Lecture 01 FM1
Lecture 01 FM1
1. Name
2. CGPA
3. Why choose Civil Engineering?
Course Overview
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Course Objective
Course Objectives:
The course introduces the elementary principles of Fluid Mechanics.
It gives a balanced overview of theory and problem-solving skills.
What is Statics?
What is Dynamics?
What is Kinemetics?
What is a Fluid?
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Definition
Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with
both stationary and moving bodies under the influence of
forces.
The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is
called statics, while the branch that deals with bodies in
motion is called dynamics.
The subcategory fluid mechanics is defined as the science
that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics)
or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids
with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics.
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Definition
The study of f1uids in motion, where pressure forces are
not considered, is called fluid kinematics and if the
pressure forces are also considered for the fluids in
motion. that branch of science is called fluid dynamics.
Fluid mechanics itself is also divided into several
categories.
The study of the motion of fluids that are practically
incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and
gases at low speeds) is usually referred to as
hydrodynamics.
A subcategory of hydrodynamics is hydraulics, which
deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.
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Definition
Gas dynamics deals with the flow of fluids that undergo
significant density changes, such as the flow of gases
through nozzles at high speeds.
The category aerodynamics deals with the flow of gases
(especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and
automobiles at high or low speeds.
Some other specialized categories such as meteorology,
oceanography, and hydrology deal with naturally
occurring flows.
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What is a Fluid?
A substance exists in three primary phases: solid, liquid,
and gas. A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred
to as a fluid.
Distinction between a solid and a fluid is made on the basis
of the substance’s ability to resist an applied shear (or
tangential) stress that tends to change its shape.
A solid can resist an applied shear stress by deforming,
whereas a fluid deforms continuously under the influence
of shear stress, no matter how small.
In solids stress is proportional to strain, but in fluids stress
is proportional to strain rate.
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What is a Fluid?
When a constant
shear force is
applied, a solid
eventually stops
deforming, at some
fixed strain angle,
whereas a fluid
never stops Figure.
deforming and Deformation of a rubber eraser
approaches a certain placed between two parallel plates
rate of strain. under the influence of a shear force.
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What is a Fluid?
In a liquid, molecules can move
relative to each other, but the volume
remains relatively constant because of
the strong cohesive forces between the
molecules.
As a result, a liquid takes the shape of
the container it is in, and it forms a
free surface in a larger container in a
gravitational field.
A gas, on the other hand, expands until
it encounters the walls of the container
and fills the entire available space.
This is because the gas molecules are
widely spaced, and the cohesive forces
between them are very small.
Unlike liquids, gases cannot form a
7 free surface
What is a Fluid?
Liquid Gases
Difficult to compress and Easily to compress – changes of
often regarded as volume is large, cannot normally
incompressible be neglected and are related to
temperature
Occupies a fixed volume No fixed volume, it changes
and will take the shape of volume to expand to fill the
the container containing vessels
A free surface is formed if Completely fill the vessel so that
the volume of container is no free surface is formed.
greater than the liquid.
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Application areas of Fluid Mechanics
Question:
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Application areas of Fluid Mechanics
Turbomachines: pump, turbine, fan, blower, propeller, etc.
Military: Missile, aircraft, ship, underwater vehicle, dispersion
of chemical agents, etc.
Automobile: IC engine, air conditioning, fuel flow, external
aerodynamics, etc.
Medicine: Heart assist device, artificial heart valve, Lab-on-a-
Chip device, glucose monitor, controlled drug delivery, etc.
Electronics: Convective cooling of generated heat.
Energy: Combuster, burner, boiler, gas, hydro and wind
turbine, etc.
Oil and Gas: Pipeline, pump, valve, offshore rig, oil spill
cleanup, etc.
Almost everything in our world is either in contact with a fluid
11 or is itself a fluid.
Application areas of Fluid Mechanics
Examples are:
Biomechanics
Blood flow through arteries and veins
Airflow in the lungs
Flow of cerebral fluid
Households
Piping systems for cold water, natural gas, and sewage
Piping and ducting network of heating and air-
conditioning systems
Refrigerator, vacuum cleaner, dish washer, washing
machine, water meter, natural gas meter, air conditioner,
radiator, etc.
Meteorology and Ocean Engineering
Movements of air currents and water currents
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Application areas of Fluid Mechanics
Mechanical Engineering
Design of pumps, turbines, air-conditioning equipment,
pollution-control equipment, etc.
