UNIT-I

Computer System & Organization

CLO1. Recognize the different components of the
computer system. This includes - Hardware – CPU, I/O
devices, Storage - Software – Operating System, system
software, Applications, Programming tools
CLO2. Describe the principal functions of the components
CLO3. Outline the relationship between the CPU, input
and output and storage

ASSESSMENT –CLASS TEST

 Introduction to computer System

What is Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that can be

programmed to accept data (input), process it and
generate result (output).

Every task given to a computer follows an IPO Cycle.

PARTS OF A COMPUTER
 Computer System
A computer along with additional hardware and
software together is called a computer system.

Hardware: The Physical electronic components of a

computer are called Hardware.

Software: These are the recorded instructions and

programs that govern the working of a computer.

Computers are being used extensively

nowadays in everyday life/every field In the
form of laptop, desktop, smartphone etc.
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

SECONDARY STORAGE

CPU

CONTROL UNIT

INPUT DEVICE OUTPUT DEVICE

AL UNIT

PRIMARY MEMORY (RAM/ROM)

Functionalities of a computer
Any digital computer performs five functions.

1. Take data as input

2. Stores data/instructions
3. Process those stored data
4. Generate the output
5. Control all above steps
Basic Computer Organization
(ARCHITECTURE OF A COMPUTER)
 Input/Output Units
Input Unit
The devices through which control signals are
sent to a computer are termed as input devices.
These devices convert the input data into a
binary form that is acceptable by the computer
system.
Output unit
The device that receives data from a computer
system for display, physical production, etc., is
called output device.
It converts digital information into human
understandable form
 Input Devices

Input devices can send data to a computer or another device.

Keyboard: It is an input device which sends data in to the

computer. The data send depends on the key pressed by
the user. It is used to type letters, digits and commands.

Mouse:
• Mouse is a pointing device with either a roller on its base or
some laser mechanism.
• It controls the movements of pointer.
• It can move and select text, files, folders etc. on our
computer according to the user input.

Scanner: Scanner optically reads document or image and

then changes it into digital signal and sends to the computer.
Microphone:
It receives audio generated by some input source
and sends the same to a computer’s format which is
called digital sound.
A mic can work if your computer has a special
hardware known as sound card
Webcam: It sends the captured images to a
computer.
Graphics Tablets: This input device is used to draw
using hand.
Barcode reader: It is used to read the barcode of
various items and feed the same to computer.
Joystick: These input devices are used to
control video games.
 Output Devices

Examples of various output devices are as :

Monitor: A monitor is an output device that is responsible for

receiving data from a computer and displaying that
information as text or images for users to see. The pictures
on a computer monitor is made of thousands of tiny dots
called pixels.
Speakers: Receives the sound in the form of electric current
from a computer‘s sound card and then convert it to sound
format audible to user and thus we hear songs or music or
any other audio.
Projector: Gets data from a computer and displays or
projects the same information onto a screen.

Printer : Printers are the device that deliver information by

means of printed characters on paper.
Both Input / Output Devices

An input/output device is capable of receiving data from

users or another devices and also sending data to another
devices or computers.

That means a devices which can be used as both input

device and output device are called Input / Output (I/O)
devices. Some examples of input/output devices are as:

FAX machine: FAX machine has a scanner which is an input

device and a small printer to provide output.
Modems: It is used to transmit and receive data from
one computer to another computer or other devices
using telephone lines

Touch Screen: Touch screen is both input and output

device. By touching the screen input is provided and
being a screen, it is used as an output device.

Headsets: Headset consists of speaker as an output

device and microphone functions as an input device.
 Flip Learning and Task:
Flip Learning:
The students will be asked to watch the following
video/presentation for Central Processing Unit
(CPU) at this link.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1LwJRYiaho

Flip Learning Task:

Draw the block diagram of a computer system. Briefly write
about the functionality of CPU.
Processor fundamentals
CLO4. Explain the basic functioning of a computer system,
including the purpose of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU),
and Control Unit (CU).

CLO5. Explain how factors contribute to the performance of

the computer system - core, clock, cache

CLO6. Explain how data are transferred between various

components of the computer system using the address bus,
data bus and control bus.

CLO7. Explain how instructions and data are fetched-

processed-executed
 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
(CPU)
• CPU is the main control centre and processing
unit.
• It also called brain of the computer.

• The CPU is given instructions and data through

programs.

• The CPU fetches the program and data from the

memory and performs arithmetic and logic
operations as per the given instructions and
stores the result back to memory.
Architecture of the central processing unit (CPU)
 Components of CPU
a.Control unit
• The Control unit Controls and guides the
interpretation, flow and manipulation of all data and
information.
• The CU sends control signals until the required
operations are done properly by ALU and Memory.
• Program execution-Carrying out all the instructions
stored in the program. CU gets instructions from the
memory. After the work is completed, CU sends
signal to memory to send next instruction in
sequence to CU.
• Controls the flow of data from input devices to
memory and from memory to output devices.
b.Arithmetic / Logic Unit
• The ALU performs all the four arithmetic
operations such as addition multiplication,
division and subtraction.(+ ,-,*,/)

• And also Performs logical and relational

decisions such as (AND, OR,
NOT,<,>,=<+,>=,!=). The result of a logical
decision is either TRUE or FALSE.
• To add – Numbers are sent from memory to
ALU and back to memory.
c. Registers

• Most modern CPUs have a small amount

of special storage units called registers
that can be accessed faster than main
memory.
• Registers are part of the CPU chip and they
are limited in size (a register is less than 64
bits in size.)
• CPU uses register to temporary hold some
memory address, information while
processing taking place.
 Today’s Topic

MEMORY UNIT
 MEMORY UNIT
• Memory attached to the CPU is used for storage of data
and instructions and is called internal memory.

• The internal memory is also called the Primary memory or

Main memory. Computer’s main memory (primary) is
temporary therefore secondary memory is needed to
store data and information permanently.

• Two types operations can be done in Memory

(Read/Write)

• Memory is a collection of cells, each with a unique

physical address.
Memory Units
Every higher unit memory is equal to 210 of its lower unit.

1x2=2
2x2=4
4x2=8
8x2=16
16x2=32
32x2=64
64x2=128
128x2=256
256x2=512
512x2=1024
 Types of Memory
Computers have two types of memories namely

1. Primary memory.
2. Secondary memory.

1.PRIMARY MEMORY.

The primary memory is an essential component of a

computer system. Program and data are loaded into the
primary memory before processing. The CPU interacts
directly with the primary memory to perform read/ write
operation.
It has two types
i) Random access memory (RAM)
ii) Read only memory (ROM).
Random Access Memory (RAM)

The memory cells can be accessed for

information transfer from any desired
random location.
• Memory in which each location can be
accessed and changed. (Read and Write)
• RAM is volatile Memory. (when power goes
off the content of RAM get erased.
• RAM is the fastest and Costliest Memory.
• The Storage Capacity of the RAM is high,
compare to ROM (4 to 8 MB).
Read Only Memory (ROM)
• It is the Memory in which each location can
be accessed but not changed.(Read Only).
• It consist of Pre-Recorded data at
manufacturing time.
• ROM stores critical programs such as the
program that boots the computer.
• ROM is Non-volatile.
• It is slower and cheaper than RAM.
• The capacity of ROM is comparatively
smaller than RAM.
Sr. No. RAM ROM

RAM stands for Random Access ROM stands for Read Only
1
Memory. Memory.
RAM data is volatile. Data is ROM data is permanent. Data
2 present till power supply is remains even after power
present. supply is not present.
RAM data can be read, erased ROM data is read only.
3
or modified.
RAM is used to store data that ROM is used to store data that
4 CPU needs for current in needed to bootstrap the
instruction processing. computer.
RAM speed is quite high. ROM speed is slower than RAM.
5

RAM memory is large and high ROM is generally small and of

6
capacity. low capacity.
7 RAM is costly. ROM is cheap.
Multiple Choice Questions on RAM and ROM: POST ASSESSMENT
What does RAM stand for?
A) Read-Only Memory
B) Random-Access Memory
C) Read and Write Memory
D) Read-Write Memory
Which of the following is true about ROM?
A) It is volatile memory
B) Data can be easily read and written to ROM
C) It retains data even when the power is turned off
D) ROM is faster than RAM
RAM is considered as ______ memory.
A) Non-volatile
B) Volatile
C) Read-Only
D) Flash
Which memory type allows data to be both read and written by the processor?
A) RAM
B) ROM
C) Cache memory
D) Virtual memory
ROM is used mainly for storing ______.
A) Operating system files
B) User data
C) BIOS or firmware
D) Temporary program files
Which memory type is used to store the BIOS of a computer?
A) RAM
B) ROM
C) Cache memory
D) Virtual memory
RAM is faster than ROM.
A) True
B) False
Which of the following memory types loses its data when the power is turned
off?
A) RAM
B) ROM
C) Cache memory
D) None of the above
Which memory is used to store temporary data and program instructions that
the CPU needs while running applications?
A) RAM
B) ROM
C) Cache memory
D) Secondary storage
Which memory type allows for data to be randomly accessed by the processor?
A) RAM
B) ROM
C) Cache memory
D) Secondary storage
 TYPES OF RAM-
FLIP LEARNING
1. Static Ram
2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
WATCH VIDEO :
Static Ram
• It offer faster access time (about 10 nanoseconds) than DRAM
• It requires the constant flow of the power to retain the data
inside it.
Dynamic RAM
• It is the most common type of memory in use today. Inside a
dynamic RAM chip, each memory cell holds one bit of
information and is made up of two parts: a transistor and
a capacitor.
• It has the access time ranging from below 20 to 70
nanoseconds.
What is memory Access Time?

