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Lecture 01 FM1

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shanibhai
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Fluid Mechanics-I

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Prepared by: Engr. Zeeshan Asghar


Introduction

1. Name
2. CGPA
3. Why choose Civil Engineering?
Course Overview

• Course Title: Fluid Mechanics I

• Course Code: CV221

• Credit Hours: 2(2, 0)

• Contact Hours: 9:00-17:00 (Outside lecture hours)

[email protected]
Course Objective
Course Objectives:
The course introduces the elementary principles of Fluid Mechanics.
It gives a balanced overview of theory and problem-solving skills.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):


At the completion of the course, the students will be able to:
1. Explain the concept of fluid properties, Pressure measuring
devices, hydrostatics, and kinematics (C2-PLO1).
2. Solve the problems pertaining to the fundamentals of fluid
mechanics and apply concepts of mass, momentum, and energy
conservation to flows (C3-PLO2).
3. Calculate discharge through weirs, notches, and orifices (C4-
PLO2).
Text/Reference Books

1. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics by Munson, B.R., Young, D.F. and


Okiishi, T.H., John Wiley & Sons.

2. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications by Franzini, J.B.,


Daugherty and Finnemore E.J., McGraw Hill

3. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines by Dr. R.K. Bansal

4. Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White.


Assessment System

• Assignments (3 x No.) 10%

• Quizzes (3 x No.) 20%

• Mid Semester Exam 30%

• Final Semester Exam 40%

• Class Participation (Bonus) 5%


Course Outline
Fluid Mechanics I:
Properties of Fluids: Kinematics of Flow:
•Shear stresses in moving fluids •Concepts of uniform and steady flow
•Specific properties: weight, gravity, volume •Differentiation between real and ideal fluids
•Dynamic and kinematic viscosity •Compressible vs. incompressible flow
•Surface tension and capillarity •One, two, and three-dimensional flow
•Vapor pressure •Concepts of streamline, laminar and turbulent
Pressure and Head: flow
•Pascal's law for pressure at a point •Velocity variation over a section and calculation
•Variation of pressure in static fluids under of mean velocity
gravity •Discharge calculation
•Differentiating between absolute and gauge Fundamental Equations of Fluid Motion:
pressure •Core equations governing fluid motion.
•Pressure measuring instruments Applications of the Energy Equation:
Hydrostatics: •Practical applications like flow through tapering
•Study of fluids at rest. pipes, Venturi meter, notches, orifices, Pitot
tube, and sharp-crested weir.
Class Rules
• If you are not present during the lecture for any reason,
you’ll be marked absent.

• If you’re called by any other instructor/ staff during my


class. Ask him/her to write a statement that you are with
them.

• Strictly adhere the deadlines for Assignments or reports.


Assessment Questions
 What is Mechanics?

 What is Statics?

 What is Dynamics?

 What is Kinemetics?

 What is a Fluid?

 What is Fluid Mechanics?

9
Definition
 Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with
both stationary and moving bodies under the influence of
forces.
 The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is
called statics, while the branch that deals with bodies in
motion is called dynamics.
 The subcategory fluid mechanics is defined as the science
that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics)
or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids
with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
 The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics.

1
0
Definition
 The study of f1uids in motion, where pressure forces are
not considered, is called fluid kinematics and if the
pressure forces are also considered for the fluids in
motion. that branch of science is called fluid dynamics.
 Fluid mechanics itself is also divided into several
categories.
 The study of the motion of fluids that are practically
incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and
gases at low speeds) is usually referred to as
hydrodynamics.
 A subcategory of hydrodynamics is hydraulics, which
deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.

1
1
Definition
 Gas dynamics deals with the flow of fluids that undergo
significant density changes, such as the flow of gases
through nozzles at high speeds.
 The category aerodynamics deals with the flow of gases
(especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and
automobiles at high or low speeds.
 Some other specialized categories such as meteorology,
oceanography, and hydrology deal with naturally
occurring flows.

