M.E.

S INDIAN SCHOOL, DOHA -QATAR

Notes 2023 - 2024
Section: Boys / Girls Date: 31.08.2023
Class &Div.: XII (All divisions) Subject: Physics
Lesson / Topic: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
CHAPTER 06
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Electromagnetic Induction

Whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit an emf is
produced. This emf is known as the induced emf and the current that flows in the closed
circuit is called induced current. The phenomenon of producing an induced emf due to the
changes in the magnetic flux associated with a closed circuit is known as electromagnetic
induction.

Faraday’s Experiment
Experiment - 1

A coil C1 is connected to a galvanometer. A magnet is moved into or withdrawn from the

coil.

Observations
a) When the magnet introduced into the coil, galvanometer will deflect.

b) When magnet is withdrawn, deflection reversed.

c) Faster the movement of magnet, greater the deflection.

d) When the magnet is kept stationary there is no deflection.

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

 e) When the coil moves relative to the magnet, the same effects are observed.

Experiment -2
In this experiment magnet is replaced by current loop C2`

Steady current in the coil C2 produce a steady magnetic field.

Observations
a) As C2 is moved towards C1 the galvanometer shows a deflection.

b) As C2 is moved away the galvanometer shows opposite deflection.

c) The deflection lasts as long as the coil C2 in motion.

d) When the coil C2 is held fixed and C1 is moved, the same effect is observed.

Experiment -3

In this experiment there is no relative motion between C1 and C2.

Observation
a) When the key (K) of C2 is pressed galvanometer shows a deflection and returns to zero

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

 immediately.
b) When the key is released, the deflection is in the opposite direction and returns to zero.

c) Deflection of galvanometer increases when an iron core is inserted into the coils along

their axis.
Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction
1) Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, induced emf is produced.

2) The induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues.

3) The magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic

flux through the circuit.

(–ve sign indicates that induced emf opposes the change in flux).
Lenz’s law and conservation of energy
Lenz’s law gives the polarity of induced emf. This law states that the polarity of induced
emf is always such as to oppose the cause producing the change of magnetic flux.

Lenz’s law is an example for the law of conservation of energy. When the north of magnet
approaches the coil, the plane of the coil facing the magnet becomes north pole. So, there
is a repulsion between magnet and the coil. Thus, work must be done against the force to
bring the magnet towards the coil.

Similarly, when north of magnet moved away, the plane of the coil facing the magnet
becomes south pole. Thus, work must be done against the force to move away from the
coil.

The mechanical work is done in moving the magnet with respect to the coil. This work is
changed into electrical energy. Thus, energy is being transformed only.

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

Methods of producing induced emf

We know that the induced emf is given by the expression

Ф= BA cosθ
𝑑Ф
E=−
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
=− (𝐵𝐴 cosθ)
𝑑𝑡

Hence, the induced emf can be produced by changing

(i) the magnetic induction (B)
(ii) area enclosed by the coil (A) and

(iii) the orientation of the coil (θ) with respect to the magnetic field.

Motional emf
Induced emf produced by changing the area of a closed circuit by the movement of the
circuit through a uniform magnetic field is known as motional emf.
Consider a closed circuit MSRN in which the conductor PQ is free to move as shown in
figure. Here ‘x’ is the length and ‘l’ is the breadth

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

 dA = l d x

𝑑𝑥
e = Bl v ( Where v = - 𝑑𝑡 )

This induced emf is called motional emf.

Energy conservation
By using experiment of motional emf we shall discuss Lenz’s law in consistent with the law of
conservation of energy.
Let r be the resistance of movable arm PQ of the rectangular conductor. We assume that
the remaining arms have negligible resistance.
𝐸
Induced current, 𝐼 = 𝑅

Force on conductor F = BIl sinθ

F = BIl (θ= 90 0)

F = B.Blv.l /R

F = B2 l 2v /R

This energy is spent mechanically in moving the loop.

P = F v = B2 l 2v /R x v

𝐵2𝑙2𝑣2
𝑃=
𝑅

Q. Derive an expression for induced emf in a rotating rod of length l, moving with uniform
angular speed ω, in magnetic field B.

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

Consider a conducting rod OQ of length l rotating about O at constant angular speed ω in a
plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B.

According to Faraday’s law of EMI,

𝑑Ф
E=− ------------------(1)
𝑑𝑡

But 𝑑Ф = 𝐵𝑑𝑠

For one complete rotation, ds = π l2

𝑑Ф = 𝐵 π l2--------------------(2)

dt = T = 2π/ω ------------------(3)

using (2) and (3) in (1) we get

𝐸 = −𝐵 πl2 ω/2π
1
𝐸 = − Bl2 ω
2

Self-Induction
The phenomenon by which an opposing induced emf is produced in a coil when there is a
change in the current or magnetic flux linking to the coil is called self-induction.

