Enhanced Math

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 Common Monomial
Factor (CMF)
CMF (Common Monomial Factor) is a number, a variable, or a
combination of a number and a variable which can be found in
each term of a given polynomial.

Laws of Exponents Used:

1. Product Rule - Add the exponents when multiplying the same
base.
2. Quotient Rule - Subtract the exponents when multiplying the
same base.

Example:
What is the CMF of 4x² + 12x³?

To find the common factor (CMF) of the expression 4x² + 12x³, we

can factor out the greatest common factor from both terms.

1. The greatest common factor of 4 and 12 is 4.

2. Identify the variable part: The lowest power of x in the terms
is x².
Thus, the common factor is 4x².
Now we can factor the expression: 4x² (1 + 3x)

(1 + 3x) is called the “Remaining Factor”.

 Difference of Two
Squares (DOTS)
DOTS (Difference of Two Squares) is a mathematical concept that
states that the difference between two squared terms can be
factored and multiplied into the product of a binomial and its
opposite pair.

Ex. x² - y² = (x + y)(x - y)

A polynomial is considered DOTS if it satisfies these two

conditions:
1. Each term is a perfect square
2. There is a minus sign between the two terms/ the second
term is negative.

9x² - 64 is DOTS because both terms are perfect squares and

the second term is negative.
8x² - 1 is NOT DOTS because neither of the terms are perfect
sqaures.
x² + 4 is NOT DOTS because the second term is positive.

You may use Foil Method to check.

 Sum of Two Cubes
(SOTC)
SOTC (Sum of Two Cubes) is a binomial where both terms are
cubes, with a positive sign in the middle.

Steps:
1. Find the cube root of both terms. That will be your binomial.
2. Square the first and last terms of your binomial. They will be
the first and last two terms of your trinomial.
3. Combine both terms of your binomial. That will be the
second term of your trinomial, and it should be negative.
Formula:
(a+b)(a²-ab+b²)

Example:
a³+125
Find cube root of both terms, which are a and 5 respectively.
=(a+5)(?-?+?)
Square the first and last terms of your binomial, which makes
a² and 25 respectively.
=(a+5)(a²-?+25)
Combine the first and last terms of the binomial, and make it
negative, resulting in -5a.
Answer: (a+5)(a²-5a+25)
 Difference of Two
Cubes (DOTC)
DOTC (Difference of Two Cubes) is a binomial where both terms
are cubes, with a negative sign in the middle.

Steps:
1. Find the cube root of both terms. That will be your binomial.
2. Square the first and last terms of your binomial. They will be
the first and last two terms of your trinomial.
3. Combine both terms of your binomial. That will be the
second term of your trinomial, and it should be positive.
Formula:
(a-b)(a²+ab+b²)

Example:
x³-64
1. Find cube root of both terms, which are x and 4 respectively.
=(x-4)(?+?+?)
2. Square the first and last terms of your binomial, which makes
x² and 16 respectively.
=(x-4)(x²+?+16)
3.Combine the first and last terms of the binomial, and make
it negative, resulting in -5a.
Answer: (x-4)(x²+4a+16)
 Perfect Square
Trinomial (PST)
PST (Perfect Square Trinomial) is a quadratic expression that can
be expressed as the square of a binomial. It takes the form:

a² + 2ab + b² = (a+b)²
or
a² - 2ab + b² = (a-b)²
Characteristics:
1. First Term: A perfect square.
2. Last Term: A perfect square.
3. Middle Term: Twice the product of the square roots of the
first and last terms.
Example:
1. x² + 6x + 9 can be factored as (x+3)²
2. x² - 4x + 4 can be factored as (x-2)²

A Trinomial can be considered PST if:

the first and last terms are perfect sqaures and both are
positive.
the middle term is twice the product of the square roots of
the first and last terms.
x² - 12x + 36 is a PST because the first and second terms are
perfect squares and the product of both squares doubled is 12x.
x² - 24x - 14 is NOT PST because the second term is not a perfect
square and the first and second term do not form the middle
term.
 General Trinomials
(x²+Bx+C)
General Trinomials in the form x²+Bx+C is a trinomial that only
has 2 unknown terms. (x² is constant here) It falls under 4
situations:

Situations:
1. x²+Bx+C 2. x²-Bx+C 3. x²+Bx-C 4. x²-Bx-C

Steps: Factoring x²+2x-15

1. Put x as the first term for both binomials. ->(x±?)(x±?)
2. Get the second term by getting the factors for C.
If the third term is negative, then the factors are positive and
negative. ->(x+5)(x-3)
->For situations #2 and #4, the greater value will be negative.
->For situations #1 and #3, the greater value will be positive.
3. Add/Subtract the two factors (depending on the signs) and
get the value of the bigger value.
->5x+(-3x)=2x 5 has a greater value, thus it will be positive.
4. Check using FOIL method.
F=x² O=-3x I=5x L=-15 ->x²-3x+5x-15
=x²+2x-15