12
What is a Fluid?
 A substance exists in three primary phases: solid, liquid,
and gas. A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred
to as a fluid.
 Distinction between a solid and a fluid is made on the basis
of the substance’s ability to resist an applied shear (or
tangential) stress that tends to change its shape.
 A solid can resist an applied shear stress by deforming,
whereas a fluid deforms continuously under the influence
of shear stress, no matter how small.
 In solids stress is proportional to strain, but in fluids stress
is proportional to strain rate.

13
What is a Fluid?

 When a constant
shear force is
applied, a solid
eventually stops
deforming, at some
fixed strain angle,
whereas a fluid
never stops Figure.
deforming and Deformation of a rubber eraser
approaches a certain placed between two parallel plates
rate of strain. under the influence of a shear force.

14
What is a Fluid?
 In a liquid, molecules can move
relative to each other, but the volume
remains relatively constant because of
the strong cohesive forces between the
molecules.
 As a result, a liquid takes the shape of
the container it is in, and it forms a
free surface in a larger container in a
gravitational field.
 A gas, on the other hand, expands until
it encounters the walls of the container
and fills the entire available space.
 This is because the gas molecules are
widely spaced, and the cohesive forces
between them are very small.
 Unlike liquids, gases cannot form a
7 free surface
What is a Fluid?

Differences between liquid and gases

Liquid Gases
Difficult to compress and Easily to compress – changes of
often regarded as volume is large, cannot normally
incompressible be neglected and are related to
temperature
Occupies a fixed volume No fixed volume, it changes
and will take the shape of volume to expand to fill the
the container containing vessels
A free surface is formed if Completely fill the vessel so that
the volume of container is no free surface is formed.
greater than the liquid.

8
Application areas of Fluid Mechanics

 Question:

What are some of the application areas of fluid mechanics


in real life?

9
Application areas of Fluid Mechanics
 Turbomachines: pump, turbine, fan, blower, propeller, etc.
 Military: Missile, aircraft, ship, underwater vehicle, dispersion
of chemical agents, etc.
 Automobile: IC engine, air conditioning, fuel flow, external
aerodynamics, etc.
 Medicine: Heart assist device, artificial heart valve, Lab-on-a-
Chip device, glucose monitor, controlled drug delivery, etc.
 Electronics: Convective cooling of generated heat.
 Energy: Combuster, burner, boiler, gas, hydro and wind
turbine, etc.
 Oil and Gas: Pipeline, pump, valve, offshore rig, oil spill
cleanup, etc.
 Almost everything in our world is either in contact with a fluid
11 or is itself a fluid.
Application areas of Fluid Mechanics
Examples are:
 Biomechanics
 Blood flow through arteries and veins
 Airflow in the lungs
 Flow of cerebral fluid
 Households
 Piping systems for cold water, natural gas, and sewage
 Piping and ducting network of heating and air-
conditioning systems
 Refrigerator, vacuum cleaner, dish washer, washing
machine, water meter, natural gas meter, air conditioner,
radiator, etc.
 Meteorology and Ocean Engineering
Movements of air currents and water currents
9
Application areas of Fluid Mechanics
 Mechanical Engineering
 Design of pumps, turbines, air-conditioning equipment,
pollution-control equipment, etc.
 Design and analysis of aircraft, boats, submarines,
rockets, jet engines, wind turbines, biomedical devices,
the cooling of electronic components, and the
transportation of water, crude oil, and natural gas.
 Chemical Engineering
 Design of chemical processing equipment

Civil Engineering??

10
Applications in Civil Engineering
 Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering
 Design of water supply systems
 Sewage and drainage systems
 Irrigation systems
 Flood control
 Environmental Engineering
 Waste water treatment
 Pollution control
 Stormwater management
 Coastal and Ocean Engineering
 Harbor and coast design
 Coastal protection
 Offshore structures

10
 Structural Engineering
 Wind load analysis
 Fluid-Structure interaction
 Transportation Engineering
 Bridge Design
 Tunnel and Culvert Design
 Hydropower Engineering
 Design of dams and reservoirs
 Energy generation
 Geotechnical Engineering
 Ground water flow
 Soil Erosion control
 Urban Planning and Development
 Urban drainage systems
 Sustainable urban drainage systems
10
Classification of Fluid Flows

There are numerous types of fluids that can be classified


based on common characteristics to facilitate better
understanding and analysis.