Coefficient of self-induction
When a current I flow through a coil, the magnetic flux (φ) linked with the coil is proportional
to the current.
Ф α I or Ф = LI

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

where L is a constant of proportionality and is called coefficient of self-induction or self-
inductance.
If I = 1A, Ф = L × 1, then L = Ф
Therefore, coefficient of self-induction of a coil is numerically equal to the magnetic flux
linked with
a coil when unit current flows through it. According to laws of electromagnetic induction.

The coefficient of self-induction of a coil is numerically equal to the opposing emf induced in
the coil when the rate of change of current through the coil is unity. The unit of self-
inductance is henry (H).
One henry is defined as the self-inductance of a coil in which a change in current of one
ampere per second produces an opposing emf of one volt.

Self-inductance of a long solenoid

Let us consider a solenoid of N turns with length l and area of cross section A. It carries a
current I. If B is the magnetic field at any point inside the solenoid, then

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

Energy stored in an inductor

Consider an inductor of self-inductance L and I0 be the current flowing through it.

The amount of workdone to increase the current in the inductor from 0 to I0 against induced
emf is stored in the form of energy.

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

Mutual induction

Whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a coil, there is also a change of
flux linked with the neighboring coil, producing an induced emf in the second coil. This
phenomenon of producing an induced emf in a coil due to the change in current in the other
coil is known as mutual induction.

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

Coefficient of mutual induction ( Mutual Inductance )

Thus, the coefficient of mutual induction of two coils is numerically equal to the emf
induced in one coil when the rate of change of current through the other coil is unity. The
unit of coefficient of mutual induction is henry.
One henry is defined as the coefficient of mutual induction between a pair of coils when a
change of current of one ampere per second in one coil produces an induced emf of one volt
in the other coil.
The coefficient of mutual induction between a pair of coils depends on the following factors:
(i) Size and shape of the coils
(ii) Number of turns and permeability of material on which the coils are wound.
(iii) Distance between two coils.

Mutual inductance of a pair of coils with different radii

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

S1 and S2 are two long solenoids each of length l. The solenoid S2 is wound closely over the
solenoid S1.N1 and N2 are the number of turns in the solenoids S1 and S2 respectively. Both
the solenoids are considered to have the same area of cross section A as they are closely
wound together. I1 is the current flowing through the solenoid S1. The magnetic field B1
produced at any point inside the solenoid S1 due to the current I1 is

The magnetic flux linked with each turn of S2 is equal to B1A.

AC generator
The ac generator is a device used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The generator was originally designed by a Yugoslav scientist Nikola Tesla.
Principle
It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.ie) whenever magnetic flux linked
with a coil changes, an emf induced in the coil. The direction of current induced is given by
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule.

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

Construction
It consists of four main parts.
(i) Armature
Armature is a rectangular coil consisting of a large number of turns of insulated copper wire
wound over a laminated soft iron core or ring. The soft iron core not only increases the
magnetic flux but also serves as a support for the coil
(ii) Field magnets
The necessary magnetic field is provided by permanent magnets in the case of low power
dynamos. For high power dynamos, field is provided by electromagnet. Armature rotates
between the magnetic poles such that the axis of rotation is perpendicular to the magnetic
field.
(iii) Slip rings
The ends of the armature coil are connected to two hollow metallic rings R1 and R2 called
slip rings. These rings are fixed to a shaft, to which the armature is also fixed. When the shaft
rotates, the slip rings along with the armature also rotate.
(iv) Brushes
B1 and B2 are two flexible metallic plates or carbon brushes. They provide contact with the
slip rings by keeping themselves pressed against the ring. They are used to pass on the
current from the armature to the external power line through the slip rings.

Working

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

Whenever, there is a change in orientation of the coil, the magnetic flux linked with the coil
changes, producing an induced emf in the coil. The direction of the induced current is given
by Fleming’s right hand rule.
Suppose the armature ABCD is initially in the vertical position. It is rotated in the
anticlockwise direction. The side AB of the coil moves downwards, and the side DC move
upwards. Then according to Flemings right hand rule the current induced in arm AB flows
from B to A and in CD it flows from D to C. Thus, the current flows along DCBA in the coil. In
the external circuit the current flows from B1 to B2.
On further rotation, the arm AB of the coil moves upwards, and DC moves downwards. Now
the current in the coil flows along ABCD. In the external circuit the current flows from B 2 to
B1. As the rotation of the coil continues, the induced current in the external circuit keeps
changing its direction for every half a rotation of the coil. Hence the induced current is
alternating in nature. As the armature completes rotations in one second, alternating current
of frequency ν cycles per second is produced.
𝑑Ф
The induced emf at any instant is given by e= −
𝑑𝑡