The amount of time taken to produce data required from

memory, from the start of access until the availability of
data is called Memory access time.
Answers:
B) Random-Access Memory
C) It retains data even when the power is turned
off
B) Volatile
A) RAM
C) BIOS or firmware
B) ROM
B) True
A) RAM
A) RAM
A) RAM
The Capacitor is a electrical component used to store
energy for a short period of time and

Transistor is a semiconductor device used to rectify and

amplify(An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the
voltage, current, or power of a signal. Amplifiers are used in
wireless communications and broadcasting, and in audio
equipment of all kinds.) electronic signals and electrical
power.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Z8tslPvU0o
 Real Life Connect:
A capacitor is like a tank in a
water circuit it will hold
electricity.

A transistor is like a tap

allowing the water from the
tank to flow or not flow.
 TYPES OF ROM-FLIP
LEARNING
1. Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)

PROM is read-only memory chip that data can be written only

once by a user. The information is burned using special
equipment called a ROM burner. It can not be erased or
modified.

2.Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)

EPROM is a special kind of read only memory chip that has the
opportunity to erase the programmed data( by using UV
Radiation). It takes 20 minutes for erasing the content.
(Ultraviolet Rays).
It is possible to reprogram the memory. ( Used in PC/Laptop)
3.Electrically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory (EEPROM)
It can be erased electrically and reprogrammed
about ten thousand times. Selective bytes can be
erased.
4.Flash EEPROM
It is like EEPROM but very fast comparatively.
It erase fully and not selectively.

5.Mask ROM
It refers to a kind of ROM in which the content
are programmed by IC manufacturer. It is not
user programmable ROM.
Magnetic Tape Storage
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM AND ROM
Today’s Topic

CACHE MEMORY
REGISTERS
&
SYSTEM BUS
 Cache Memory
1.To speed up the operations of the CPU, a very high speed
memory is placed between the CPU and the primary
memory known as cache.
2.Cache is a special very high speed memory.
It is used to speed up and synchronize with a high –speed
CPU.
3.Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts
as a buffer between RAM and the CPU.
4.It process the average time to access the data from the
main memory.
5.Cache memory is costlier than the main memory.(But cost
is not important speed & performance matters).
Performance is directly related to Cache & Memory.

6.When the CPU needs some data, it first examines the

cache. In case the requirement is met, it is read from the
cache, otherwise the primary memory is accessed.
DATA TRANSFER BETWEEN MEMORY AND CPU

Data needs to be transferred between the CPU and

primary memory as well as between the primary and
secondary memory.

Data is transferred between different components of a

computer system using physical wires called the bus.

There are 3 types of BUS

1. Data bus
2. Address Bus
3. Control BUS
 System Bus
The system bus is an electronic pathway composed of
connecting cables and that connects the major
components of a computer system.
1. The data carrying part of system bus is called data bus. It is a
two way pathway carrying the actual data(information) to
and from the main memory.
2. The control instruction carrying part of system bus is called
Control bus. It holds the control and timing signals
needed to coordinate all of the computer’s activities.
3. The memory address carrying part of system bus is called
Address bus. It is a one way pathway that allows
information to pass in one direction only, carries
information about where data is store in memory. Always
from CPU to memory.
4. A separate type of bus called I/O bus connects the Input,
Output and other external devices to the system.
System Bus
REGISTERS

Register memory is the smallest and fastest temporary

memory

Each register inside CPU has a specific function like storing

data, storing an instruction, storing address of memory
location for immediate requirement to performing any
operation.

Registers can be of different sizes 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit and so

on.
 Flip Learning and Task:
Flip Learning:
watch the video/presentation for Basic Computer Storage devices
at this link.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsEDJM9NuGA
Flip Learning Task:
Write the use of the following Storage devices.

STORAGE DEVICE CAN BE USED

HARD DISK

FLOPPY DISK

FLASH MEMORY

MAGNETIC TABE
 NEXT TOPIC

SECONDARY MEMORY
2. SECONDARY MEMORY

• The Primary memory has limited storage capacity and is

either volatile (RAM) or read-only (ROM). Thus, a computer
system needs auxiliary or secondary memory to
permanently store the data or instructions for future use.

• The secondary memory is non-volatile and has larger

storage capacity than primary memory.

• It is slower and cheaper than the main memory.