23
Classification of Fluid Flows
1) Viscous and Inviscid Regions of Flow

 There is no fluid with zero viscosity, and thus all fluid


flows involve viscous effects to some degree.

 Flows in which the frictional effects are significant are


called viscous flows.

 Neglecting the viscous terms in such inviscid flow regions


greatly simplifies the analysis without significant loss in
accuracy.

24
Classification of Fluid Flows
2) Compressible and Incompressible Flow
 A flow is classified as being compressible or
incompressible, depending on the level of variation of
density during flow.

 The densities of liquids are essentially constant, and thus


the flow of liquids is typically incompressible. Therefore,
liquids are usually referred to as incompressible substances.

 Gases, on the other hand, are highly compressible. A


pressure change of just 0.01 atm, for example, causes a
change of 1 percent in the density of atmospheric air.

25
Classification of Fluid Flows
3) Laminar and Turbulent Flow

 The highly ordered fluid motion


characterized by smooth layers of
fluid is called laminar.
 The flow of high-viscosity fluids
such as oils at low velocities is
typically laminar.
 The highly disordered fluid motion
that typically occurs at high
velocities and is characterized by
velocity fluctuations is called
turbulent .

26
Laminar vs Turbulent
Classification of Fluid Flows

Laminar versus Turbulent Flow


 The flow of low-viscosity fluids
such as air at high velocities is
typically turbulent.
 A flow that alternates between
being laminar and turbulent is
called transitional.

28
Classification of Fluid Flows
4) Steady, Unsteady and Uniform Flow

 What is Flow? Q = V/T


 The steady flow is defined as no change at a point with
time.

 The unsteady flow is defined as change at a point with


time.

 The uniform flow is defined as no change with location


over a specified region.

29
Properties of Fluids
 Any characteristic of a system is called a property.
 Some familiar properties fluid are pressure P
temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
 Other less familiar properties include viscosity, thermal
conductivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal expansion
coefficient, electric resistivity, and even velocity and
elevation.
 Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.
 Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass
of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
 Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the
size—or extent—of the system. Total mass, total volume V, and
total momentum are some examples of extensive properties.
30
Properties of Fluids
Density or Mass Density
 Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of
the mass of a fluid to its volume.
 Thus mass per unit volume of a fluid is called density.
 It is denoted the symbol ρ (rho).
 The unit of mass density in SI unit is kgs per cubic meter,
i.e ., kg/m3.
 Mathematically mass density is written as.

Mass of fluid
ρ=
Volume of fluid
 The value of density of water is 1 gm/cm3 or 1000 kg/m3.
31
Properties of Fluids
Specific weight or Weight Density
 Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ratio
between the weight of a fluid to its volume.
 Thus weight per unit volume of a fluid is called weight
density and it is denoted by the symbol w.
 Mathematically,
Weight of fluid (Mass of fluid) x Acceleration due to gravity
w= =
Volume of fluid Volume of fluid
Mass of fluid x g
=
Volume of fluid
=ρx g
w = ρg

32
Properties of Fluids
Specific Volume
 Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a
fluid occupied by a unit mass or volume per unit mass of a
fluid is called specific volume.
 Mathematically, it is expressed as
Volume offluid 1 1
Specific volume = = =
Mass of fluid Mass of fluid ρ
Volume
 Thus specific volume is the reciprocal of mass density. It is
expressed as m3/kg.
 It is commonly applied to gases.

33
Properties of Fluids
Specific Gravity.
 Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density (or
density) of a fluid to the weight density (or density) of a standard
fluid.
 For liquids, the standard fluid is taken water and for gases, the
standard fluid is taken air. Specific gravity is also called relative
density. It is dimensionless quantity and is denoted by the symbol S.
Weight density (density) of liquid
S(for liquids) =
Weight density (density) of water
Weight density (density) of gas
S(for gases) =
Weight density (density) of air
Thus weight density of a liquid = S x Weight densityof water
= S x 1000x 9.81N/m3
Thus density of a liquid = S x Densityof water
32 = S x 1000kg/m3
Properties of Fluids
Specific Gravity.
 If the specific gravity of a
fluid is known, then the
density of the fluid will be
equal to specific gravity of
fluid multiplied by the
density of water.
 For example the specific
gravity of mercury is 13.6,
hence density of mercury
= 13.6 x 1000 = 13600
kg/m3.

35
Properties of Fluids

Example 1.
Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity of one
liter of a liquid which weighs 7 N.

36
Example 2. Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of
one liter of petrol of specific gravity = 0.7

37
Example 2. Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of
one liter of petrol of specific gravity = 0.7

38
Properties of Fluids
Viscosity
 Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers
resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over another
adjacent layer of the fluid.
 When two layers of a fluid, a distance 'dy' apart move one over
the other at different velocities say u and u+ du as shown in Fig.
1.1 , the viscosity together with relative velocity causes a shear
stress acting between the fluid layers:

39
Properties of Fluids
Viscosity
 The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower
layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress on the
adjacent top layer.
 This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of
velocity with respect to y. It is denoted by symbol τ called
Tau.
 Mathematically,

 or

τ = µ du (1.2)
dy
40
Properties of Fluids
where μ (called mu) is the constant of proportionality
and is known as the coefficient of dynamic viscosity or
only viscosity.
du
 dy represents the rate of shear strain or rate of shear
deformation or velocity gradient.
From equation (1.2) we have

(1.3)

Thus viscosity is also defined as the shear stress


required to produce unit rate of shear strain.
41
Properties of Fluids
Unit of Viscosity.
The unit of viscosity is obtained by putting the
dimension of the quantities in equation ( 1.3)

Newton second Ns
SI unit of viscosity = =
m2 m2

42
Properties of Fluids
Kinematic Viscosity.
 It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
density of fluid.lt is denoted by the Greek symbol (ν) called
'nu' . Thus, mathematically,
Viscosity µ
ν= =
Density ρ
 The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/s.
Newton's Law of Viscosity.
 It states that the shear stress (τ) on a fluid element layer is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. The constant
of proportionality is called the co-efficient viscosity.
Mathematically, it is expressed as given by equation (1 . 2).

43
Properties of Fluids
 Fluids which obey the above relation are known as
Newtonian fluids and the fluids which do not obey the
above relation are called Non-newtonian fluids.
Variation of Viscosity with Temperature
 Temperature affects the viscosity.
 The viscosity of liquids decreases with the increase of
temperature while the viscosity of gases increases with
increase of temperature. This is due to reason that the
viscous forces in a fluid are due to cohesive forces and
molecular momentum transfer.
 In liquids the cohesive forces predominates the molecular
momentum transfer due to closely packed molecules and
with the increase in temperature, the cohesive forces
decreases with the result of decreasing viscosity.
45
Properties of Fluids
 But in the case of gases the cohesive force are small and
molecular momentum transfer predominates. With the
increase in temperature, molecular momentum transfer
increases and hence viscosity increases. The relation between
viscosity and temperature for liquids and gases are:
 1 
(i) For liquids, µ = µo  
 1+ αt + βt 
2

1 Ns
where µ = Viscosityof liquid at t oC, in poise 1 poise =
10 m2
µo = Viscosity of liquid at 0oC,in poise
α , β = are constants for theliquid
For water, μ o = 1.79 x 10 -3 poise,α = 0.03368and β =0.000221

(ii) For a gas, µ = µo + αt − βt 2


42
where for air µo = 0.000017, α = 0.000000056, β = 0.1189x 10 -9
Types of Fluids
1. Ideal Fluid. A fluid, which is incompressible and is
having no viscosity, is known as an ideal fluid. Ideal
fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids, which
exist, have some viscosity.
2. Real fluid. A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is knownas
real fluid. All the fluids: in actual practice, are real fluids.
3. Newtonian Fluid. A real fluid, in which the shear stressis
directly, proportional to the rate of shear strain (or
velocity gradient), is known as a Newtonian fluid.
4. Non-Newtonian fluid. A real fluid, in which shear stress
is not proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity
gradient), known as a Non-Newtonian fluid.

