Submitted By:

Zia Ur Rehman
Submitted to:
Ma’am Zainab
Registration No:
FA22-EEE-045
Date:
April 23,2024
Lab report #1
Question No. 1
Evaluate the following expressions in MATLAB without using the element by element operator.
(using for Loop). Take absolute value of the resulting signal (abs()), and plot both these signals in
same figure (use subplot()).

a. 𝑥(t) = 2cos(10𝜋𝑡). 𝑠𝑖𝑛(16𝜋 𝑡) ∀ 𝑡 ∈ [0,2]

b. 𝑥(𝑡) = −2𝑒 0.5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋 𝑡) ∀ 𝑡 ∈ [0,2]

c. In the in -Lab section, task 04, we used the function sum() to get the variable “summed_signal”,
replace this function by a for loop for this summation. Write the code in your report that replaces the

𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑑_𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙(1, 𝑘) = ∑ 𝑥(: , 𝑘) Number 𝑘=1

sum function. Mathematical/pseudo representation for this summation is given below.

a. x(t) = 2cos(10πt).sin(16π t)

Matlab
t = 0:0.01:2;
x = 2*cos(10*pi*t).*sin(16*pi*t);
figure;
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,x)
title('x(t) = 2cos(10πt).sin(16π t)')
xlabel('t')
ylabel('x(t)')

subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,abs(x))
title('abs(x(t))')
xlabel('t')
ylabel('abs(x(t))')

b. x(t) = -2e^(0.5t)sin(2πt)

Matlab
t = 0:0.01:2;
x = -2*exp(0.5*t).*sin(2*pi*t);
figure;
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,x)
title('x(t) = -2e^(0.5t)sin(2πt)')
xlabel('t')
ylabel('x(t)')

subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,abs(x))
title('abs(t(x))')
xlabel('t')
 ylabel('abs(x(t))')

c. Summation for loop

Matlab
summed_signal = zeros(1,length(x));
for k = 1:length(x)
summed_signal(k) = x(k);
end

Question No 2
What is the purpose of the following built-in MATLAB functions; give concise answers include
format of the functions, acceptableinputs and an example as well. (Use mathworks website or
MATLAB help) input(), pause(), sum(), num2str(), str2num(), subplot(), disp(), min(), length(), any(),
all(), xor(), find()

Answer
input()

Purpose: To prompt the user for input during execution.

Format: input(prompt)

Acceptable Inputs: A string prompt specifying the input message.

Example:

name = input('Enter your name: ', 's');

disp(['Hello, ' name '!']);

pause()

Purpose: To pause execution for a specified amount of time.

Format: pause(seconds)

Acceptable Inputs: A numeric value specifying the number of seconds to pause execution.

Example:

disp('Starting...');

pause(3);

disp('Execution resumed after 3 seconds.');

sum()

Purpose: To compute the sum of elements in an array.

Format: sum(A)

Acceptable Inputs: Array A containing numeric elements.

Example:
A = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
total = sum(A);
disp(['Sum of elements in A: ' num2str(total)]);
num2str()

Purpose: To convert numeric values to a string.

Format: num2str(number)

Acceptable Inputs: A numeric value or array.

Example:
num = 42;
str = num2str(num);
disp(['The number as a string: ' str]);
str2num()

Purpose: To convert strings representing numeric values to numeric values.

Format: str2num(str)

Acceptable Inputs: A string representing a numeric value or array.

Example:
str = '42';
num = str2num(str);
disp(['The string as a number: ' num2str(num)]);

subplot()
Purpose: To create and manage plots within a grid of subplots.

Format: subplot(m, n, p) or subplot(mnp)

Acceptable Inputs: Integers m, n, and p specifying the number of rows, columns, and position of the
subplot, or a single integer mnp where m specifies the number of rows, n specifies the number of
columns, and p specifies the subplot position.

Example:
x = linspace(0, 2*pi, 100);
y1 = sin(x);
y2 = cos(x);
subplot(2, 1, 1);
plot(x, y1);
title('Sin(x)');
subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(x, y2);
title('Cos(x)');
disp()

Purpose: To display the value of an expression or variable.

Format: disp(expr)

Acceptable Inputs: Any expression or variable.

Example:
name = 'John';
disp(['Hello, ' name '!']);
min()

Purpose: To find the minimum value in an array.

Format: min(A) or min(A, [], dim)

Acceptable Inputs: Array A containing numeric elements.

Example:
A = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9];
minValue = min(A);
disp(['Minimum value in A: ' num2str(minValue)]);
length()

Purpose: To find the number of elements in an array.

Format: length(A)

Acceptable Inputs: Array A.

Example:
A = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
len = length(A);
disp(['Length of A: ' num2str(len)]);
any()

Purpose: To determine if any elements of an array are nonzero.

Format: any(A) or any(A, dim)

Acceptable Inputs: Array A.

Example:
A = [0, 0, 1, 0, 0];
hasNonZero = any(A);
disp(['Does A contain any nonzero element? ' num2str(hasNonZero)]);

all()

Purpose: To determine if all elements of an array are nonzero.

Format: all(A) or all(A, dim)

Acceptable Inputs: Array A.

Example:
A = [1, 1, 1, 1, 1];
allNonZero = all(A);
disp(['Are all elements of A nonzero? ' num2str(allNonZero)]);
xor()

Purpose: To perform logical XOR operation.

Format: xor(A, B)

Acceptable Inputs: Two logical arrays A and B.

Example:
A = [true, false, true];
B = [true, true, false];
result = xor(A, B);
disp(['Result of XOR operation: ' num2str(result)]);
find()

Purpose: To find indices of nonzero elements in an array.

Format: find(A) or find(A, k)

Acceptable Inputs: Array A.

Example
A = [0, 3, 0, 7, 0];
indices = find(A);
disp(['Indices of nonzero elements: ' num2str(indices)]);

Question No 3
Construct a sound signal that consists of a sequence of half second sinusoids with exponentially

494, 494, and 494. Mathematically these tones are represented as, x(t) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋ft) ∀ t ∈ [0, 0.5] Do
decaying envelopes, as in the previous lab, but with a sequence of frequencies: 494, 440, 392, 440,

you recognize the sound? In your lab report, give the MATLAB commands that produce the sound.
a. Do the above by concatenating the vectors (x494, x440 … , x494).
b. Now modify your code such that, the frequencies and the time duration for these tones are entered
by the user. Use a sample rate (Fs) of 8,000 samples/second. The maximum number of input
frequencies should not exceed 8. Using functions, loops and conditional statements is necessary. The
output of this function should be:
i. A plot containing only one cycle of each signal, plotted separately in a figure (using subplot).
Hint: use signal frequency and time vector to compute length such that it plots only one cycle
ii. An audio played after execution of the code.
iii. An audio file saved in the directory (*.wav or *.mp3 file format) Note: Help from sources [1]
and [2] was used besides other online resources for this Lab.
i. close all;clear all;clc
Fs = 8000; % Sample rate
duration = 0.5; % Duration of each tone
t = 0:1/Fs:duration; % Time vector
frequencies = [494, 440, 392, 440, 494, 494, 494]; % Sequence of frequencies
x = []; % Initialize signal
for f = frequencies
tone = sin(2*pi*f*t); % Generate sinusoidal tone
envelope = exp(-(0:1:length(tone)-1)/(Fs*0.1)); % Exponentially decaying envelope
tone = tone .* envelope; % Apply envelope to tone
x = [x, tone]; % Concatenate tones
 end
for i = 1:length(frequencies)
subplot(length(frequencies), 1, i);
plot(t, x((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)));
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['Frequency: ' num2str(frequencies(i)) ' Hz']);
end
% Play audio
sound(x, Fs);
% Save audio file
filename = 'sound_signal.wav';
audiowrite(filename, x, Fs);

ii. frequencies = input('Enter frequencies (e.g., [494, 440, 392]): ');

duration = input('Enter time duration for each tone (in seconds): ');

% Validate input: check if the number of frequencies is less than or equal to 8

if length(frequencies) > 8
error('Number of input frequencies cannot exceed 8.');
end

% Sample rate
Fs = 8000;

% Time vector
t = 0:1/Fs:duration;

% Generate sinusoidal waves with exponentially decaying envelopes

signal = [];
for i = 1:length(frequencies)
x = sin(2*pi*frequencies(i)*t);
 envelope = exp(-5*t); % Exponentially decaying envelope
x = x .* envelope;
signal = [signal, x];
end

% Plotting one cycle of each signal

figure;
for i = 1:length(frequencies)
subplot(length(frequencies), 1, i);
plot(t, signal((i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)));
title(['Frequency: ', num2str(frequencies(i)), ' Hz']);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
end

% Play audio
sound(signal, Fs);

% Save audio file

filename = input('Enter filename to save audio (e.g., "sound.wav"): ', 's');
audiowrite(filename, signal, Fs);

iii. function fibonacci(n)

n=input('total number')
fib(1) = 1;
fib(2) = 1;
for i = 3:n
fib(i) = fib(i-1) + fib(i-2);
end
disp(fib);
end