APPLIED PHYSICS

SEMESTER 1ST (BLUE)

Project Name: WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

Due Date: 10 March 2024

Participants:
1.Athar
2.Sameer
3.Hannan
4.Tahira inam

Department of Software Engineering

University of Sialkot

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

(𝙰 𝙱𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚓𝚎𝚌𝚝 )
 I. Summary
In this project we will be building a water level indicator using Transistors, resistors with
three levels that consist of inside a tank with the help of 3 LED and a buzzer to indicate
that the tank is full.

II. Objectives:
1. To learn the working of a water indicator

2. Measure the water level when the circuits indicate when the tank its half and full.

3. To learn how to build simple circuits.

III. Industry-Based Applications

The water level indicator circuits are used in factories, chemical plants, and
electrical substations and in other liquid storage systems. There are many possible uses
for this simple system, examples include monitoring a sump pit (to control pump
activation), rainfall detection, and leakage detection. Electronic water level circuits have
the capability of alerting if there is a water leak somewhere in the factory. When the
water level is too high or too low or exceeds the higher limit, it can detect the water
level easily by hearing an alarm sound or from different colors of a light bulb. We can
also measure the fuel level in motor vehicles and the liquid level containers which are
huge in the companies.

IV. Project Methodology

The circuit is designed to indicate three levels of water stored in the tank: low but not empty,
Half and full but not overflowing. When there is no water in the tank, all the LEDs are off as an
Indication that the tank is completely empty. When water level increases and touches the sensor, The Red LED
will glow indicating that there is water within the tank. As the water level continues
To rise and reaches half the tank, Yellow LED will glow. When the water in the tank rises to full
An alarm is made by the buzzer as an indication that the tank is full.
 Project Procedures:

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗻𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗱:

𝟭. 𝙱𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍

𝟮. 9𝚟 𝚋𝚊𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚢 𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚑 𝚑𝚘𝚕𝚍𝚎𝚛

𝟯. 𝙱𝚞𝚣𝚣𝚎𝚛

𝟰. 𝙱𝙲 547 𝚃𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 (𝚡3)

𝟱. 𝙻𝙴𝙳 (𝚍𝚒𝚏𝚏𝚎𝚛𝚎𝚗𝚝 𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚘𝚛𝚜) (𝚡3)

𝟲. 𝚁𝚎𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚜 330 𝚘𝚑𝚖 (𝚡3)

𝟳. 𝚜𝚘𝚖𝚎 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗 𝚠𝚒𝚛𝚎𝚜

𝗘𝗫𝗣𝗟𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡:

𝗖𝗶𝗿𝗰𝘂𝗶𝘁 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗜𝗻𝗴:

1. 𝙱𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍: 𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍 𝚒𝚜 𝚞𝚜𝚎𝚍 𝚊𝚜 𝚊 𝚙𝚕𝚊𝚝𝚏𝚘𝚛𝚖 𝚝𝚘 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚘𝚛𝚐𝚊𝚗𝚒𝚣𝚎

𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚟𝚊𝚛𝚒𝚘𝚞𝚜 𝚌𝚘𝚖𝚙𝚘𝚗𝚎𝚗𝚝𝚜 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚒𝚛𝚌𝚞𝚒𝚝.

2. 9𝚅 𝙱𝚊𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚢 𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚑 𝙷𝚘𝚕𝚍𝚎𝚛: 𝚃𝚑𝚎 9𝚅 𝚋𝚊𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚢 𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚑 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚑𝚘𝚕𝚍𝚎𝚛 𝚜𝚞𝚙𝚙𝚕𝚒𝚎𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚎𝚜𝚜𝚊𝚛𝚢 𝚟𝚘𝚕𝚝𝚊𝚐𝚎 𝚏𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚒𝚛𝚌𝚞𝚒𝚝 𝚝𝚘 𝚘𝚙𝚎𝚛𝚊𝚝𝚎. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎
𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚊𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚢 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚗𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚗𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕.

