Cloud Deployment Model Cloud Service Provider Companies:Cloud Service providers

Today, organizations have many exciting opportunities to reimagine, (CSP) offers various services such as Software as a
repurpose and reinvent their businesses with the cloud. The last Service, Platform as a service, Infrastructure as a service, network
decade has seen even more businesses rely on it for quicker time to services, business applications, mobile applications,
market, better efficiency, and scalability. It helps them achieve lo ng- and infrastructure in the cloud. The cloud service providers host these
term digital goals as part of their digital strategy. services in a data center, and users can access these services through
Though the answer to which cloud model is an ideal fit for a business cloud provider companies using an Internet connection.
depends on your organization's computing and business needs. There are the following Cloud Service Providers Companies -
Choosing the right one from the various types of cloud service 1.Amazon Web Services (AWS):AWS (Amazon Web Services) is
deployment models is essential. It would ensure your business is a secure cloud service platform provided by Amazon. It offers
equipped with the performance, scalability, privacy, security, various services such as database storage, computing power, content
compliance & cost-effectiveness it requires. It is important to learn and delivery, Relational Database, Simple Email, Simple Queue, and other
explore what different deployment types can offer - around what functionality to increase the organization's growth.
particular problems it can solve. Features of AWS:: AWS is scalable because it has an ability to scale
the computing resources up or down according to the organization's
Different Types Of Cloud Computing Deployment Models demand. AWS is cost-effective as it works on a pay-as-you-
Public Cloud:The name says it all. It is accessible to the public. go pricing model. It provides various flexible storage options.
Public deployment models in the cloud are perfect for organizations It offers various security services such as infrastructure security,
with growing and fluctuating demands. It also makes a great choice for data encryption, monitoring & logging, identity & access control,
companies with low-security concerns. Thus, you pay a cloud service penetration testing, and DDoS attacks. It can efficiently manage
provider for networking services, compute virtualization & storage and secure Windows workloads. ,. .
available on the public internet. It is also a great delivery model for the 3. Google Cloud Platform: Google cloud platform is a product
teams with development and testing. of Google. It consists of a set of physical devices, such as computers,
Benefits of Public Cloud:Minimal Investment - As a pay-per-use hard disk drives, and virtual machines. It also helps organizations to
service, there is no large upfront cost and is ideal for businesses who simplify the migration process. Features of Google Cloud: Google
need quick access to resources. No Hardware Setup - The cloud cloud includes various big data services such as Google BigQuery,
service providers fully fund the entire Infrastructure No Google CloudDataproc, Google CloudDatalab, . It provides various
Infrastructure Management - This does not require an in-house team to services related to networking, including Google Virtual Private Cloud
utilize the public cloud. (VPC), Content Delivery Network, and Google Cloud DNS. It offers
Limitations of Public Cloud:Data Security and Privacy Concerns , various scalable and high-performance . GCP provides
Reliability Issues , Service/License Limitation - various serverless services such as Messaging, It provides a free
cloud shell environment with Boost Mode. . .

Cloud Service Models Cloud Computing Architecture

1.Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):IaaS is also known as Hardware As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and
as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed over the large organizations to store the information in cloud and access it
internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to from anywhere at anytime using the internet connection.
Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented
avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the
architecture and event-driven architecture.
physical servers. The (IAAS) means the hiring & utilizing of the
Physical Infrastructure of IT (network, storage, and servers) from a Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -
third-party provider. The IT resources are hosted on external servers, Front End Back End
and users can access them via an internet connection. This cloud Front End:The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side
computing service model is ideal for large accounts, enterprises, or interfaces and applications that are required to access the cloud
organizations to build and manage their own IT platforms. However, computing platforms. The front end includes web servers (including
they want the flexibility to amend their Infrastructure according to their Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and
needs. mobile devices. Back End:The back end is used by the service
Characteristics of IaaS: Resources are available as a service, provider. It manages all the resources that are required to provide
Services are highly scalable, Dynamic and flexible, GUI and API- cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage,
based access, Automated administrative tasks , security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers,
Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), traffic control mechanisms, etc.
