Module 2: Integration Techniques

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. Use integration techniques on single and multi-variable functions, and
2. Develop mathematical skills and values to be able to deal with their everyday challenges and
needs.

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
The method of integration by parts is purposely useful whenever there exists a product of two
different functions in the integrand. These may be a product of algebraic and exponential functions,
algebraic and trigonometric functions, exponential and trigonometric functions and any other
combination of functions. This method depends on a solitary formula and its derivation is presented
below.
Formula: ∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖
Steps to follow:
1. Divide the integrand into parts, 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 (integrable).
2. Determine the differential of 𝑢 (𝑑𝑢) and the integral of 𝑑𝑣 (𝑣).
3. Apply the formula by substituting 𝑢, 𝑣 and d𝑢.
4. Find the integral of 𝑣 𝑑𝑢. If not integrable, proceed to the second integration by parts
(repeat steps 1 – 4) or transpose the integral of 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 to the left expression if it is similar to
the integral of 𝑢 𝑑𝑣.

Examples: Evaluate the following integrals using the method of integration by parts.
1
1. ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 𝑥)(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Let: 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=𝑥
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
= 𝒙(𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪

2. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 +𝐶
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥
= 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪

3. ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 )(− cos 𝑥) − ∫ 2𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2[𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2(− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶 Let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑪 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = sin 𝑥

𝑥2 𝑥2 1
4. ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 𝑥) ( 2 ) − ∫ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Let: 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 1
= − ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥2
2 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=
𝑥 2
𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 1 𝑥2
= − 2( 2 ) + 𝐶
2
𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑥2
= − +𝐶
2 4
𝑥2
= (2 ln 𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
4
𝒙𝟐
= (𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝟒
Module 2: Integration Techniques

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Products of Sines and Cosines

1
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos (𝐴 + 𝐵)}
2
1
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos (𝐴 + 𝐵)}
2
1
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin (𝐴 − 𝐵)}
2
1
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin (𝐴 − 𝐵)}
2

Examples: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1
1. ∫ cos 6𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 [cos(6𝑥 + 2𝑥) + cos (6𝑥 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(cos 8𝑥 + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= ∫ cos 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1 1
= [ sin 8𝑥 + 4 sin 4𝑥] + 𝐶
2 8
𝟏 𝟑
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟔

1
2. ∫ sin 7𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 [sin(7𝑥 + 4𝑥) + sin (7𝑥 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(sin 11𝑥 + sin 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= ∫ sin 11𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1 1
= [− 11 cos 11𝑥 − 3 cos 3𝑥] + 𝐶
2
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟏𝒙 − 𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪

Powers of Sines and Cosines

Cases / Conditions Forms Formulas

1 − cos 2𝑎𝑥
∫ sin𝑚 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin2 𝑎𝑥 =
2
𝑚=𝑛=2
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + cos 2𝑎𝑥
cos2 𝑎𝑥 =
2
𝑚 is odd sin𝑚−1 𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑎𝑥

𝑛 is odd ∫ sin𝑚 𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin𝑚 𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛−1 𝑎𝑥

𝑚 𝑛
𝑚 and 𝑛 are both even (sin2 𝑎𝑥) 2 (cos2 𝑎𝑥) 2
Module 2: Integration Techniques

Examples: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1−cos 2(3𝑥)
1. ∫ sin2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ∫(1 − cos 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ cos 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1 1
= 𝑥 − 2 ∫ cos 𝑢 (6 𝑑𝑢)
2
1 1 1
= 𝑥 − 2 (6) ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

2. ∫ sin5 𝑥 cos8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin4 𝑥 cos8 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ (sin2 𝑥)2 cos8 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (1 − cos2 𝑥)2 cos8 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (1 − 2 cos2 𝑥 + cos4 𝑥)2 cos8 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ cos8 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ cos10 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos12 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ −𝑢8 𝑑𝑢 − 2 ∫ −u10 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ −u12 𝑑𝑢
𝑢9 𝑢11 𝑢13
= − + 2 11 − 13 + 𝐶
9
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= − 𝟗 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟗 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏𝟑 𝒙 + 𝑪

Powers of Tangents and Secants

Cases / Conditions Forms Formulas

tan2 𝑎𝑥 = sec 2 𝑎𝑥 − 1
∫ tan𝑚 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚=𝑛=2
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑁𝐴

𝑚 and 𝑛 are both odd tan𝑚−1 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑎𝑥

∫ tan𝑚 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 is odd or even and 𝑛 is even tan𝑚 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝑛−2 𝑎𝑥 sec 2 𝑎𝑥

Examples: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1. ∫ tan2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(sec 2 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sec 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1
= 3
∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑

1
2. ∫ sec 2 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
= 𝟒 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝑪

3. ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec 4 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) sec 4 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sec 6 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sec 4 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢6 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ u4 𝑑𝑢
𝑢7 𝑢5
= + 5 +𝐶
7
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟕 𝒙 − 𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟓 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟕
Module 2: Integration Techniques

Powers of Cotangents and Cosecants

Cases / Conditions Forms Formulas

cot 2 𝑎𝑥 = csc 2 𝑎𝑥 − 1
∫ cot 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚=𝑛=2
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑁𝐴

𝑚 and 𝑛 are both odd cot 𝑚−1 𝑎𝑥 csc 𝑛−1 𝑎𝑥 csc 𝑎𝑥 cot 𝑎𝑥
∫ cot 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 csc 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 is odd or even and 𝑛 is even cot 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 csc 𝑛−2 𝑎𝑥 csc 2 𝑎𝑥

Examples: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1 1
1. ∫ cot 2 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(csc 2 3 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ csc 2 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 3(− cot 𝑢) − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝟏
= −𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝑪

1
2. ∫ csc 2 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5
1
= (− cot 5𝑥) + 𝐶
5
𝟏
= − 𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪

3. ∫ cot 3 𝑥 csc 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cot 2 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(csc 2 𝑥 − 1) csc 2 𝑥 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ csc 4 𝑥 (csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ csc 2 𝑥 (csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= − ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ u2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢5 𝑢3
= − + 3 +𝐶
5
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝟓 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙 + 𝑪