Web of Scholars: Multidimensional Research Journal (MRJ)

Volume: 01 Issue: 06 | 2022 ISNN: (2751-7543)

http://innosci.org

Classification of Stylistic Colouring Words in the English Language

Norova Mavluda Fayzulloyevna, Ph.D
Associate professor at the Department of English language at the Bukhara State
Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino Doctor of Philosophy in Philology

Annotation: The article reveals the meaning and stylistic difference of words written with
stylistic signs (marks) in explanatory dictionaries of the English language. In particular, words
with bookish, archaic, historical, slang, vulgar, dialectal, poetic, borrowed and a number of other
stylistic features (labels) were carefully analyzed and studied.
Keywords: explanatory dictionary, stylistic feature, connotation, colloquial style,
archaisms, historical words, dialectics, slang, vulgar, poetic, borrowed words.

The entire vocabulary of the English language can be represented as a synthesis of its three main
components: literary style, neutral words and colloquial vocabulary.
The category of bookish (literary) and colloquial vocabulary includes several lexical groups
characterized by certain stylistic qualifications.
The general property, according to which all components of the vocabulary are combined within a
given category, is called ―species qualification‖ [1, 72]. Thus, the composition of bookish
vocabulary has a literary specific characteristic. It is due to this feature that the composition of the
vocabulary fund is distinguished by relative constancy. The composition of colloquial vocabulary
is distinguished by a ―alive‖, constantly changing character. The category of neutral vocabulary
has universal properties. This is due to the unlimited use in various areas of vocabulary, as well as
in all spheres of human activity. These features define this category as the most permanent of the
above vocabulary components.
The category of bookish vocabulary consists of lexical components that are traditional
components of the English dictionary and do not have local, dialectal properties.
The lexical group of colloquial style, qualified by most English and American dictionaries, does
not have a strictly limited membership in a particular language group and its territorial
characteristics.
The composition of bookish vocabulary includes the following elements: 1) common (traditional)
literary words; 2) terms; 3) poetic words; 4) archaisms; 5) foreign words and borrowings; 6)
neologisms and occasional words.
Colloquial vocabulary is divided into corresponding classes of words: 1) general colloquial
vocabulary; 2) slang; 3) jargon; 4) professional words; 5) dialects; 6) vulgarisms; 7) colloquial
neologisms.
General book vocabulary, neutral words and general colloquial vocabulary are combined into one
concept - the main vocabulary fund. Separate subgroups of words in the book vocabulary belong
to special literary words; also, some words in the colloquial vocabulary are considered as special
(non-literary) words.

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Web of Scholars: Multidimensional Research Journal (MRJ)
Volume: 01 Issue: 06 | 2022 ISNN: (2751-7543)
http://innosci.org

Neutral words are the basic component of the main vocabulary fund of the English language and
are used in bookish and colloquial vocabulary. The stylistic features of neutral words in English
are explained by the very structure of the language system.
Thus, ―most neutral words are monosyllabic constructions, which is explained by the process of
development of the English language (from the former to the modern version), when most parts of
speech have lost their distinctive affixes. This led to the development of conversion - the most
productive way of word formation. Unlike bookish and colloquial vocabulary, which has a certain
stylistic coloring, the category of neutral vocabulary as a whole is devoid of a special stylistic
characteristic‖.
The words of bookish vocabulary are used in written and oral form of speech. However, you can
always pick up a literary version of a colloquial word. The reason for this connection is the
opposition of similar synonymous groups in the literary and colloquial vocabulary, for example:

Colloquial Neutral Literary

kid сhild infant
daddy father parent
chap fellow associate
get out go away retire
go on continue proceed
commence
get going start

Obviously, these synonyms have certain semantic and stylistic distinctive features. Stylistic
features are expressed by the emotional coloring of the word, the scope of its use, as well as the
existing qualitative characteristics. In comparison with the bookish vocabulary, the words of the
colloquial style have a more pronounced emotional coloring. The words of neutral vocabulary are
devoid of any emotional characteristics, just as there are no differences in the sphere of their use.
Bookish and colloquial vocabulary is characterized by the presence of two levels: upper and
lower. The lower level of bookish vocabulary is close to the neutral layer of words and tends to
penetrate into it. The same can be said about the upper level of colloquial vocabulary: it is very
mobile, and can also penetrate the neutral layer.
Thus, the boundaries between the layer of general colloquial vocabulary and the layer of neutral
words, as well as between bookish vocabulary and the main vocabulary are blurred. The process
of interpenetration of stylistic layers of vocabulary becomes obvious, which is reflected in the
variable relations between categories. Thus, the vocabulary of the neutral layer can be considered
as a variant of the normative English vocabulary. The vocabulary of the neutral layer is abstract,
devoid of specific associations and connections.
Colloquial vocabulary penetrates into the normative vocabulary, being considered a part of it, and
borders on special (non-literary) colloquial vocabulary that falls out of the category of normative
vocabulary. Like the words of the general book vocabulary, the words and expressions of the
general colloquial category are also devoid of homogeneity of meanings. Some lexemes of this
category are close to words from the so-called non-normative groups: slang, vulgarisms, being on
the border between the category of general colloquial vocabulary, reduced and profanity
colloquial vocabulary. Separate words, penetrating from the layer of profanity into the group of
normative vocabulary, are neutralized in meanings and belong to the general colloquial
vocabulary, for example: teenager, hippie (hippy); take (in’as I take it’ = as I understand); to go
for (to be attracted by).