Microsoft Azure, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Components of Cloud Computing Architecture
2.Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS cloud computing platform is 1. Client Infrastructure:Client Infrastructure is a Front end
created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage the component. It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) to interact with
applications. (PAAS) allows outsourcing of hardware infrastructure the cloud. 2. Application:The application may be any software or
and software environment, including databases, integration layers, platform that a client wants to access. 3. Service:A Cloud Services
runtimes, and more. It is ideal for companies wanting to maintain manages that which type of service you access according to the
control over their business applications. However, they wish to get rid client’s requirement.4. Runtime Cloud:Runtime Cloud provides
of constraints to manage the hardware infrastructure and software the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.
environment. 5. Storage:Storage is one of the most important components of cloud
Characteristics of PaaS:Accessible to various users via the same computing. It provides a huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud
development application., Integrates with web services and to store and manage data.6. Infrastructure:It provides services on
databases., Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can the host level, application level, and network level. . .
easily be scaled up or down as per the organization's need. 7. Management:Management is used to manage components such as
Support multiple languages and frameworks., Provides an ability to application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other
"Auto-scale". Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, security issues in the backend and establish coordination between
Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine, them.8. Security:Security is an in-built back end component of cloud
computing. It implements a security mechanism in the back end.9.
Internet:The Internet is medium through which front end and back end
can interact and communicate with each other.
2. Microsoft Azure:Microsoft Azure is also known as Windows Private Cloud: Now that you understand what the public cloud could
Azure. It supports various operating systems, databases, programming offer you, of course, you are keen to know what a private cloud can do.
languages, frameworks that allow IT professionals to easily build, Companies that look for cost efficiency and greater control over data &
deploy, and manage applications through a worldwide network. It also resources will find the private cloud a more suitable choice.
allows users to create different groups for related utilities. . It means that it will be integrated with your data center and managed
Features of Microsoft Azure:Microsoft Azure by your IT team. Alternatively, you can also choose to host it externally.
provides scalable, flexible, and cost-effective. It allows Benefits of Private Cloud:Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing
developers to quickly manage applications and websites. corporate data where only authorized personnel gets access
It managed each resource individually. Its IaaS infrastructure allows Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure
us to launch a general-purpose virtual machine in different platforms can help with better access and higher levels of security.
such as Windows and Linux Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that
cannot access the public cloud. . . .
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA):A Service-Oriented Limitations of Private Cloud:Higher Cost -, Fixed Scalability -
Architecture or SOA is a design pattern which is designed to build High Maintenance - . .
distributed systems that deliver services to other applications through .Community Cloud:The community cloud operates in a way that is
the protocol. It is only a concept and not limited to any programming similar to the public cloud. There's just one difference - it allows access
language or platform. to only a specific set of users who share common objectives and use
Characteristics of SOA:They are loosely coupled., They support
cases
interoperability. , They are location-transparent ., They are self- Benefits of Community Cloud:Smaller Investment -, Setup Benefits -
contained. Limitations of Community Cloud:Shared Resources., Not as Popular
Advantages of SOA: Easy to integrate - In a service-oriented Hybrid Cloud:As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination
architecture, the integration is a service specification that provides of two or more cloud architectures. While each model in the hybrid
implementation transparency. Manage Complexity - Due to service cloud functions differently, it is all part of the same architecture.
specification, the complexities get isolated, and integration becomes Further, as part of this deployment of the cloud computing model, the
more manageable. Platform Independence - The services are internal or external providers can offer resources. The hybrid cloud is
platform-independent as they can communicate with other applications also frequently used for 'cloud bursting'. . /.
through a common language. Loose coupling - It facilitates to Benefits of Hybrid Cloud:Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a
implement services without impacting other applications or services. hybrid solution decreases since it majorly uses the public cloud to store
Parallel Development - As SOA follows layer-based architecture, it data. Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of
provides parallel development. Available - The SOA services are data theft from attackers are significantly reduced. Flexibility - With
easily available to any requester. Reliable - As services are small in higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create custom solutions that
size, it is easier to test and debug them.
fit their exact requirements
Limitations of Hybrid Cloud:Complexity - It is complex setting up a
hybrid cloud since it

What is S3? 3.Software as a Service (SaaS):SaaS is also known as "on-demand

S3 is a safe place to store the files. software". It is a software in which the applications are hosted by a
It is Object-based storage, i.e., you can store the images, word files, cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the
pdf files, etc. help of internet connection and web browser. (SaaS) is provided over
The files which are stored in S3 can be from 0 Bytes to 5 TB. the internet and requires no prior installation. The services can be
It has unlimited storage means that you can store the data as much availed from any part of the world at a minimal per-month fee.
you want. Characteristics of SaaS:Managed from a central location,
Files are stored in Bucket. A bucket is like a folder available in S3 that Hosted on a remote server, Accessible over the internet
stores the files. Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates.,
S3 is a universal namespace, i.e., the names must be unique globally. Updates are applied automatically., The services are purchased on
Bucket contains a DNS address. Therefore, the bucket must contain a the pay-as-per-use basis , Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps,
unique name to generate a unique DNS address. Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,
Advantages of Amazon S3:
Advantages of Cloud Service Models: Cost Efficiency: Cloud
Create Buckets: Firstly, we create a bucket and provide a name to the providers provide a pricing model that permits customers to pay only
bucket. Buckets are the containers in S3 that stores the data. Buckets for the sources they consume. Scalability: Cloud services provide
must have a unique name to generate a unique DNS address. the potential to scale sources up or down speedily and respond to
Storing data in buckets: Bucket can be used to store an infinite changing workloads and commercial organization requirements.
amount of data. You can upload the files as much you want into an Accessibility and Flexibility: Cloud computing allows one to get
Amazon S3 bucket, i.e., there is no maximum limit to store the files. access to applications and facts remotely from everywhere with an
Each object can contain upto 5 TB of data. Each object can be stored internet connection. Rapid Deployment: Cloud provider models
and retrieved by using a unique developer assigned-key. facilitate rapid deployment of programs. Managed Services: Cloud
Download data: You can also download your data from a bucket and providers offer more than a few managed offerings, managing duties
can also give permission to others to download the same data. You together with safety, tracking, and safety. Automatic Updates and
can download the data at any time whenever you want. Patch Management: Cloud providers manipulate software application
Permissions: You can also grant or deny access to others who want updates, patches, and protection functions robotically.
to download or upload the data from your Amazon S3 bucket.
Authentication mechanism keeps the data secure from unauthorized Disadvantages of Cloud Service Models:
access. Security Concerns., Dependency on Internet Connectivity,,
Standard interfaces: S3 is used with the standard interfaces REST Limited Customization in SaaS,, Data Transfer Costs
and SOAP interfaces which are designed in such a way that they can Vendor Lock-In.,, Potential for Downtime
work with any development toolkit.
Security: Amazon S3 offers security features by protecting
Google App Engine (GAE) is a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) offering Google App Engine (GAE) is a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) offering
from Google Cloud that allows developers to build, deploy, and scale from Google Cloud that allows developers to build, deploy, and scale
web applications and services. It abstracts much of the infrastructure web applications and services. It abstracts much of the infrastructure
management, allowing developers to focus on writing code. In this management, allowing developers to focus on writing code. In this
explanation, I will break down its key components, benefits, and how it explanation, I will break down its key components, benefits, and how it
works. works.
