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Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only

Memory (ROM)
Last Updated : 27 Sep, 2024

Memory is a fundamental component of computing systems, essential

for performing various tasks efficiently. It plays a crucial role in how
computers operate, influencing speed, performance, and data
management. In the realm of computer memory, two primary types
stand out: Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read-Only Memory
(ROM). Understanding the difference between RAM and ROM is vital for
appreciating their respective roles in a computer’s operation. While
RAM enables efficient processing and multitasking, ROM provides the
necessary stability and reliability for system functions. Together, these
memory types ensure that computers can operate smoothly and
effectively in a digital landscape.

Types of Memory
Memory is the most essential element of a computing system because
without it computer can’t perform simple tasks. Both types of memory
(RAM and ROM) are important for the computer, but they serve different
purposes. RAM is used to store data that the computer is currently
using, while ROM is used to store data that the computer needs to boot
and operate. RAM is faster than ROM, as the data stored in it can be
accessed and modified in any order, while data stored in ROM can only
be read.

Computer memory is of two basic types:

1. Primary memory (RAM and ROM)

2. Secondary memory (Hard Drive, CD, etc).
 Classification of Primary Memory

RAM and ROM serve different purposes in computer systems. If you’re

preparing for GATE, explore the GATE CS Self-Paced Course for a
detailed study of memory types.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of computer memory that is
used to temporarily store data that the computer is currently using or
processing. RAM is volatile memory, which means that the data stored
in it is lost when the power is turned off. RAM is typically used to store
the operating system, application programs, and data that the computer
is currently using.

It is also called read-write memory or the main memory or the

primary memory .
The programs and data that the CPU requires during the execution of
a program are stored in this memory.
It is a volatile memory as the data is lost when the power is turned
off.
 Random Access Memory

Types of Random Access Memory (RAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

1. Static RAM: SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It is a

type of semiconductor which is widely used in computing devices and
microprocessors.

2. Dynamic RAM: DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory.

It is made of Capacitors and has smaller data life span than Static RAM.

Difference Between DRAM and SRAM

Parameter DRAM SRAM

Construction Constructed of tiny

Constructed of circuits
capacitors that leak
similar to D flip-flops.
electricity.

Data Retention Requires a recharge every Holds its contents as

few milliseconds to maintain long as power is
its data. available.
 Parameter DRAM SRAM

Cost Inexpensive. Expensive.

Speed Slower than SRAM. Faster than DRAM.

Storage Can not store many

Can store many bits per chip.
Capacity bits per chip.

Power
Uses less power. Uses more power.
Consumption

Heat
Generates less heat. Generates more heat.
Generation

Typical Usage Used for main memory. Used for cache.

Advantages of Random Access Memory (RAM)

Speed: RAM is much faster than other types of storage, such as a

hard drive or solid-state drive, which means that the computer can
access the data stored in RAM more quickly.
Flexibility: RAM is volatile memory, which means that the data
stored in it can be easily modified or deleted. This makes it ideal for
storing data that the computer is currently using or processing.
Capacity: The capacity of RAM can be easily upgraded, which allows
the computer to store more data in memory and thus improve
performance.
Power Management: RAM consumes less power compared to hard
drives, and solid-state drives, which makes it an ideal memory for
portable devices.

Disadvantages of Random Access Memory (RAM)

 Volatility: RAM is volatile memory, which means that the data stored
in it is lost when the power is turned off. This can be a problem for
important data that needs to be preserved, such as unsaved work or
files that have not been backed up.
Capacity: The capacity of RAM is limited, and although it can be
upgraded, it may still not be sufficient for certain applications or
tasks that require a lot of memory.
Cost: RAM can be relatively expensive compared to other types of
memory, such as hard drives or solid-state drives, which can make
upgrading the memory of a computer or device more costly.

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Read Only Memory (ROM) is a type of computer memory that is used
to permanently store data that does not need to be modified. ROM is
non-volatile memory, which means that the data stored in it is retained
even when the power is turned off. ROM is typically used to store the
computer’s BIOS (basic input/output system), which contains the
instructions for booting the computer, as well as firmware for other
hardware devices.

