L ight

 A mplification by

 S timulated
 E mission of

 R adiation
Monochromaticity refers to a pure spectral color of a single wavelength. A beam is
more and more monochromatic if the line spread in frequency is narrow or small.
 When the two waves have the same frequency and wavelength, the phase
difference is constant. These waves are called coherent waves
 The source at which the coherent wave is generated is called the coherent
source. This phenomenon is known as coherence.
 Lasers are unique because they are coherent, which essentially means that
their waves are all in phase with one another, or, synchronized—the peaks
and troughs of the waves all align and never intersect.
1. Many wavelengths 1. Monochromatic
2. Multidirectional 2. Directional
3. Incoherent 3. Coherent
Which of the following is a unique property of
laser?
a) Directional
b) Speed
c) Coherence
d) Wavelength
Calculate the number of photons, from green light of mercury (ʎ = 4961
Å), required to do one joule of work.
a) 4524.2×1018/m3
b) 2.4961×1018/m3
c) 2.4961/m3
d) 2.4961/m
In Stimulated Absorption, what is the lifetime of atoms
ground state?
a) 1 second
b) 1 minute
c) 1 hour
d) Infinity
 Stimulated Absorption

• Energy is absorbed by an atom, the electrons are

excited into vacant energy shells.
E1

E2
• The atom decays from level 2 to level 1 through the
emission of a photon with the energy hv. It is a
completely random process.
atoms in an upper energy level can be triggered or
stimulated in phase by an incoming photon of a specific
energy.
The stimulated photons have unique properties:

– In phase with the incident photon

– Same wavelength as the incident photon

– Travel in same direction as incident photon

 ANSWER IS
With having the metastable state above the ground
level. Atom reaches the meta stable state (after first
stimulated emission) can remain there for longer time
period. So the number of atom increases in the meta
stable state. And when these atoms come back to the
original ground level it emits laser beam.
 A state of a medium where a higher-lying electronic level has
a higher population than a lower-lying level
  The method particle of raising a particle from lower energy state to
higher energy state is called pumping.

 TYPES OF PUMPING :

1. Optical pumping

2. Electrical pumping

3. In elastic collision between atoms

4. Direct Converstion

5. Chemical pumping
All lasers have 3 essential components:

 A lasing or "gain" medium

A source of energy to excite electrons in the gain medium

to high energy states, referred to as "pump" energy

 An optical path which allows emitted photons to oscillate

and interfere constructively as energy is added or

"pumped" into the system, ie, a resonator

The lower energy level contains more atoms than upper level under
the conditions of ________________
a) Isothermal packaging
b) Population inversion
c) Thermal equilibrium
d) Pumping
 Which of the following is not a
characteristic of LASERS?
a) Monochromatic
b) Coherent
c) Divergent
d) Intense
What is the need to achieve population inversion?
a) To excite most of the atoms
b) To bring most of the atoms to ground state
c) To achieve stable condition
d) To reduce the time of production of laser
Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted by an LED
made up of a semiconducting material with band gap
energy 2.8eV.
a) 2.8 Å
b) 4.3308 Å
c) 5548.4 Å
d) 4430.8 Å
 Einstein gives a probability that stimulated emission is
same as absorption.

Means that if a stimulated absorption can occur then

there is same probability that stimulated emission can
occur.

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In case of energy states the number of electron
absorbed and emitted should be equal or the rate of
change of numbers of atoms in two states should be
equal.

dN
 0
dt
 8h 3
E   
1
3 h
c
e kT
1
Plank’s gives the formula that how
a gas radiate energy.
A21 :- correspond to spontaneous
emission probability per unit time

This particular emission can occur

without the presence of external field
E(v)
B12 :- correspond to stimulated
absorption probability per unit time

This type of absorption can occur in

presence of external field E(v) only
B21 :- correspond to stimulated emission probability
per unit time

This type of emission can occur in presence of external

field E(v) only
Spontaneous Emission + Stimulated Emission

A21 + B21 E(v)

Number of atoms that can jump from level E2 to E1 is

A21  B21E  N2

B12 E  N1
 It can be given by differentiation

dN(probability)
2
 Absorption emission
dt
or

 B12 E  N1   A21  B21E  N 2

dN2
dt
 dN2
0
Then
dt

B12 E  N1  A21  B21E  N 2

E   
A21 1
B21  N1  B12  
 
 N  B   1
 2  21  
In thermal equilibrium
 E1
N1  N 0e KT

 E2
N 2  N 0e KT
 h
N1
e kT
N2
So equation becomes

E   
A21 1
h
B21  B 
e 
kT 12
  1
 B21 
 Units of Einstein
A21 8h 3
 c3 coefficient: Joules-
B21 Sec/m3

And

B12
1
B21
 Stimulated emission have same probability as
stimulated absorption
 Ratio between spontaneous and stimulated emission
varies with v3
 All we need is to calculate one of the probability to find
others.
Which law is used for achieving the relation between
the Einstein’s coefficients?
a) Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
b) Planck’s radiation law
c) Einstein’s equation
d) Quantum law
 Types of Laser
a.According to their sources:
1.Gas Lasers
2.Crystal Lasers
3.Semiconductors Lasers
4.Liquid Lasers
b.According to the nature of emission:
1.Continuous Wave
2.Pulsed Laser
c.According to their wavelength:
1.Visible Region
2.Infrared Region
3.Ultraviolet Region
4.Microwave Region
5.X-Ray Region
d. According to different levels
1. 2-level laser
2. 3-level laser
3. 4-level laser
e. According to mode of pumping
1. optical
2. chemical
3. electric discharge
4. electrical
 E2 E2
h h

E1 E1
Absorption Spontaneous
Emission

E2
h h h

E1
Stimulated
Emission
 Stimulated absorption
 Spontaneous emission to the meta stable
state
 Stimulated emission from meta stable state
to ground state.
E2

E2 – E1 E1

META STABLE STATE

E1 – E0

E0
Construction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQ0lM
SNuj_o
 Al2O3
4T Cr+
1

2T
2
Energy

rapid decay
4T
2
2E

LASING

4A
2
Which of the following is an example of
optical pumping?
a) Ruby laser
b) Helium-Neon laser
c) Semiconductor laser
Which of the following is a three-level laser?
a) ND: YAG
b) Ruby
c) He-Ne
d) Semiconductor laser
The pumping mechanism used in Ruby rod is __________
a) Optical Pumping
b) Electrical Excitation
c) Chemical pumping
d) Thermal pumping
What is the wavelength of the emitted laser in a Ruby laser?
a) 694 nm
b) 650 nm
c) 780 nm
d) 754 nm
The energy levels of which ion/atom/molecule are responsible
for lasing action?
a) Al3+
b) Cr3+
c) Al2O3
d) Cr2O3
 Brewster’s law, relationship for light waves stating that the
maximum polarization (vibration in one plane only) of a ray of light may be
achieved by letting the ray fall on a surface of a transparent medium in such a way
that the refracted ray makes an angle of 90° with the reflected ray. The law is named
after a Scottish physicist, Sir David Brewster, who first proposed it in 1811.

For a glass medium (n ≈ 1.5) in air (n ≈ 1), Brewster’s angle for visible light is
approximately 56°, while for an air-water interface (n ≈ 1.33), it is approximately
53°
Construction
.
 Type : Doped Insulator Laser
Doped Insulator laser
refers to yttrium Active Medium : Yttrium Aluminium Garnet
aluminium garnet
doped with neodymium. Active Centre : Neodymium
The Nd ion has many
energy levels and due Pumping : Optical Pumping
to optical pumping Method
these ions are raised to
excited levels. During Pumping : Xenon Flash Pump
the transition from the Source
metastable state to E1,
the laser beam of Optical : Ends of rods silver coated
wavelength 1.064μm is Resonator Two mirrors partially and
emitted totally reflecting
Power Output : 20 kWatts

Nature of : Pulsed, CW
Output
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X Wavelength : 1.064 μm
I18Is5Lp9I Emitted
M1– 100% M2 – partial
reflector mirror reflector mirror
Laser Rod

Flash Tube

Capacitor

Resistor

Power Supply
 Energy Level Diagram of Nd– YAG LASER
E3
Non radiative decay

E2
E4
Laser
1.064μm
E1

Non radiative decay

Nd E0
Characteristics:

1. Type: It is a solid state semiconductor laser.

2. Active medium: A PN junction diode made from single crystal of gallium arsenide is used as an active
medium.

3. Pumping method: The direct conversion method is used for pumping action

4. Power output: The power output from this laser is 1mW.

5. Nature of output: The nature of output is continuous wave or pulsed output.

6. Wavelength of Output: gallium arsenide laser gives infrared radiation in the wavelength
9000Angstrom while GaAsP laser radiated at 6500 angstrom in visible red region..
It is specifically fabricated p-n junction diode. This diode emits laser light when it is
forward biased.