47
Types of Fluids

5. Ideal Plastic Fluid.


A fluid, in which shear
stress is more than the
yield value and shear
stress is proportional
to the rate of shear
strain (or velocity
gradient), is known as
ideal plastic fluid.

48
Example 3
If the velocity distribution over a plate is given by
2
u = y − y2
3
in which u is velocity in metre per second at a distance y
metre above the plate, determine the shear stress at y = 0
and y= 0.15 m. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 8.63
poises.

49
50
Example 4
Calculate the dynamic viscosity of an oil, which is used for
lubrication between a square plate of size 0.8 m x 0.8 m and an
inclined plane with angle of inclination 30o as shown in Fig. 1.4.
The weight of the square plate is 300 N and it slides down the
inclined plane with a uniform velocity of 0.3 m/s. The thickness
of oil film is 1.5 mm.

Fig.1.4

51
52
Example 5
The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with
oil. Each side of the plate is 60 cm. The thickness of the oil
film is 12.5 mm. The upper plate, which moves at 2.5 metre per
sec requires a force of 98.1 N to maintain the speed.
Determine : ·
i. the dynamic viscosity of the oil, and
ii.the kinematic viscosity of the oil if the specific gravity of the
oil is 0.95.

Solution. Given:
Each side of a square plate = 60 cm = 0.6 m
Area A= 0.6 x 0.6 = 0.36 m2 , Force = 98.1 N ,
Thickness of oil film dy = 12.5 mm = 12.5 x 10-3 m
Velocity of upper plate u = 2.5 m/s
53
54
Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
 Compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus of
elasticity (K).
 Bulk modulus defined as the ratio of compressive
stress to volumetric strain.
 Consider a cylinder fitted with a piston as shown in the Fig.
 Let
V= Volume of a gas enclosed in the cylinder
p =Pressure of gas when volume is V
 Let the pressure is increased to p+ dp, the volume of gas
decreases from V to V – dV.
 Then increase in pressure = dp
 Decrease in volume = dV
 Volumetric strain = - dV/V
55
Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
 - ve sign means the volume
decreases with increase of pressure.

Increase of pressure
∴Bulk modulus K=
Volumetricstrain
dp dp
= =− V
- dV dV
V
 Compressibility is given by = 1/K

56
Surface Tension
 A tensile force may be
considered to be acting in the
plane of the surface along any
line in the surface.
 By Definition: The intensity
of the molecular attraction per
unit length along any line in
the surface is called the
surface tension.
 It is denoted by Greek letter σ
(called sigma).
 The SI unit is N/m.

57
Moving water in space
Capillarity

 Capillarity is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in a


small tube relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is
held vertically in the liquid.
 The rise of liquid surface is known as capillary rise while the fall of the
liquid surface is known as capillary depression.
 It is expressed in terms of cm or mm of liquid.

How does Capillary Action Work:

 Liquid rises in a tube when the adhesive forces between the liquid and the
tube are stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules
(e.g., water in a glass tube).
 Liquid falls in a tube (or is depressed) when the cohesive forces within the
liquid are stronger than the adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube
(e.g., mercury in a glass tube).
59
Dimensions and Units
 Fluid mechanics deals with the measurement of many
variables of many different types of units. Hence, we
need to be very careful to be consistent.
Dimensions and Base Units
 The dimension of a measure is independent of any
particular system of units. For example, velocity may be
in meters per second or miles per hour, but dimensionally,
it is always length per time, or L/T = LT−1 .
 The dimensions of the relevant base units of the (SI)
System are:

60
Dimensions and Units

Derived Units

61
62
Unit Table

Quantity SI Unit English Unit


Length (L) Meter (m) Foot (ft)
Mass (m) Kilogram (kg) Slug (slug) =
lb*sec2/ft
Time (T) Second (s) Second (sec)
Temperature ( θ ) Celcius (oC) Farenheit (oF)
Force Newton Pound (lb)
(N)=kg*m/s2

63
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