valves:
Atrioventricular
Semilunar
 *FOUR VALVES:
• ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AVValves)
*tricuspid (3 cusps)
*mitral (2 cusps)
• SEMILUNAR (SLvalves)
*pulmonary (3 cusps)
*aortic (3 cusps)
Cont. • Chordae tendineae &
Papillary muscles
-serves as guy-wires anchoring
the valve flaps in their closed
position
• No valves guarding the entrances
for the VC& PV
*Valve Summary
• ATRIOVENTRICULAR • SEMILUNAR
-bet. atrial & ventricular -located at the basesof
chambers two large arteries
*prevents backflow into the -prevents arterial blood from
atria during ventricular flowing back into the heart
contraction w/ the help of -heart relaxed= CLOSED
the chordae tendinea
contracts= OPEN
-heart relaxed=OPEN
contracts=CLOSED
Valves
Valves
IMBALANCE
• Incompetent Valve
• Valvular Stenosis
(narrowing)
*Exercise:Coloring book Chapter 11, Exc. 2 & 3
• Use the diagram & describe in yourown words, the
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation of the Heart?
• Please note down the changes in composition of the blood.
 *CARDIAC-Coronary CIRCULATION
• Shortest circulation
• *O2 & nutrients supplied by Coronary Arteries (R & L)
• Deliver only when heart is relaxed
• Lventricle=highest
• Cardiac Veins drain the myocardium
RIGHT CORONARYARTERY
• Branches:
1. Posterior
interventricular
2. Marginal artery

• Branches supply the R

atrium & almost all of
the Rventricle
LEFTCORONARYARTERY

• Branches:
1. Circumflex artery
2. Ant. Interventricular

❑ Branches supply the

Left atrium, posterior wall
of Lventricle, and
interventricular septum,
anterior walls of both
ventricles respectively
CORONARYVEINS
• Venous blood passes thru
the Cardiac veins ------>
• Coronary sinus ------>
empties into the R atrium
• Tributaries:
1. Great cardiac
2. Middle cardiac
3. Small cardiac
IMBALANCE:
-Angina Pectoris

-Heart Attack or
Myocardial infarction (MI)
 HEART PHYSIOLOGY
Microscopic Anatomy of the Heart Muscle
- Cardiac muscle is striated, short, fat, branched, and interconnected
- The connective tissue endomysium acts as both tendon and
insertion
- Intercalated discs anchor cardiac cells together and allow free
passage of ions
- Heart muscle behaves as a functional syncytium
CARDIACMUSCLE
• High resistance to Fatigue
-plenty of largemitochondria
• Contracts under aerobic respiration
• Depolarization & contraction is Intrinsic
- a heart property & independent of the NS
Physiology
• Pushes 6 quarts (5-6L) of the body’s blood
supply 1000X/day
• Different rhythms in different parts of theheart…..
Atrial cells = 60 beats/min
Ventricular cells = 20-40 “/min
• Control System
-regulates heart activity
-2 Types
Pacemaker and Action Potentials of the Heart
 TYPESOFCONTROLSYSTEM

• Autonomic Nervous System

(extrinsic control)

• Intrinsic Conduction or Nodal System

Autonomic Nervous System

Figure 18.15
Autonomic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic
-cardiac inhibitor
decrease HR
-mediated by acetyl-
choline
-opens K+ channels

• Sympathetic
-cardiac excitor
increase HR
-release of NE
-enhances Ca2+ entry
 *Other factors affecting HR:
HR SYMPATH PARASYM
EPI/NE Inc HR
Thyroxine Inc HR
Exercise Inc HR
Temperature Inc
e.g. Heat
Gender F/M 72-80/
64-72

Age / Fetus 140-160

Imbalance
• Hypocalcemia (Ca2+) • Hypercalcemia
-depresses HR -increases heart
• Hypernatremia (Na+) irritability
Hyperkalemia (K+ ) • Tachycardia (>100/min)
-heart block & cardiac
arrest
• Bradycardia (<60/min)
NODAL SYSTEM
• Special tissue found
only in the heart
• Heart muscle
depolarization in one
direction A---->V
• Enforces a contraction
rate=75 beats/min
• 5 Components
*Components of the NodalSystem
SANode (pacemaker) -located @ R
atrium & starts each beat &sets
the pace (highest rate of
depolarization)
AV Node -junction of atria & vent.&
receives impulse from SAnode=
A. contraction
AV Bundle (B. His)-impulse
passes rapidly
Bundle Branches -located in the
interventricular septum
Purkinje Fibers -located w/in the
muscles of the ventricular wall
* Exercise: Using the diagram trace the path of theelectrical
conduction/impulse through the heart

A: SAnode- impulse arise/starts---->travels across

the atria
AV node- impulse arrives--->delay, then travels
through
Bundle of His---> travels through rapidly
L& RBundle branches----> reachingthe
Purkinje Fibres--->travels to cardiac muscle cells
THREE ECG WAVES
• Pwave
-signals the depolarization of
theATRIA (atrial contraction)
• QRScomplex
-depolarization of the
VENTRICLES
(ventricular
contraction)
• Twave
-repolarization of the
ventricles
Imbalance
• Heart Block- results from any damage to
AV node, where the ventricles beat at
their own rate
• Fibrillation-rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the
heart muscle
• Tachycardia- rapid heart rate >100/min
• Bradycardia- slow heart rate <60/min