Design and analysis of aircraft, boats, submarines,
rockets, jet engines, wind turbines, biomedical devices,
the cooling of electronic components, and the
transportation of water, crude oil, and natural gas.
Chemical Engineering
Design of chemical processing equipment
Civil Engineering??
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Applications in Civil Engineering
Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering
Design of water supply systems
Sewage and drainage systems
Irrigation systems
Flood control
Environmental Engineering
Waste water treatment
Pollution control
Stormwater management
Coastal and Ocean Engineering
Harbor and coast design
Coastal protection
Offshore structures
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Structural Engineering
Wind load analysis
Fluid-Structure interaction
Transportation Engineering
Bridge Design
Tunnel and Culvert Design
Hydropower Engineering
Design of dams and reservoirs
Energy generation
Geotechnical Engineering
Ground water flow
Soil Erosion control
Urban Planning and Development
Urban drainage systems
Sustainable urban drainage systems
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Classification of Fluid Flows
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Classification of Fluid Flows
1) Viscous and Inviscid Regions of Flow
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Classification of Fluid Flows
2) Compressible and Incompressible Flow
A flow is classified as being compressible or
incompressible, depending on the level of variation of
density during flow.
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Classification of Fluid Flows
3) Laminar and Turbulent Flow
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Laminar vs Turbulent
Classification of Fluid Flows
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Classification of Fluid Flows
4) Steady, Unsteady and Uniform Flow
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Properties of Fluids
Any characteristic of a system is called a property.
Some familiar properties fluid are pressure P
temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
Other less familiar properties include viscosity, thermal
conductivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal expansion
coefficient, electric resistivity, and even velocity and
elevation.
Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.
Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass
of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the
size—or extent—of the system. Total mass, total volume V, and
total momentum are some examples of extensive properties.
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Properties of Fluids
Density or Mass Density
Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of
the mass of a fluid to its volume.
Thus mass per unit volume of a fluid is called density.
It is denoted the symbol ρ (rho).
The unit of mass density in SI unit is kgs per cubic meter,
i.e ., kg/m3.
Mathematically mass density is written as.
Mass of fluid
ρ=
Volume of fluid
The value of density of water is 1 gm/cm3 or 1000 kg/m3.
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Properties of Fluids
Specific weight or Weight Density
Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ratio
between the weight of a fluid to its volume.
Thus weight per unit volume of a fluid is called weight
density and it is denoted by the symbol w.
Mathematically,
Weight of fluid (Mass of fluid) x Acceleration due to gravity
w= =
Volume of fluid Volume of fluid
Mass of fluid x g
=
Volume of fluid
=ρx g
w = ρg
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Properties of Fluids
Specific Volume
Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a
fluid occupied by a unit mass or volume per unit mass of a
fluid is called specific volume.
Mathematically, it is expressed as
Volume offluid 1 1
Specific volume = = =
Mass of fluid Mass of fluid ρ
Volume
Thus specific volume is the reciprocal of mass density. It is
expressed as m3/kg.
It is commonly applied to gases.
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Properties of Fluids
Specific Gravity.
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density (or
density) of a fluid to the weight density (or density) of a standard
fluid.
For liquids, the standard fluid is taken water and for gases, the
standard fluid is taken air. Specific gravity is also called relative
density. It is dimensionless quantity and is denoted by the symbol S.
Weight density (density) of liquid
S(for liquids) =
Weight density (density) of water
Weight density (density) of gas
S(for gases) =
Weight density (density) of air
Thus weight density of a liquid = S x Weight densityof water
= S x 1000x 9.81N/m3
Thus density of a liquid = S x Densityof water
32 = S x 1000kg/m3
Properties of Fluids
Specific Gravity.
If the specific gravity of a
fluid is known, then the
density of the fluid will be
equal to specific gravity of
fluid multiplied by the
density of water.
For example the specific
gravity of mercury is 13.6,
hence density of mercury
= 13.6 x 1000 = 13600
kg/m3.
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Properties of Fluids
Example 1.
Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity of one
liter of a liquid which weighs 7 N.
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Example 2. Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of
one liter of petrol of specific gravity = 0.7
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Example 2. Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of
one liter of petrol of specific gravity = 0.7
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Properties of Fluids
Viscosity
Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers
resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over another
adjacent layer of the fluid.
When two layers of a fluid, a distance 'dy' apart move one over
the other at different velocities say u and u+ du as shown in Fig.
