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PHD Pre Math 3

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28 views2 pages

PHD Pre Math 3

Uploaded by

aye pyone
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ma Su Su Khaing

PhD-Prelim Math-3
2024-2025 Academic Year

September 17, 2024

1. [Beachy, Introductory Lectures on Rings and Modules, Pg. 16, Example 1.1.9] Let
R be a nonzero commutative ring. Show that R is a eld if and only if it has no
proper nontrivial ideals.
We assume that R is a eld, and let I be any ideal of R. Either I = (0 ), or
else there exists a ∈ I such that a ̸= 0 . In the second case, since R is a eld, there
R

exists an inverse a for a, and then for any r ∈ R we have


R
−1

r = r1R = r(a−1 a) = (ra−1 )a,

so by the denition of an ideal we have r ∈ I . We have shown that either I = (0 )


or I = R.
R

Conversely, we assume that R has no proper nontrivial ideals, and let a be a


nonzero element of R. Then aR is nonzero ideal of R, so by assumption aR = R.
Since 1 ∈ R, we have 1 = ar for some r ∈ R. This implies that a is invertible,
completing the proof.
R R
□
2. [, Pg. 17, Proposition 1.1.8] Let R be a ring, and let I, J be ideals of R. The
following subsets of R are ideals of R.
(a) I ∩ J ,
(b) I + J = {x ∈ R | x = a + b for some a ∈ I, b ∈ J},
(c) IJ = X a b | a ∈ I, b ∈ J, n ∈ Z .
n n o
+
i i i i
i=1

(a)
and I ∩ J ̸= ∅.
Proof.

0R ∈ I ∩ J
If a, b ∈ I ∩ J , then a, b ∈ I and a, b ∈ J . Hence a − b ∈ I and a − b ∈ J , and so
a − b ∈ I ∩ J . If a ∈ I ∩ J and r ∈ R, then a ∈ I and a ∈ J and so ra ∈ I and
ra ∈ J . Hence ra ∈ I ∩ J . Similarly, ar ∈ I ∩ J , and so I ∩ J is an ideal of R.

(b) Since 0 R = 0R + 0R ∈ I + J , we have


I + J ̸= ∅.

1
If x , x ∈ I + J , then x = a1 + b 1 and x = a + b , where a , a ∈I and b , b ∈J .
Since a − a ∈ I and b , we have
1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 − b2 ∈ J

x1 − x2 = (a1 + b1 ) − (a2 + b2 ) = (a1 − a2 ) + (b1 − b2 ) ∈ I + J.

If x ∈ I + J and r ∈ R, then x = a + b, where a ∈ I and b ∈ J . Then ra ∈ I and


rb ∈ J , and so
rx = r(a + b) = ra + rb ∈ I + J.
Similarly, xr ∈ I + J , and so I + J is an ideal of R.
(c) Since 0 = 0 0 ∈ IJ , we have IJ ̸= ∅. If x, y ∈ IJ , then
R R R

where a ∈ I, b ∈ J for i = 1, . . . , n
n
X
x= ai b i i i
i=1

and
where for j = 1, . . . , m.
m
X
y= cj d j cj ∈ I, dj ∈ J
j=1

We have
x − y = a1 b1 + · · · + an bn − c1 d1 − · · · − cm dm ∈ IJ
since a , c
i j ∈I and b , di j ∈J for all i, j. If x ∈ IJ and r ∈ R, then
n
X  n
X
rx = r ai b i = (rai )bi ∈ IJ
i=1 i=1

since ra ∈ I and b ∈J for i = 1, . . . , n. Similarly, xr ∈ IJ , and thus IJ is an


ideal of R.
i i

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