3. 𝙱𝚞𝚣𝚣𝚎𝚛: 𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚞𝚣𝚣𝚎𝚛 𝚒𝚜 𝚊𝚗 𝚊𝚞𝚍𝚒𝚘 𝚘𝚞𝚝𝚙𝚞𝚝 𝚍𝚎𝚟𝚒𝚌𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚍𝚞𝚌𝚎𝚜 𝚊 𝚜𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍 𝚠𝚑𝚎𝚗 𝚊
𝚌𝚞𝚛𝚛𝚎𝚗𝚝 𝚙𝚊𝚜𝚜𝚎𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚛𝚘𝚞𝚐𝚑 𝚒𝚝. 𝙸𝚝 𝚒𝚜 𝚞𝚜𝚎𝚍 𝚝𝚘 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚟𝚒𝚍𝚎 𝚊𝚗 𝚊𝚞𝚍𝚒𝚋𝚕𝚎 𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗 𝚘𝚏
𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚕𝚎𝚟𝚎𝚕.
 4. 𝙱𝙲547 𝚃𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚜: 𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝙱𝙲547 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚜 𝚊𝚛𝚎 𝚞𝚜𝚎𝚍 𝚊𝚜 𝚜𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜 𝚒𝚗 𝚝𝚑𝚒𝚜
𝚌𝚒𝚛𝚌𝚞𝚒𝚝. 𝚃𝚑𝚎𝚢 𝚊𝚛𝚎 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚎𝚍 𝚒𝚗 𝚊 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚏𝚒𝚐𝚞𝚛𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗 𝚌𝚊𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚍 𝚊 “𝚌𝚘𝚖𝚖𝚘𝚗-𝚎𝚖𝚒𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛”
𝚊𝚖𝚙𝚕𝚒𝚏𝚒𝚎𝚛. 𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚜 𝚊𝚖𝚙𝚕𝚒𝚏𝚢 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚜𝚖𝚊𝚕𝚕 𝚌𝚞𝚛𝚛𝚎𝚗𝚝 𝚏𝚛𝚘𝚖 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛
𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚜𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚍𝚛𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚞𝚣𝚣𝚎𝚛.

5. 𝚆𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚂𝚎𝚗𝚜𝚘𝚛: 𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚜𝚘𝚛 𝚒𝚜 𝚊 𝚙𝚊𝚒𝚛 𝚘𝚏 𝚖𝚎𝚝𝚊𝚕 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚋𝚎𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚊𝚛𝚎 𝚙𝚕𝚊𝚌𝚎𝚍
𝚊𝚝 𝚍𝚒𝚏𝚏𝚎𝚛𝚎𝚗𝚝 𝚕𝚎𝚟𝚎𝚕𝚜 𝚒𝚗 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚊𝚗𝚔 𝚘𝚛 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚝𝚊𝚒𝚗𝚎𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚖𝚎𝚊𝚜𝚞𝚛𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚕𝚎𝚟𝚎𝚕.
𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚜𝚘𝚛 𝚌𝚊𝚗 𝚍𝚎𝚝𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚛𝚎𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚌𝚎 𝚘𝚛 𝚊𝚋𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚌𝚎 𝚘𝚏 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚟𝚒𝚍𝚎 𝚊
𝚜𝚖𝚊𝚕𝚕 𝚌𝚞𝚛𝚛𝚎𝚗𝚝 𝚏𝚕𝚘𝚠 𝚋𝚊𝚜𝚎𝚍 𝚘𝚗 𝚒𝚝𝚜 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚍𝚞𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚒𝚝𝚢.

𝗖𝗶𝗿𝗰𝘂𝗶𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻:

1. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 9𝚅 𝚋𝚊𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚢 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏

𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚗𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚗𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕.

2. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚎𝚖𝚒𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛 (𝙴) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚏𝚒𝚛𝚜𝚝 𝙱𝙲547 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚗𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍.

3. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚊𝚜𝚎 (𝙱) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚏𝚒𝚛𝚜𝚝 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎
𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍 𝚝𝚑𝚛𝚘𝚞𝚐𝚑 𝚊 330-𝚘𝚑𝚖 𝚛𝚎𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛. 𝙰𝚕𝚜𝚘, 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚘𝚛 (𝙲) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍.

4. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚘𝚗𝚎 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚋𝚎 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚜𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚊𝚜𝚎 (𝙱) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚏𝚒𝚛𝚜𝚝 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚘𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚋𝚎 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍.

5. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚎𝚖𝚒𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛 (𝙴) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚜𝚎𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚍 𝙱𝙲547 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚗𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍.
6. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚊𝚜𝚎 (𝙱) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚜𝚎𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚍 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎
𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍 𝚝𝚑𝚛𝚘𝚞𝚐𝚑 𝚊 330-𝚘𝚑𝚖 𝚛𝚎𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛. 𝙰𝚕𝚜𝚘, 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚘𝚛 (𝙲) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍.

7. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚘𝚗𝚎 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚋𝚎 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚜𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚊𝚜𝚎 (𝙱) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚜𝚎𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚍 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚘𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚋𝚎 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍.

8. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚞𝚣𝚣𝚎𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚘𝚛 (𝙲) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕
𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚜𝚎𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚍 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚗𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚞𝚣𝚣𝚎𝚛 𝚝𝚘
𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚗𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍.

9. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚎𝚖𝚒𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛 (𝙴) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚒𝚛𝚍 𝙱𝙲547 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚗𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍.

10. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚊𝚜𝚎 (𝙱) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚒𝚛𝚍 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍 𝚝𝚑𝚛𝚘𝚞𝚐𝚑 𝚊 330-𝚘𝚑𝚖 𝚛𝚎𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛. 𝙰𝚕𝚜𝚘, 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝
𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚘𝚛 (𝙲) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍.

11. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚘𝚗𝚎 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚋𝚎 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚜𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚊𝚜𝚎 (𝙱) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏
𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚒𝚛𝚍 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚘𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚋𝚎 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚘𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍.

12. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚊𝚗 𝙻𝙴𝙳 (𝚘𝚏 𝚊𝚗𝚢 𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚘𝚛) 𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚑 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚊𝚗𝚘𝚍𝚎 (𝚕𝚘𝚗𝚐𝚎𝚛 𝚕𝚎𝚊𝚍) 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚘𝚛 (𝙲) 𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚒𝚛𝚍 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛. 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚊𝚝𝚑𝚘𝚍𝚎
(𝚜𝚑𝚘𝚛𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚕𝚎𝚊𝚍) 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝙻𝙴𝙳 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚗𝚎𝚐𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚛𝚊𝚒𝚕 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚍𝚋𝚘𝚊𝚛𝚍 𝚝𝚑𝚛𝚘𝚞𝚐𝚑 𝚊
330-𝚘𝚑𝚖 𝚛𝚎𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛.
 13. 𝙼𝚊𝚔𝚎 𝚜𝚞𝚛𝚎 𝚊𝚕𝚕 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚗𝚎𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 𝚊𝚛𝚎 𝚜𝚎𝚌𝚞𝚛𝚎 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛𝚎 𝚊𝚛𝚎 𝚗𝚘 𝚜𝚑𝚘𝚛𝚝
𝚌𝚒𝚛𝚌𝚞𝚒𝚝𝚜.

𝙽𝚘𝚠, 𝚠𝚑𝚎𝚗 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚕𝚎𝚟𝚎𝚕 𝚛𝚒𝚜𝚎𝚜 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚌𝚘𝚖𝚎𝚜 𝚒𝚗𝚝𝚘 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚝𝚊𝚌𝚝 𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚑 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚋𝚎𝚜 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎
𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚜𝚘𝚛, 𝚒𝚝 𝚌𝚘𝚖𝚙𝚕𝚎𝚝𝚎𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚒𝚛𝚌𝚞𝚒𝚝 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚊𝚕𝚕𝚘𝚠𝚜 𝚊 𝚜𝚖𝚊𝚕𝚕 𝚌𝚞𝚛𝚛𝚎𝚗𝚝 𝚝𝚘 𝚏𝚕𝚘𝚠. 𝚃𝚑𝚒𝚜
𝚜𝚖𝚊𝚕𝚕 𝚌𝚞𝚛𝚛𝚎𝚗𝚝 𝚝𝚛𝚒𝚐𝚐𝚎𝚛𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚜, 𝚠𝚑𝚒𝚌𝚑 𝚊𝚖𝚙𝚕𝚒𝚏𝚢 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚞𝚛𝚛𝚎𝚗𝚝 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚊𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚟𝚊𝚝𝚎
𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚞𝚣𝚣𝚎𝚛. 𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚞𝚣𝚣𝚎𝚛 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚍𝚞𝚌𝚎𝚜 𝚊 𝚜𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍 𝚝𝚘 𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚊𝚝𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚙𝚛𝚎𝚜𝚎𝚗𝚌𝚎 𝚘𝚏 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚊𝚝
𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚙𝚊𝚛𝚝𝚒𝚌𝚞𝚕𝚊𝚛 𝚕𝚎𝚟𝚎𝚕.

𝙰𝚍𝚍𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚊𝚕𝚕𝚢, 𝚠𝚑𝚎𝚗 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚕𝚎𝚟𝚎𝚕 𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚜 𝚊 𝚌𝚎𝚛𝚝𝚊𝚒𝚗 𝚝𝚑𝚛𝚎𝚜𝚑𝚘𝚕𝚍, 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚞𝚛𝚛𝚎𝚗𝚝
𝚏𝚕𝚘𝚠 𝚝𝚑𝚛𝚘𝚞𝚐𝚑 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚒𝚛𝚍 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚜𝚝𝚘𝚛 𝚝𝚛𝚒𝚐𝚐𝚎𝚛𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝙻𝙴𝙳 𝚝𝚘 𝚕𝚒𝚐𝚑𝚝 𝚞𝚙, 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚟𝚒𝚍𝚒𝚗𝚐 𝚊
𝚟𝚒𝚜𝚞𝚊𝚕 𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚕𝚎𝚟𝚎𝚕.