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Web of Scholars: Multidimensional Research Journal (MRJ)
Volume: 01 Issue: 06 | 2022 ISNN: (2751-7543)
http://innosci.org

One of the constituent elements of special bookish vocabulary is terminology or word-terms.

The main characteristic of the term is its direct belonging to the system of terms used in a certain
area (science, culture, etc.). Possessing a functional scientific and stylistic characteristic, the terms
not only express a certain attitude to this concept (which is the most common), but can also
convey two meanings - terminological and stylistic, emphasizing the corresponding direction of
the given word. Words like sort, creative, species; the expression to pass an existence in a certain
pseudobiological and medical aspect can reflect both the stylistic features of the corresponding
concepts, and a combination of stylistic and terminological meanings.
In the process of language development, with the advent and ubiquity of information technologies,
some terms, having lost their main characteristics, became part of the general book and neutral
vocabulary, for example, the concepts of ―portfolio, diving, to credit‖ [4] and others no longer
have special terminological features. Other components of this group of vocabulary are poetic
words and words with high marks. Mainly, these are obsolete words or archaisms and highly
artistic vocabulary, giving the speech a touch of sublimity.
Separating from the category of general bookish vocabulary, poetic words form an insignificant
layer of vocabulary, thus being a kind of poetic terms. The tradition of using archaic poetic words
and forms became most widespread in the era of classicism and romanticism. The works of
Shakespeare, Byron are vivid examples of poetic traditions in which many of these forms are
presented, for example: ―steed or charger instead of horse; welkin - sky; vale - valley; to proceed
- to go; to clipian - to call, to name; to quoth - to speak‖ [3].
The vocabulary of any language is subject to constant changes under the influence of the time
factor. Separate words, changing their meanings, fall out of the general vocabulary fund; others
replace its former variants. This process is reflected in the following constituent element of the
special bookish vocabulary: archaisms, obsolete words that are out of use.
This layer of vocabulary intersects with the layer of poetic words; and together they go beyond the
category of special bookish vocabulary. This indicates that ―some words, being archaisms, are not
part of the modern English vocabulary, for example: broth = bruth; losel = a lazy fellow; to
emplume = to adorn with feathers.
There is also no clear boundary between the groups of obsolete words that are out of use; in fact,
they penetrate each other. Their main difference is explained by the stylistic expression of the
word.
The stylistic functions of archaic words are based on the temporal perception of the events
described. Used in any terminological aspect, this category of words expresses a distant
connection with these phenomena, thereby returning the reader to past eras.
Another component in the category of special book vocabulary is borrowings and foreign words.
Loanwords are a category of words that are of foreign origin and borrowed from other languages.
Throughout the history of the development of the English language, borrowings have formed a
significant group of words in the literary version of the English language. Most borrowings,
having firmly entered the main vocabulary, are no longer considered as foreign words, for
example: hors d’oeuvres (noun), to outmaneuver (verb).
The main difference between borrowings and foreign words is that the latter, while retaining their
"corresponding" features, are not included in the vocabulary of the English language. Their use is
explained by the stylistic expression of speech, for example: au revoir — not good-bye; at
infinitum — not to infinity. Foreign words, like archaisms, go beyond the limits of special bookish
vocabulary.

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Web of Scholars: Multidimensional Research Journal (MRJ)
Volume: 01 Issue: 06 | 2022 ISNN: (2751-7543)
http://innosci.org

The term ―stylistic labels are given in English explanatory dictionaries. Behind the word labels,
there is such content that characterizes the external side of the word, its essence. The following
types of labels are presented in dictionaries, which reflect the stylistic differentiation of
vocabulary:
1. marks denoting regions, the so-called dialectal labels;
2. marks explaining the origin (etymology) of words;
3. marks indicating a certain area of use of words;
4. marks characterizing situations or certain types of use of words;
5. marks indicating the chronological stratification of vocabulary;
6. marks conveying emotionally expressive coloring;
7. Marks indicating other restrictions in use‖ [2, 15].
Stylistic marks in the explanatory dictionaries of the English language are distributed between the
literary and colloquial norms. Actually, the stylistic attribution of the word - lexeme is built taking
into account the historical factor, i.e. stylistically marked are archaisms, territorial-dialect
occurrences, and speech related to the native speaker – occasionalisms [6, 84].
Colloquial lexemes determined by usage are stylistically characterized in more detail. However,
unlike the Uzbek language, the corpus of stylistic labels differs in content and practically excludes
the emotional and expressive component, which is represented by the mark Connotative labels [5,
442].
Stylistics in English does not distinguish between the linguistic and speech aspects, but relies on
the differences between the norm and the usage, while the norm is represented by the literary
language, and the usage is colloquial practice. Therefore, dictionary stylistic marks do not form
some meaningful integral complex, but appear as symmetrical reflections of the norm and usage,
with the priority of the norm. This approach, of course, results in the study of stylistic synonymy,
isosemic means of language and speech.
Thus, it is of great theoretical and practical importance to know the types and meaning of words
with stylistic signs (labels) in dictionaries, their stylistic differences and their use in speech.
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