Key Features Automatic Scaling: ,, Managed Services: , Multi- Key Features Automatic Scaling: ,, Managed Services: , Multi-
language Support, Integration with Google Cloud Services: , language Support, Integration with Google Cloud Services: ,
Flexible Environments:,, Standard Environment: , Flexible Flexible Environments:,, Standard Environment: , Flexible
Environment: Version Control and Traffic Splitting Environment: Version Control and Traffic Splitting
Benefits of Google App Engine Benefits of Google App Engine
Ease of Use: Google App Engine allows developers to focus on writing Ease of Use: Google App Engine allows developers to focus on writing
code without worrying about managing infrastructure. code without worrying about managing infrastructure.
Cost Efficiency: With automatic scaling, GAE ensures that developers Cost Efficiency: With automatic scaling, GAE ensures that developers
only pay for the resources they actually use. Security: Security is only pay for the resources they actually use. Security: Security is
one of the most critical aspects of any cloud platform. GAE ensures one of the most critical aspects of any cloud platform. GAE ensures
that apps are secure by providing automatic patching, DDoS that apps are secure by providing automatic patching, DDoS
protection, and integrated identity management. protection, and integrated identity management.
Global Infrastructure: Google Cloud operates in data centers Global Infrastructure: Google Cloud operates in data centers
worldwide, and GAE leverages this infrastructure to ensure that your worldwide, and GAE leverages this infrastructure to ensure that your
app is deployed close to your users. Rapid Prototyping and app is deployed close to your users. Rapid Prototyping and
Development: For developers working on tight deadlines, GAE Development: For developers working on tight deadlines, GAE
provides tools for quickly deploying and testing provides tools for quickly deploying and testing
Lambda:: Amazon released Lambda in 2015. You do not have to Lambda:: Amazon released Lambda in 2015. You do not have to
take care of managing Data centre, managing infrastructure as a take care of managing Data centre, managing infrastructure as a
service, managing platform as a service or container. You need to service, managing platform as a service or container. You need to
upload the code and Amazon will do everything for you. upload the code and Amazon will do everything for you.
Lambda is used to encapsulate Data centres, Hardware, Assembly Lambda is used to encapsulate Data centres, Hardware, Assembly
code/Protocols, high-level languages, operating systems, AWS APIs. code/Protocols, high-level languages, operating systems, AWS APIs.
Lambda is a compute service where you can upload your code and Lambda is a compute service where you can upload your code and
create the Lambda function. create the Lambda function.

Hall Effect The **Hall effect** is the production of a voltage

difference (Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor when it is
 The Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference (Hall
placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the current flow. Discovered
voltage) across an electrical conductor when it is placed in a magnetic
by Edwin Hall in 1879, this phenomenon provides insight into the type
field perpendicular to the current flow. Discovered by Edwin Hall in
and concentration of charge carriers in a material.
1879, this phenomenon provides insight into the type and
**Hall Effect Principle** When a current-carrying conductor is placed in
concentration of charge carriers in a material.
a magnetic field, the charge carriers (electrons or holes) experience a
Hall Effect Principle:When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a
Lorentz force that deflects them perpendicular to both the current and
magnetic field, the charge carriers (electrons or holes) experience a
the magnetic field. This deflection causes a build-up of charge on the
Lorentz force that deflects them perpendicular to both the current and
sides of the conductor, creating a voltage difference across the
the magnetic field. This deflection causes a build-up of charge on the
conductor, known as the **Hall voltage**.
sides of the conductor, creating a voltage difference across the
**Applications of Hall Effect** 1.Magnetic Field Measurement: Hall
conductor, known as the Hall voltage. .
sensors are used to measure the strength of magnetic fields in various
Derivation of Hall Voltage and Hall Coefficient 1. Hall Voltage
applications, research. 2.Current Measurement: Hall effect sensors
(V_H) Consider a rectangular conductor with:
can measure current by detecting the magnetic field generated around
Current I flowing through it, Thickness d,
a current-carrying conductor.. 3. Position and Speed Sensors: Hall
Width w, Length L, .
