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Introduction To SQL

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9 views

Introduction To SQL

Uploaded by

Varshitreddy Nareddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to SQL

SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a powerful programming


language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. It
allows users to create, retrieve, update, and delete data with ease,
making it an essential skill for any data-driven career.

Shaurya Nagpal 3450

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SQL Fundamentals
SQL Syntax SQL Queries Data Types

SQL utilizes a standardized set of Queries are the building blocks of SQL supports a variety of data
keywords and commands to SQL, allowing users to retrieve, types, including numbers, text,
communicate with databases, such filter, and sort data from one or dates, and times, which must be
as SELECT, FROM, WHERE, and ORDER more tables. used correctly in queries.
BY.

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Data Manipulation
Inserting Data Updating Data
The INSERT statement is The UPDATE statement is
used to add new records to used to modify existing
a table, specifying the records in a table, changing
columns and values to be the values of one or more
inserted. columns.

Deleting Data Data Integrity


The DELETE statement is Proper data manipulation is
used to remove records crucial to maintaining the
from a table, either accuracy and consistency
selectively or all at once. of a database.

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SQL Clauses
1 SELECT 2 WHERE
The SELECT clause is used The WHERE clause is used
to specify the columns to to filter records based on
be retrieved from a table. one or more conditions.

3 ORDER BY 4 Aggregate Functions


The ORDER BY clause is SQL provides functions
used to sort the retrieved like COUNT, SUM, AVG, and
records in ascending or MAX to perform
descending order. calculations on data.

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SQL Joins
Joining Tables
Joins allow you to combine data from multiple tables
based on related columns, providing a comprehensive
view of your data.

Inner Join
The most common type of join, which returns only the
records that have matching values in both tables.

Outer Joins
LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL OUTER JOINs return all records
from one or both tables, with null values where there is
no match.

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SQL Subqueries
1 Nested Queries
Subqueries are SQL queries nested within other
queries, allowing for more complex and powerful data
manipulation.

2 Correlated Subqueries
These subqueries reference a column from the outer
query, enabling advanced filtering and data analysis.

3 Scalar Subqueries
Subqueries that return a single value can be used as
expressions within the main query.

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Database Design

Entities
Entities represent the key objects or concepts in a database, such as customers,
products, or orders.

Relationships
Relationships define the connections between entities, such as one-to-many or
many-to-many.

Normalization
The process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve
data integrity.
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Conclusion and Next Steps
SQL is an invaluable tool for data-driven careers, enabling users to
efficiently manage and analyze information. By mastering the
concepts covered in this course, you'll be well on your way to
becoming an SQL expert and unlocking new opportunities in the
world of data.

Remember to continue practicing your SQL skills, explore advanced


topics like data warehousing and business intelligence, and stay up-
to-date with the latest trends and developments in the field.

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