Answer: (x+5)(x-3)
 General Trinomials
(Ax²+Bx+C)
General Trinomials in the form Ax²+Bx+C is a trinomial that has 3
unknown terms. It falls under 4 situations:

Situations:
1. Ax²+Bx+C 2. Ax²-Bx+C 3. Ax²+Bx-C 4. Ax²-Bx-C

Steps: Factoring 4x²-33x+8

Using AC Method:
1. Find or A, B, and C. ->A=4, B=-33, C=8
2. Multiply A and C, put them at the top, and B at the bottom.

32

-33
32
3. Find 2 terms that added up, equals B.
-32 -1
-33
4. Divide both terms in the sides by A.
32
(x-8)(4x-1)<------- -32/4=-8 -1/4
-33
5. Check using FOIL method.
F=4x² O=-x I=-32x L=8 -> 4x²-x-32x+8
=4x²-33x+8

Answer: (x-8)(4x-1)
 Algebra Tiles
Algebra tiles are manipulative tools used to help visualize and
understand algebraic concepts. They are physical or virtual tiles
that represent different mathematical values, making it easier to
perform operations like addition, subtraction, and factoring.
The Big Square represents value of
x²
x² x 1 The Rectangle represents value of x
The Small Square represents value
of 1.
-1 If a value is negative, a
seperate color is used.
Example:
Given is 3x² + 5x + 2
x x x 1 1

x x² x² x² x x

1
1 1
x

Binomials: (3x + 2)(x + 1)

You may check using FOIL Method.
 Factoring By
Grouping
Factoring by Grouping is a factoring technique used ONLY when a
polynomial has 4 terms. By grouping the polynomial into two
binomials, we can simplify the factoring process.

Example: a²b-ab+4ay-4y
Steps:
1. Group the polynomial into two groups, both binomials
->(a²b-ab)+(4ay-4y)
2. If CMF can be applied to any of the two binomials, apply it.
->ab(a-1)+4y(a-1)
3. Combine the monomial factors (the CMF of both binomials),
then use the other binomial as the other factor.
->(ab+4y)(a-1)
4. Use FOIL method for checking.
F=a²b O=-ab I=4ay L=-4y
=a²b-ab+4ay-4y

Answer: (ab+4y)(a-1)
 Special Products
Square of a Trinomial
Cube of a Binomial

The Square of a Trinomial is the result of multiplying a trinomial

by itself. A trinomial generally takes the form a+b+c and its
square is calculated using the formula:

(a+b+c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc

Example: For the Trinomial x + 2 + 3

1. Identify A = x, B = 2, C = 3
2. Use the formula:
(x + 2 + 3)² = x² + 2² + 3² + 2(x)(2) + 2(x)(3) + 2(2)(3)
(x + 2 + 3)² = x² + 2² + 3² + 4x + 6x + 12
(x + 2 + 3)² = x² + 4 + 9 + 10x + 12
(x + 2 + 3)² = x² + 10x + 25

So, (x + 2 + 3)² = x² + 10x + 25

The cube of a binomial is the result of multiplying a binomial by

itself three times. For a binomial in the form (a+b)³, the formula
for its cube is:

(a + b)³ = a³ + a²b + ab² + b³

 Word Problems
Involving Factoring of
Polynomials
Word problems are mathematical questions presented in a
narrative format, often involving real-life situations. They help
develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills by
connecting math to everyday scenarios, such as budgeting,
measurements, distances, and quantities.

Problem #1:
A rectangular garden has a length that is 3 meters longer than its
width. If the area of the garden is 70 square meters, express the
dimensions of the garden as a polynomial equation. Factor the
equation to find the width and length of the garden.

Solution:
L=x+3 Unknown:
W=x L, W
A= 70m²

A=LW Factor x²+3x-70: ->L=7+3=10

x(x+3)=70 (x+10)(x-7) ->W=7
x²+3x=70 x=-10, 7 Checking: A=LW -> 7(10)=70
x²+3x-70=0 ->Use the positive term only.

Answer: L=10m, W=7m

 Word Problems
Involving Factoring of
Polynomials II
The product of two consecutive integers can be expressed as a
polynomial. If the product of two consecutive integers is equal to
72, set up the polynomial equation and factor it to find the two
integers.

Solution:
x(x+1)=72 Unknown: x, x+1

x²+x=72-->x²+x-72-->(x+9)(x-8)
x=-9, 8 (Positive terms only)

x=8
x+1=8+1=9

Checking:
x(x+1)=72
8(9)=72
72=72

Answer: 8, 9