𝑑(𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)
=−
𝑑𝑡

= - NBA (-ω sin ωt)

e= NBAω sin ωt
e=Eo sin ωt
The peak value of the emf, Eo = NBAω
where N is the number of turns of the coil, A is the area enclosed by the coil, B is the
magnetic field and ω is the angular velocity of the coil
(i) When ωt = 0, the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the field B and hence e = 0.
(ii) When ωt = π/2, the plane of the coil is parallel to B and hence e = Eo
(iii) When ωt = π, the plane of the coil is at right angle to B and hence e = 0.
(iv) When ωt = 3π/2, the plane of the coil is again parallel to B and the induced emf is e = −Eo.
(v) When ωt = 2π, the plane of the coil is again perpendicular to B and hence e = 0.

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

TRANSFORMER
Transformer is an electrical device used for converting low alternating voltage into high
alternating voltage and vice versa. It transfers electric power from one circuit to another.
Principle
It works on the principle of mutual induction. I.e., if two coils are inductively coupled and
when current or magnetic flux is changed through one of the coils then, induced emf is
produced in the neighboring coil.
Construction
Step-up transformer

In a step-up transformer the number of turns in the secondary Ns is greater than the number
of turns in the primary Np. (Ns >Np)
Step-down transformer

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

In a step-down transformer the number of turns in the secondary Ns is less than the number
of turns in the primary Np. (Ns < Np)

A transformer consists of primary and secondary coils insulated from each other, wound on a
soft iron core. To minimize eddy currents a laminated iron core is used.
Working and Theory
The a.c. input is applied across the primary coil. The continuously varying current in the
primary coil produces a varying magnetic flux in the primary coil, which in turn produces a
varying magnetic flux in the secondary. Hence, an induced emf is produced across the
secondary.
Let Ep and Es be the induced emf in the primary and secondary coils and Np and Ns be the
number of turns in the primary and secondary coils respectively. Since same flux links with
the primary and secondary, the emf induced per turn of the two coils must be the same.

𝑑Ф
Ep = - Np ………………….(1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑Ф
Es = - Ns ………………….(2)
𝑑𝑡

2/ 1 gives

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

In a step-up transformer Es > Ep implying that Is < Ip. Thus, a step up transformer increases
the voltage by decreasing the current, which is in accordance with the law of conservation of
energy. Similarly, a step-down transformer decreases the voltage by increasing the current.

Efficiency of a transformer
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power.

The efficiency η = 1 (ie. 100%), only for an ideal transformer where there is no power loss.
But practically there are numerous factors leading to energy loss in a transformer and hence
the efficiency is always less than one.
Energy losses in a transformer
(1) Hysteresis loss
The repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core caused by the alternating
input current, produces loss in energy called hysteresis loss. This loss can be minimized by
using a core with a material having the least hysteresis loss.
(2) Copper loss
The current flowing through the primary and secondary windings lead to Joule heating effect.
Hence some energy is lost in the form of heat. Thick wires with considerably low resistance
are used to minimize this loss.

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020

(3) Eddy current loss (Iron loss)
The varying magnetic flux produces eddy current in the core. This leads to the wastage of
energy in the form of heat. This loss is minimized by using a laminated iron core.
(4) Flux loss
The flux produced in the primary coil is not completely linked with the secondary coil due to
leakage. This results in the loss of energy. This loss can be minimized by using a shell type
core. In addition to the above losses, due to the vibration of the core, sound is produced,
which causes a loss in the energy.
Long distance power transmission
The electric power generated in a power station situated in a remote place is transmitted to
different regions for domestic and industrial use. For long distance transmission, power lines
are made of conducting material like Aluminium. There is always some power loss associated
with these lines.
If I is the current through the wire and R the resistance, a considerable amount of electric
power I2R is dissipated as heat. Hence, the power at the receiving end will be much lesser
than the actual power generated. However, by transmitting the electrical energy at a higher
voltage, the power loss can be controlled as is evident from the following two cases.

Therefore, if transmission is done at low voltage without using a transformer, thick wires
have to be used. Hence cost of transmission will increase, further stronger poles would be
needed to support the thicker wires.
But if transmission is done at high voltage using a step-up transformer. The dissipation of
energy( H= I2RT) is much reduced and the transmission becomes more economical.
*****************************************************************************

F 061, Rev 01, dtd10th March 2020