effect sensors are used in position and speed sensing applications,
Applications of Hall Effect: Magnetic Field Measurement: Hall sensors
such as in electric motors, where they help in detecting the rotational
are used to measure the strength of magnetic fields in various
position of the motor shaft. 4.Magnetic Field Mapping: Hall effect
applicationsCurrent Measurement. They are used in power monitoring
sensors are employed to map magnetic fields in laboratory and
and control systems. Position and Speed Sensors: Hall effect sensors
industrial settings to understand magnetic field distributions. 5.Vehicle
are used in position and speed sensing applications, such as in electric
Systems: In automotive applications, Hall sensors are used for
motors, Magnetic Field Mapping: Hall effect sensors are employed to
detecting wheel speed, crankshaft position, and in anti-lock braking
map magnetic fields in laboratory and industrial settings to understand
systems (ABS). 6.Semiconductor Characterization: The Hall effect is
magnetic field distributions. Vehicle Systems: In automotive
used to determine the type, concentration, and mobility of charge
applications, Hall sensors are used for detecting wheel speed,
carriers in semiconductor materials, which is critical for designing and
crankshaft position, Semiconductor Characterization: The Hall effect is
analyzing semiconductor devices.
used to determine the type, concentration, and mobility of charge
Describe n-type and p-type semiconductors. *N-Type
carriers in semiconductor materials, which is critical for designing and
Semiconductors*: Doped with elements having extra electrons (e.g.,
analyzing semiconductor devices.
phosphorus in silicon). The extra electrons become the majority charge
carriers. - *Donor*: An impurity atom that donates extra electrons to
the semiconductor. *Charge Carriers*:- *N-Type*: Majority carriers are
electrons; minority carriers are holes.*P-Type Semiconductors*: Doped
with elements having fewer electrons (e.g., boron in silicon), creating
"holes" where electrons are missing. The holes are the majority charge
carriers.-*Acceptor*: An impurity atom that creates holes by accepting
electrons from the semiconductor. *Charge Carriers*: *P-Type*:
Majority carriers are holes; minority carriers are electrons.
Lambda takes care of provisioning and managing the servers used to Lambda takes care of provisioning and managing the servers used to
run the code. run the code.
While using Lambda, you don't have to worry about scaling, patching, While using Lambda, you don't have to worry about scaling, patching,
operating systems, etc. . . . operating systems, etc. . . .
Lambda can be used in the following ways: Lambda can be used in the following ways:
It can be used as an event-driven compute service where AWS It can be used as an event-driven compute service where AWS
Lambda runs your code in response to events. These events could be Lambda runs your code in response to events. These events could be
changes to data in an Amazon S3 bucket or an Amazon DynamoDB changes to data in an Amazon S3 bucket or an Amazon DynamoDB
table. table.
It can be used as a compute service to run your code in response to It can be used as a compute service to run your code in response to
HTTP requests using Amazon API calls made using AWS SDKs. HTTP requests using Amazon API calls made using AWS SDKs.
EC2: EC2 stands for Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. EC2: EC2 stands for Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud.
Amazon EC2 is a web service that provides resizable compute Amazon EC2 is a web service that provides resizable compute
capacity in the cloud. capacity in the cloud.
Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and boot new user Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and boot new user
instances to minutes rather than in older days, if you need a server instances to minutes rather than in older days, if you need a server
then you had to put a purchase order, and cabling is done to get a new then you had to put a purchase order, and cabling is done to get a new
server which is a very time-consuming process. Now, Amazon has server which is a very time-consuming process. Now, Amazon has
provided an EC2 which is a virtual machine in the cloud that completely provided an EC2 which is a virtual machine in the cloud that completely
changes the industry. changes the industry.
You can scale the compute capacity up and down as per the You can scale the compute capacity up and down as per the
computing requirement changes. computing requirement changes.
