Marwadi University

Department of Computer Engineering

Subject: Fundamental of
Aim: To perform Logical Operations.
Processors (01CE0509)
Experiment No: 05 Date: Enrollment No: 92310103021

Aim: To perform Logical Operations.

Apparatus : Computer System.

Theory:

Logical instructions in the 8086 microprocessor are instructions that perform logical operations on
data stored in registers or memory locations. These instructions can manipulate bits within a byte,
set or clear individual bits, or perform Boolean operations such as AND, OR, XOR, and NOT.

Some of the commonly used logical instructions in the 8086 microprocessor include:

1. AND – Performs a bitwise logical AND operation between two operands and stores the
result in the destination operand.
2. OR – Performs a bitwise logical OR operation between two operands and stores the result in
the destination operand.
3. XOR – Performs a bitwise logical XOR (exclusive OR) operation between two operands and
stores the result in the destination operand.
4. NOT – Performs a bitwise logical NOT (negation) operation on the operand and stores the
result in the destination operand.
5. TEST – Performs a bitwise logical AND operation between two operands, but does not store
the result. Instead, it sets the condition code flags based on the result of the operation.

Logical instructions are used in many applications, including bit manipulation, data encryption, and
data compression. They are an important part of the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor
and are used extensively in assembly language programming.

Logical instructions are the instructions which perform basic logical operations such as AND, OR,
etc. In 8086 microprocessor, the destination operand need not be the accumulator. Following is the
table showing the list of logical instructions:

OPCODE OPERAND DESTINATION EXAMPLE

AND D, S D = D AND S AND AX, 0010
OR D, S D = D OR S OR AX, BX
NOT D D = NOT of D NOT AL
XOR D, S D = D XOR S XOR AL, BL
TEST D, S performs bit-wise AND operation and affects the flag register TEST [0250],
 Marwadi University
Department of Computer Engineering

Subject: Fundamental of
Aim: To perform Logical Operations.
Processors (01CE0509)
Experiment No: 05 Date: Enrollment No: 92310103021

06
SHR D, C shifts each bit in D to the right C times and 0 is stored at MSB SHR AL, 04
position
SHL D, C shifts each bit in D to the left C times and 0 is stored at LSB SHL AX, BL
position
ROR D, C rotates all bits in D to the right C times ROR BL, CL
ROL R, C rotates all bits in D to the left C times ROL BX, 06
RCR D, C rotates all bits in D to the right along with carry flag C times RCR BL, CL
RCL R, C rotates all bits in D to the left along with carry flag C times RCL BX, 06

Here D stands for destination, S stands for source and C stands for count. They can either be
register, data or memory address.

Why use Logical instructions in 8086 microprocessor ?

Here are some reasons why logical instructions are used in the 8086 microprocessor:

1. Bit manipulation: Logical instructions allow the programmer to manipulate individual bits
within a byte, which is useful in many applications, including device control, signal
processing, and graphics programming.
2. Data encryption: Logical instructions are used in data encryption algorithms to scramble
data by performing bitwise operations on the data.
3. Data compression: Logical instructions are used in data compression algorithms to reduce
the size of the data by removing redundant or irrelevant bits.
4. Boolean operations: Logical instructions are used to perform Boolean operations such as
AND, OR, XOR, and NOT, which are used in many applications, including control systems,
signal processing, and mathematical operations.
5. Condition code flags: Logical instructions can set the condition code flags in the flags
register, which can be used to control program flow or make decisions based on the result of
the logical operation.

Advantages of Logical instructions in 8086 microprocessor :

1. Efficient data manipulation: Logical instructions allow for efficient manipulation of data in
memory or registers, providing a powerful and flexible tool for programmers.
2. Bitwise operations: Logical instructions allow for bitwise operations on individual bits
within a byte, providing a powerful tool for device control, signal processing, and graphics
programming.
 Marwadi University
Department of Computer Engineering

Subject: Fundamental of
Aim: To perform Logical Operations.
Processors (01CE0509)
Experiment No: 05 Date: Enrollment No: 92310103021

3. Boolean operations: Logical instructions can perform Boolean operations such as AND, OR,
XOR, and NOT, providing a powerful tool for control systems, signal processing, and
mathematical operations.
4. Condition code flags: Logical instructions can set the condition code flags in the flags
register, providing a way to control program flow or make decisions based on the result of
the logical operation.
5. Data encryption and compression: Logical instructions can be used in data encryption and
compression algorithms, providing a way to scramble data by performing bitwise operations
on the data or reducing the size of the data by removing redundant or irrelevant bits.
6. Faster execution: Logical instructions execute faster than other instructions that perform
similar operations, providing a way to optimize performance in time-critical applications.

Dis-advantages of Logical instructions in 8086 microprocessor :

1. Limited precision: Logical instructions can only operate on 8-bit or 16-bit data, which can
limit their precision in applications that require higher precision.
2. Limited functionality: Logical instructions can only perform simple bitwise and Boolean
operations, which may not be sufficient for more complex applications.
3. Register limitations: Logical instructions require the use of registers, which can be a limited
resource in the 8086 microprocessor, especially in applications that require many different
operations to be performed simultaneously.
4. Complex programming: Logical instructions can be difficult to program, especially for novice
programmers who may not be familiar with the syntax and semantics of assembly language
programming.
5. Debugging challenges: Logical instructions can introduce subtle errors into programs,
especially if they are used incorrectly or in combination with other instructions.

➢ AND Logic Example :

Suppose two numbers 3527 and 2968.
Binary of 3527:
Binary of 2968:
The AND operation between these two numbers give:
 Marwadi University
Department of Computer Engineering

Subject: Fundamental of
Aim: To perform Logical Operations.
Processors (01CE0509)
Experiment No: 05 Date: Enrollment No: 92310103021

The code is given below. The two numbers are stored in BX and CX. The final result obtained after
AND operation goes to the BX register.

Code:

Output:
 Marwadi University
Department of Computer Engineering

Subject: Fundamental of
Aim: To perform Logical Operations.
Processors (01CE0509)
Experiment No: 05 Date: Enrollment No: 92310103021

➢ 8086 OR Logical Instruction Example :

It performs the OR operation between two operands and stores the result back into the destination
operand. The destination operand can be a register or a memory location whereas the source can
be immediate, register, or a memory location. But Keep in mind, both operands should not be a
memory location. The OR instruction clears the CF and OF flags to 0 and update PF, ZF, and SF flags.
The OR operation gives 1 at output if any one input is 1 and give 0 on output only when both inputs
are 0.
Format : OR Destination, Source

Suppose two numbers 3527 and 2968. The OR operation between these two numbers give:

The hexadecimal value of 4063 is

The code given performs the OR operation between contents of CX register and the data stored at
offset address 102h.

Code:
 Marwadi University
Department of Computer Engineering

Subject: Fundamental of
Aim: To perform Logical Operations.
Processors (01CE0509)
Experiment No: 05 Date: Enrollment No: 92310103021

Output:

➢ XOR Logic Example

Suppose AH is loaded with 68H. The XOR instruction performs the XOR operation between the
contents of AH and the immediate value of 9CH.

Code:
 Marwadi University
Department of Computer Engineering

Subject: Fundamental of
Aim: To perform Logical Operations.
Processors (01CE0509)
Experiment No: 05 Date: Enrollment No: 92310103021

Output:

Conclusion :