8/24/2024
Thomas’ Calculus: Early Transcendentals
Fifteenth Edition
Chapter 1
Functions
Slide - 1
Section 1.4
Exponential Functions
Exercises
Example1
1, 7, 20, 21, 22
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Exponential Functions
Exponential functions occur in a wide variety of
applications, including interest rates, radioactive decay,
population growth, the spread of a disease, consumption
of natural resources, the earth’s atmospheric pressure,
temperature change of a heated object placed in a cooler
environment, and the dating of fossils.
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Exponential
ExponentialFunction
Function
If 𝑎 ≠ 1 is a positive constant, the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 is called the
exponential function with base a.
𝑛 +𝑣𝑒 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 … 𝑎
0 ⇒ 𝑎0 = 1
1
If 𝑥 = −𝑛 ⇒ 𝑎−𝑛 =
𝑎𝑛
𝑝
𝑝 𝑞
⇒ 𝑎 =𝑞 𝑎𝑝
𝑞
𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙, 3, 𝜋, . . . ⇒ 𝑎𝜋 , 𝑎 3 , . . .
Don’t confuse the exponential 𝟐𝒙 with the power function 𝒙𝟐 .In the
exponential, the variable 𝑥 is in the exponent, whereas the variable 𝑥
is the base in the power function.
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𝑛 +𝑣𝑒 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 … 𝑎
0 ⇒ 𝑎0 = 1
1
If 𝑥 = −𝑛 ⇒ 𝑎−𝑛 =
𝑎𝑛
𝑝
𝑝 𝑞
⇒ 𝑎 =𝑞 𝑎𝑝
𝑞
𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙, 3, 𝜋, . . . ⇒ 𝑎𝜋 , 𝑎 3 , . . .
Don’t confuse the exponential 𝟐𝒙 with the power function 𝒙𝟐 .In the
exponential, the variable 𝑥 is in the exponent, whereas the variable 𝑥
is the base in the power function.
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Exponential Behavior
𝟏 𝒙 𝒂 > 𝟏 , 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝒆 𝒙
𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏, 𝒚 =
𝟐
Domain=ℝ Domain=ℝ
Range= 0, ∞ Range= 0, ∞
Decreasing Increasing
Neither even nor odd Neither even nor odd
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24 August 2024 7
Rules for Exponents
If 𝑎, 𝑏 are positive numbers and 𝑥, 𝑦 are any real numbers,
then:
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥𝑦
1 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦
=𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦
2 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦 = 𝑦 3
𝑎
𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
4 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑥 5 𝑏 𝑥
=
𝑏
note 𝑝
𝑎𝑞 =
𝑞
𝑎𝑝
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Example 2
Use the rules of exponential to simplify the following:
3 2
10 3. 5 2
1. 31.1 . 30.7 2.
10
1/2
4
4. 7𝜋 . 8𝜋 5.
9
Exercise 20
2
6
3
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The Natural Exponential Function 𝒆𝒙
𝑒: is an irrational number such that the slope of the tangent
line of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 at 0,1 = 1.
𝑒 ≈ 2.71828
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Exercise 1
Sketch the given curves together in the appropriate coordinate plane,
and label each curve with its equation.
𝑥
𝑦= 2𝑥 , 𝑦= 4𝑥 , 𝑦= 3−𝑥 , 𝑦 = 1ൗ5
𝒙
𝟏ൗ
𝟓 𝟒𝒙
𝟐𝒙
𝟑−𝒙
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Exercise 7
Sketch the shifted exponential curves.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2−𝑥 − 1
𝟐𝒙
𝟐𝒙
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐−𝒙 − 𝟏
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Exercise 21 Exercise 22
Find the domain of Find the domain of
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑡 = cos(𝑒 −𝑡 )
2 + 𝑒𝑥
Domain 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒇 𝒙 ) = domain 𝒇(𝒙).
Domain 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒇(𝒙) = domain 𝒇(𝒙).
𝒆𝒙 is always positive
Domain 𝒆𝒇(𝒙) = domain 𝒇(𝒙).
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HOMEWORK
3,8, 9,19,24 (domain only)
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