When a p-n junction diode is forward biased, the electrons from n – region and the holes from the p-
region cross the junction and recombine with each other.

During the recombination process, the light radiation (photons) is released from a certain specified
direct band gap semiconductors like Ga-As. This light radiation is known as recombination radiation.

The photon emitted during recombination stimulates other electrons and holes to recombine. As a result,
stimulated emission takes place which produces laser.
 p+ Junction n+
Ec

Eg p+ n+
eVo Ec EF n
In v ers io n
reg io n Ec
Ev Eg
EF p Ho les in V B EF n eV
Electro ns Electro ns in C B
Ec
EF p

Ev
(a) (b)

The energy band diagram of a degenerately doped p-n with no bias. (b) Band
diagram with a sufficiently large forward bias to cause population inversion and
hence stimulated emission.
© 1999 S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall)
 Current

Cleaved surface mirror

L Electrode
p+ GaAs
L

n+ GaAs
Electrode

Active region
(stimulated emission region)

A schematic illustration of a GaAs homojunction laser

diode. The cleaved surfaces act as reflecting mirrors.
© 1999 S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall)
 When the PN junction is forward biased with large applied voltage, the electrons and holes are injected into
junction region in considerable concentration

The region around the junction contains a large amount of electrons in the conduction band and a large amount of holes
in the valence band.

If the population density is high, a condition of population inversion is achieved. The electrons and holes recombine
with each other and this recombination’s produce radiation in the form of light.

When the forward – biased voltage is increased, more and more light photons are emitted and the light production
instantly becomes stronger. These photons will trigger a chain of stimulated recombination resulting in the release of
photons in phase.

The photons moving at the plane of the junction travels back and forth by reflection between two sides placed parallel
and opposite to each other and grow in strength.
After gaining enough strength, it gives out the laser beam of wavelength 8400 o A . The wavelength of laser light is
given by
An adequate forward bias is required to develop
injection carriers across a junction to initiate a
population inversion
E
between energies at and
energies at .
C E
V

What is the pumping mechanism used to achieve

this?
Forward current density above a threshold value
The process is called injection pumping.
 Optical P ower Las er
Optical Power

Optical P ower LED

Stimulated
emission 
Optical P ower Las er
Spontaneous
 emission

I
0
Ith


Typical output optical power vs. diode current ( I) characteristics and the corresponding
output spectrum of a laser diode.
© 1999 S.O. Kas ap, Optoelectronics(Prentice Hall)
In addition to population inversion laser oscillation
must be sustained.
 An optical cavity is implemented to elevate the
intensity of stimulated emission. (optical resonator)
 Provides an output of continuous coherent
radiation.
 A homojunction laser diode is one where the pn
junction uses the same direct bandgap
semiconductor material throughout the
component.
A hologram is a real world recording of an interference pattern which
uses diffraction to reproduce a 3D light field, resulting in an image
which still has the depth, parallax, and other properties of the original
scene
A transmission hologram is one where the object and
reference beams are incident on the recording medium
from the same side.
Normally, transmission holograms can only be
reconstructed using a laser or a quasi-monochromatic
source, but a particular type of transmission hologram,
known as a rainbow hologram, can be viewed with white
light.

rainbow holography recording process usually begins with a

standard transmission hologram and copies it using a horizontal
slit to eliminate vertical parallax in the output image. The viewer
is therefore effectively viewing the holographic image through a
narrow horizontal slit, but the slit has been expanded into a
window by the same dispersion that would otherwise smear the
entire image. Horizontal parallax information is preserved but
movement in the vertical direction results in a color shift rather
than altered vertical perspective.
The technique by which image is
obtained from a hologram is called as
____________
a) Formation
b) Construction
c) Reconstruction
d) Projection
Holography is based on the principle of
_________
a) Interference
b) Dispersion
c) Interferometer
d) Polarization
In reconstruction of images from hologram,
we get
(a) One real and one virtual image
(b) Two real images
(c) Two virtual images
In case of holography

(a) only intensity is recorded

(b) only phase information is recorded
(c) both phase and intensity is recorded
(d) only amplitude is recorded