Amazon EC2 changes the economics of computing by allowing you to Amazon EC2 changes the economics of computing by allowing you to
pay only for the resources that you actually use. Rather than you pay only for the resources that you actually use. Rather than you
previously buy physical servers, you would look for a server that has previously buy physical servers, you would look for a server that has
more CPU capacity, RAM capacity and you buy a server over 5 year more CPU capacity, RAM capacity and you buy a server over 5 year
term, so you have to plan for 5 years in advance. People spend a lot of term, so you have to plan for 5 years in advance. People spend a lot of
capital in such investments. EC2 allows you to pay for the capacity that capital in such investments. EC2 allows you to pay for the capacity that
you actually use. you actually use.
Amazon EC2 provides the developers with the tools to build resilient Amazon EC2 provides the developers with the tools to build resilient
applications that isolate themselves from some common scenarios. applications that isolate themselves from some common scenarios.

wave function and its types.A **wave function** in quantum

mechanics describes the quantum state of a particle or system. It
contains all information about the system and is used to calculate
energy band gap.The **energy band gap** is the energy difference probabilities of finding particles in various states or positions.
between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction **Types of Wave Functions**: 1.Bound State Wave Functions: These
band in a solid. It determines a material’s electrical conductivity. In describe particles confined to a specific region, such as electrons in
**conductors**, the bands overlap, so electrons move freely. In atoms. They are typically associated with discrete energy levels and
**insulators**, the band gap is large, preventing electron flow. In are normalizable, meaning their integral over all space is finite (e.g.,
**semiconductors**, the band gap is moderate, allowing controlled hydrogen atom orbitals). 2.Free Particle Wave Functions: Describe
electron movement under certain conditions. The size of the band gap particles not confined to a region, represented by plane waves or a
influences a material’s electronic and optical properties, including its superposition of plane waves. They have continuous energy levels and
color and how it responds to electrical fields and light. are not normalizable over infinite space. 3.Scattering State Wave
band theory of solids. Functions: Describe particles interacting with potential barriers or other
**Band Theory of Solids** explains how electrons behave in solid particles, where they may be partially reflected and transmitted. The
materials, particularly semiconductors, metals, and insulators. It wave function must satisfy Schrödinger's equation and is fundamental
extends the concept of atomic orbitals to the solid-state, where in predicting quantum behavior.
overlapping atomic orbitals form **energy bands**. These bands are direct and indirect band gap semiconductors,intrinsic and
divided into **valence bands** (occupied by electrons) and extrinsic.-*Direct Band Gap*: In these semiconductors, the conduction
**conduction bands** (where electrons can move freely). The band minimum and valence band maximum occur at the same
**bandgap** is the energy difference between these bands. In momentum (k-space). Electrons can directly transition between these
**conductors**, the valence and conduction bands overlap, allowing bands, making them efficient for light emission (e.g., GaAs, GaN).
free electron flow. In **insulators**, a large bandgap prevents electron -*Indirect Band Gap*: The conduction band minimum and valence
movement, while in **semiconductors**, a smaller bandgap allows band maximum are at different momenta. Electrons require a phonon
controlled electron flow. This theory explains electrical conductivity, (lattice vibration) to conserve momentum during transitions, making
optical properties, and the behavior of materials under various these materials less efficient for light emission (e.g., Si, Ge).
conditions. ### Applications: - **Direct Bandgap Semiconductors**: Ideal for light-
emitting devices such as LEDs, laser diodes, and other devices where
efficient photon emission is crucial . *Indirect Bandgap
Semiconductors**: Common in electronics like transistors and diodes
where photon emission is not required. Silicon is widely used in **solar
cells**, though its light absorption is less efficient than that of direct
bandgap materials. **Intrinsic*: Pure semiconductors with no
intentional doping, where electrical properties depend on the material
itself (e.g., pure Si, Ge). *Extrinsic*: Semiconductors doped with
impurities to modify their electrical properties. **N-type**
semiconductors have extra electrons, while **P-type** semiconductors
have holes as majority carriers.