Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach

8th Edition
Yunus A. Çengel, Michael A. Boles
McGraw-Hill, 2015

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND
BASIC CONCEPTS
 Objectives
• Identify the unique vocabulary associated with
thermodynamics through the precise definition of
basic concepts to form a sound foundation for the
development of the principles of thermodynamics.
• Review the metric SI and the English unit systems.
• Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such
as system, state, state postulate, equilibrium,
process, and cycle.
• Review concepts of temperature, temperature scales,
pressure, and absolute and gage pressure.
• Introduce an intuitive systematic problem-solving
technique.
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 THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY
• Thermodynamics: The science of
energy.
• Energy: The ability to cause changes.
• The name thermodynamics stems from
the Greek words therme (heat) and
dynamis (power).
• Conservation of energy principle:
During an interaction, energy can change
from one form to another but the total
amount of energy remains constant.
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
• The first law of thermodynamics: An
expression of the conservation of energy
principle.
• The first law asserts that energy is a
thermodynamic property.
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• The second law of thermodynamics:
It asserts that energy has quality as
well as quantity, and actual processes
occur in the direction of decreasing
quality of energy.
• Classical thermodynamics: A
macroscopic approach to the study of
thermodynamics that does not require
a knowledge of the behavior of
individual particles.
• It provides a direct and easy way to the
solution of engineering problems and it
is used in this text.
• Statistical thermodynamics: A
microscopic approach, based on the
average behavior of large groups of
individual particles.
• It is used in this text only in the
supporting role.
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 Application Areas of Thermodynamics

All activities in nature involve some interaction between

energy and matter; thus, it is hard to imagine an area
that does not relate to thermodynamics in some manner. 5
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 IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called
units.
• Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L, time t,
and temperature T are selected as primary or fundamental
dimensions, while others such as velocity V, energy E, and
volume V are expressed in terms of the primary dimensions
and are called secondary dimensions, or derived
dimensions.
• Metric SI system: A simple and logical system based on a
decimal relationship between the various units.
• English system: It has no apparent systematic numerical
base, and various units in this system are related to each
other rather arbitrarily.

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Some SI and
English Units

Work = Force  Distance

1 J = 1 N∙m
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ
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W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration

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Specific weight : The weight of
a unit volume of a substance.

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Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.

Unity Conversion Ratios

All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as

Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are unitless,

and thus such ratios (or their inverses) can be inserted conveniently
into any calculation to properly convert units. 12
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 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system
from its surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed or open.
• Closed system (Control mass): A fixed amount of mass, and no
mass can cross its boundary

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• Open system (control volume): A properly selected
region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow
such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a
control volume.
• Control surface: The boundaries of a control
volume. It can be real or imaginary.

A control volume can involve

fixed, moving, real, and imaginary
boundaries.

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 PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM

• Property: Any characteristic of a

system.
• Some familiar properties are
pressure P, temperature T, volume
V, and mass m.
• Properties are considered to be
either intensive or extensive.
• Intensive properties: Those that
are independent of the mass of a
system, such as temperature,
pressure, and density.
• Extensive properties: Those
whose values depend on the size—
or extent—of the system.
• Specific properties: Extensive
properties per unit mass.
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 Continuum
• Matter is made up of atoms that are
widely spaced in the gas phase. Yet it is
very convenient to disregard the atomic
nature of a substance and view it as a
continuous, homogeneous matter with
no holes, that is, a continuum.
• The continuum idealization allows us to
treat properties as point functions and
to assume the properties vary
continually in space with no jump
discontinuities.
• This idealization is valid as long as the
size of the system we deal with is large
relative to the space between the
molecules.
• This is the case in practically all
problems.
• In this text we will limit our
consideration to substances that can be
modeled as a continuum. 19
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Density Specific gravity: The ratio
of the density of a
substance to the density of
some standard substance at
Specific volume a specified temperature
(usually water at 4°C).

Specific weight: The

weight of a unit volume
of a substance.

Density is
mass per unit
volume;
specific volume
is volume per
unit mass.
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 STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
• Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium
states.
• Equilibrium: A state of balance.
• In an equilibrium state there are no
unbalanced potentials (or driving forces)
within the system.
• Thermal equilibrium: If the temperature
is the same throughout the entire system.
• Mechanical equilibrium: If there is no
change in pressure at any point of the
system with time.
• Phase equilibrium: If a system involves
two phases and when the mass of each
phase reaches an equilibrium level and
stays there.
• Chemical equilibrium: If the chemical
composition of a system does not change
with time, that is, no chemical reactions
occur. 21
 The State Postulate
• The number of properties
required to fix the state of a
system is given by the state
postulate:
 The state of a simple
compressible system is
completely specified by
two independent,
intensive properties.
• Simple compressible
system: If a system involves
no electrical, magnetic,
gravitational, motion, and
surface tension effects.
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PROCESSES AND CYCLES
Process: Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to
another.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a process.
To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final states, as
well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings.
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process: When a process proceeds in such a
manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at
all times.

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• Process diagrams plotted by
employing thermodynamic properties
as coordinates are very useful in
visualizing the processes.
• Some common properties that are
used as coordinates are temperature
T, pressure P, and volume V (or
specific volume v).
• The prefix iso- is often used to
designate a process for which a
particularproperty remains constant.
• Isothermal process: A process
during which the temperature T
remains constant.
• Isobaric process: A process during
which the pressure P remains
constant.
• Isochoric (or isometric) process: A
process during which the specific
volume v remains constant.
• Cycle: A process during which the
initial and final states are identical.
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 The Steady-Flow Process
• The term steady implies no change
with time. The opposite of steady is
unsteady, or transient.
• A large number of engineering
devices operate for long periods of
time under the same conditions, and
they are classified as steady-flow
devices.
• Steady-flow process: A process
during which a fluid flows through a
control volume steadily.
• Steady-flow conditions can be
closely approximated by devices that
are intended for continuous
operation such as turbines, pumps,
boilers, condensers, and heat
exchangers or power plants or
refrigeration systems.
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