8/23/2024

Thomas’ Calculus: Early Transcendentals

Fifteenth Edition

Chapter 1
Functions

Slide - 1
 Section 1.2
Combining Functions;
Shifting and Scaling Graphs

Examples Exercises
1, 2, 3, 4(c) 2, 4, 18

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In this section we look at the main ways functions are
combined or transformed to form new functions.

± ,× ,÷ , °

reflecting
Shifting

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Sums, Differences, Products, and Quotients

Two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 can be combined to form new functions 𝑓 ± 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔

and 𝑓/𝑔 , 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 as follows:

1 𝑓 ± 𝑔) (𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥) remark
If 𝐷 = 𝐴 , 𝐷 = 𝐵 then:
𝑓 𝑔

2 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)
1 𝐷𝑓±𝑔 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵

3
𝑓
𝑥 =
𝑓 𝑥 2 𝐷𝑓⋅𝑔 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)

3 𝐷𝑓∕𝑔 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 − {𝑥: 𝑔 𝑥 = 0}
4 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = (𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )
4 𝐷𝑓 ∘𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓∘𝑔 ∩ 𝐷𝑔

5 𝐷𝑔 ∘𝑓 = 𝐷𝑔∘𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑓

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 Example 1 c 𝑔 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥.
Find each function and its domain:
d 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔 𝑥 =
a 𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥

e 𝑓 𝑥
𝑔 𝑥
b 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥

𝑔 𝑥
f
𝑓 𝑥

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Exercise 2

Find the domains of 𝑓 , 𝑔 , 𝑓 + 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 .

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1

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Exercise 4
𝑓 𝑔
Find the domains of 𝑓 , 𝑔 , and .
𝑔 𝑓

𝑓 𝑥 =1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥

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 Composite Functions

Definition

If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions, the composite function 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 (“f composed

with g”) is defined by
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )

The domain of 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 consists of the numbers

𝑥 in the domain of g for which 𝑔(𝑥) lies in
the domain of 𝑓.

𝐷𝑓 ∘𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓∘𝑔 ∩ 𝐷𝑔

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Composite Functions

A composite function f g uses the output g ( x)

of the first function g as the input for the second function f.

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Example 2

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 . Write formula for

𝑎 𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥 𝑏 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑐 𝑓∘𝑓 𝑥 𝑑 (𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
and find the domain of each.

𝐷𝑓 ∘𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓∘𝑔 ∩ 𝐷𝑔

𝐷𝑔 ∘𝑓 = 𝐷𝑔∘𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑓

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Exercise 18

(a) write formulas for 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓

(b) find the domain of each.

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥

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Shifting and Scaling Graphs

reflecting
Shifting

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 Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

Suppose 𝑘 > 0. To obtain the graph of

Vertical Shifts
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐, shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑘 units upward.

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑐, shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑘 units downward.

Horizontal Shifts

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐), shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑘 units to the right.

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐), shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑘 units the left.

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Example 3

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Vertical and Horizontal Reflecting Formulas

For c = −1, the graph is reflected:

y = − f ( x) Reflects the graph of f across the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

y = f (− x) Reflects the graph of f across the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

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Example 4 (c)

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥. Sketch the graph

𝑔 𝑥 =− 𝑥+1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ 𝑥 = −𝑥 + 1

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 TYPES OF TRANSFORMATIONS

OUTSIDE INTSIDE

𝒚- VALUES OR VERTICAL 𝒙- VALUES OR HORIZONTAL

𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑢𝑝 𝑓 𝑥+𝑘 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓 𝑥−𝑘 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

−𝑓 𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑓 −𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

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 HOMEWORK

1,3,5(a,c,g),23,25,57 (a,b,f)

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