• But, it cannot be accessed directly by the CPU. Contents of

secondary storage need to be first brought into the main
memory for the CPU to access.
Examples of secondary Storage Devices
Characteristic of secondary Storage Devices
Magnetic Storage Devices
• Hard disks
– Primary storage device in a computer
– 2 or more aluminum platters
– Each platter has 2 sides
– Spin between 5,400 to 15,000 RPM
(Revolutions per minute)
– Drive capacity greater than 40 GB

• edward
 Illustrated Hard Disk

6A-66 • edward
 Flash Storage

– Found in cameras and USB drives

– Long term updateable storage.

6A-72
Secure Digital (SD)
card
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLASH STORAGE

consistently good in quality or

performance; able to be
trusted.
1.
2.
3.
NEXT TOPIC

SOFTWARE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JZG9x_VOwA
Today's TOPIC

SOFTWARE
Flip Learning:
Watch this video/presentation to know about different types of
software.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-_hQSYiWJA

Flip Learning Task:

List the type of computer software and give three examples of
them and mentions its usage.
A computer system consists of hardware and software for
its proper functioning.

Hardware :
• It represent the Physical and tangible components of
the computer.
Definition: Physical component of computer is Called
Hardware.

Software:
• It represent the set of programs that govern the
operation of a computer system and make the hardware
run.
Definition : A set of instructions given to a computer to
solve any problems is called software.
 Software
Types of software:
1. Application software: It handles
specialized/ common tasks a user wants to
perform,
E.g.banking application , hotel management,
word processing etc.
2. System software: It controls the basic
functions of a computer and hides the
complexity of computer system from user
and application software.
E.g. Operating System, Compiler, Interpret
etc.
3. Software Libraries

When programmers develop software and

programs, they have a prewritten set of
code/functions, classes, script etc. available to do
a variety of tasks, which they can use directly in
their code. These predefined sets of code are
called software libraries.
The software libraries can be used in the
development of new software programs and
applications.
 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
The software that controls internal computer
operations is called System Software.

It is classified in to two Categories:

I. Operating System.
II. Language Processor.
 System Software
I.OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating System (OS) is a
system program that controls and
manages the computer resources so
that application software can run on
it.

Example: Microsoft Windows, Linux,

MAC OS, Apple’s i-Phone OS etc.
 Software
HOW OPERATING SYSTEM WORKS
• In any computer or mobile device, the operating
system can be termed as the back bone .
• This is because it has to be there before other
programs can be run.
• It works as a middleman (interface) between
hardware and user.

At the simplest level, an operating system does two

things:
•It manages the hardware resources of the computer
system. These resources include such things as the
processor, memory, disk space, etc.

•It provides a stable, consistent way for applications to

deal with the hardware without having to know all the
details of the hardware.
 System Software
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
• Processor management
Loads and execute process/programs.
• Memory management
Allocates /De-allocation of memory for program execution.
• Device management
Communicate and controls various I/O devices.
• Storage management
Manages and controls the storage device to provide space
to program for execution & data save.
• Application interface
API/drivers provide a way for applications to make use of
hardware subsystems
• User interface
structure for interaction between a user and the computer
II. Language processor

A language processor is a special type of a computer

software that can translate the source code in to an object
code or machine code.

Source code: High level programming language (C, Java,

C++)
Object Code: Binary code (0 or 1)
 System Software
These are of 3 types Language processors
* Assembler * Compiler * Interpreter

Assemblers
It translates an assembly language program into machine
language.
Compilers
It convert high-level language code to machine code in one
session.

Interpreters
An interpreter interprets a high-level programming code
into machine code line -by –line or unit by unit.
HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
2.APPLICATION SOFWARE
 Application Software
2) Application software
An application software is the set of programs
necessary to carry out operations for a specified
application.

It has different categories:

a. General Purpose application software (Package)

These are ready to use software for daily use
purpose.

e.g. word processor,spread sheet,presention,DBMS

etc.
b.Specific Purpose application
software (customized)

Software's which are designed for

specific task

e.g. Payroll, Hotel Mgmt, Hospital

Mgmt, Stock Mgmt etc.
C. Utility software
It assist Operating system in carrying out certain specialized
tasks are called utility software.
▪ Test Editor:
This utility program is used for crating editing text files.
▪ Antivirus
Antivirus software is a program or set of programs that are
designed to prevent, detect, and remove software viruses.
▪ Disk Defragmentation:
It speed up disk access by rearranging the files and free
space on your computer so that files are stored in contiguous
unit and free space is consolidated in one contiguous block.
▪ Backup utility:
It takes the backup of disk. so that in case of any damage or
data-loss this backed up data may be used.
3. Software Libraries

Predefined sets of code are called software libraries.

These software libraries can be used in the
development of new software programs and
applications.
Example:
1.Numpy
numeric array and matrices in python
2.Panda Library
Pandas is a Python library for data analysis.
It is designed for quick and easy data manipulation
and visualization.
Working Hierarchy in a Computer
 Next Topic

OS User Interface
THANK YOU