Stores crucial information essential to operate the system, like the

program essential to boot the computer.
It is non-volatile.
Always retains its data.
Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no
change.
Used in calculators and peripheral devices.
ROM is further classified into four types- M ROM , PROM , EPROM ,
and EEPROM .
 Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Types of Read-Only Memory (ROM)

1. PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)

2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
4. MROM (Mask Read Only Memory)

1. PROM (Programmable read-only memory): It can be programmed

by the user. Once programmed, the data and instructions in it cannot be
changed.

2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable read-only memory): It can be

reprogrammed. To erase data from it, expose it to ultraviolet light. To
reprogram it, erase all the previous data.

3. EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory):

The data can be erased by applying an electric field, with no need for
ultraviolet light. We can erase only portions of the chip.

4. MROM(Mask ROM): Mask ROM is a kind of read-only memory, that is

masked off at the time of production. Like other types of ROM, mask
ROM cannot enable the user to change the data stored in it. If it can, the
process would be difficult or slow.

Advantages of Read Only Memory (ROM)

 Non-volatility: ROM is non-volatile memory, which means that the
data stored in it is retained even when the power is turned off. This
makes it ideal for storing data that does not need to be modified,
such as the BIOS or firmware for other hardware devices.
Reliability: Because the data stored in ROM is not easily modified, it
is less prone to corruption or errors than other types of memory.
Power Management: ROM consumes less power compared to other
types of memory, which makes it an ideal memory for portable
devices.

Disadvantages of Read Only Memory (ROM)

Limited Flexibility: ROM is read-only memory, which means that the

data stored in it cannot be modified. This can be a problem for
applications or firmware that need to be updated or modified.
Limited Capacity: The capacity of ROM is typically limited, and
upgrading it can be difficult or expensive.
Cost: ROM can be relatively expensive compared to other types of
memory, such as hard drives or solid-state drives, which can make
upgrading the memory of a computer or device more costly.

Difference Between RAM and ROM

Parameter RAM ROM

Storage Type Temporary Storage. Permanent Storage.

Storage
Store data in MBs. Store data in GBs.
Capacity

Data Volatility Volatile. Non-volatile.

Usage Used in normal Used for startup process of

operations. computer.
 Parameter RAM ROM

Data Writing
Writing data is faster. Writing data is slower.
Speed

Conclusion
In the realm of computer memory, RAM (Random Access Memory) and
ROM (Read-Only-Memory) play pivotal roles, each with its unique
purpose. Think of RAM as the bustling workspace of your computer-
where data is temporarily stored and readily accessible for quick tasks
and modifications.
However, this workspace is fleeting; once the power goes out, so does
the information.

By grasping the distinctions between these two memory types, we can

better appreciate their contributions to the seamless operation of
computers, ensuring both efficiency the rapid responsiveness of RAM or
the dependable permanence of ROM, each type of memory is
indispensable in the digital landscape.

Frequently Asked Questions on RAM and ROM –

FAQs

What is the primary function of RAM in a computer ?

RAM (Random Access Memory) is used to temporarily store data

that the computer is currently using or processing. It allows for
quick access and modification of this data, enabling efficient
operation of applications and the operating system.

How does ROM differ from RAM in terms of data retention ?

ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile, meaning it retains its

data even when the power is turned off. In constrast, RAM is
 volatile, and the data stored in it is lost when the power is turned
off.

What are the types of RAM and how do they differ ?

The two types of RAM are Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamice
RAM (DRAM). SRAM is faster and more expensive, using
transistors to store data, while DRAM is less expensive and uses
capacitors, requiring periodic refeshing to maintain its data.

What types of data are typically stored in ROM ?

ROM is used to permanently store critical sytem information, such

as the computer’s BIOS ( Basic Input/Output System) and
firmware for hardware devices. This data is essential for booting
the computer and operating system.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using RAM ?

Advantages of RAM include its speed, flexibility for modifying

data, and the ability to upgrade capacity for improved
performance. However, its disadvantages include volatility (data
loss when powered off), limited capacity, and relatively high cost
compared to other storage types.

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