1.1 , the viscosity together with relative velocity causes a shear
stress acting between the fluid layers:
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Properties of Fluids
Viscosity
The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower
layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress on the
adjacent top layer.
This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of
velocity with respect to y. It is denoted by symbol τ called
Tau.
Mathematically,
or
τ = µ du (1.2)
dy
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Properties of Fluids
where μ (called mu) is the constant of proportionality
and is known as the coefficient of dynamic viscosity or
only viscosity.
du
dy represents the rate of shear strain or rate of shear
deformation or velocity gradient.
From equation (1.2) we have
(1.3)
Newton second Ns
SI unit of viscosity = =
m2 m2
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Properties of Fluids
Kinematic Viscosity.
It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
density of fluid.lt is denoted by the Greek symbol (ν) called
'nu' . Thus, mathematically,
Viscosity µ
ν= =
Density ρ
The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/s.
Newton's Law of Viscosity.
It states that the shear stress (τ) on a fluid element layer is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. The constant
of proportionality is called the co-efficient viscosity.
Mathematically, it is expressed as given by equation (1 . 2).
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Properties of Fluids
Fluids which obey the above relation are known as
Newtonian fluids and the fluids which do not obey the
above relation are called Non-newtonian fluids.
Variation of Viscosity with Temperature
Temperature affects the viscosity.
The viscosity of liquids decreases with the increase of
temperature while the viscosity of gases increases with
increase of temperature. This is due to reason that the
viscous forces in a fluid are due to cohesive forces and
molecular momentum transfer.
In liquids the cohesive forces predominates the molecular
momentum transfer due to closely packed molecules and
with the increase in temperature, the cohesive forces
decreases with the result of decreasing viscosity.
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Properties of Fluids
But in the case of gases the cohesive force are small and
molecular momentum transfer predominates. With the
increase in temperature, molecular momentum transfer
increases and hence viscosity increases. The relation between
viscosity and temperature for liquids and gases are:
1
(i) For liquids, µ = µo
1+ αt + βt
2
1 Ns
where µ = Viscosityof liquid at t oC, in poise 1 poise =
10 m2
µo = Viscosity of liquid at 0oC,in poise
α , β = are constants for theliquid
For water, μ o = 1.79 x 10 -3 poise,α = 0.03368and β =0.000221
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Types of Fluids
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Example 3
If the velocity distribution over a plate is given by
2
u = y − y2
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in which u is velocity in metre per second at a distance y
metre above the plate, determine the shear stress at y = 0
and y= 0.15 m. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 8.63
poises.
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Example 4
Calculate the dynamic viscosity of an oil, which is used for
lubrication between a square plate of size 0.8 m x 0.8 m and an
inclined plane with angle of inclination 30o as shown in Fig. 1.4.
The weight of the square plate is 300 N and it slides down the
inclined plane with a uniform velocity of 0.3 m/s. The thickness
of oil film is 1.5 mm.
Fig.1.4
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Example 5
The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with
oil. Each side of the plate is 60 cm. The thickness of the oil
film is 12.5 mm. The upper plate, which moves at 2.5 metre per
sec requires a force of 98.1 N to maintain the speed.
Determine : ·
i. the dynamic viscosity of the oil, and
ii.the kinematic viscosity of the oil if the specific gravity of the
oil is 0.95.
Solution. Given:
Each side of a square plate = 60 cm = 0.6 m
Area A= 0.6 x 0.6 = 0.36 m2 , Force = 98.1 N ,
Thickness of oil film dy = 12.5 mm = 12.5 x 10-3 m
Velocity of upper plate u = 2.5 m/s
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Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
Compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus of
elasticity (K).
Bulk modulus defined as the ratio of compressive
stress to volumetric strain.
Consider a cylinder fitted with a piston as shown in the Fig.
Let
V= Volume of a gas enclosed in the cylinder
p =Pressure of gas when volume is V
Let the pressure is increased to p+ dp, the volume of gas
decreases from V to V – dV.
Then increase in pressure = dp
Decrease in volume = dV
Volumetric strain = - dV/V
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Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
- ve sign means the volume
decreases with increase of pressure.
Increase of pressure
∴Bulk modulus K=
Volumetricstrain
dp dp
= =− V
- dV dV
V
Compressibility is given by = 1/K
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Surface Tension
A tensile force may be
considered to be acting in the
plane of the surface along any
line in the surface.
By Definition: The intensity
of the molecular attraction per
unit length along any line in
the surface is called the
surface tension.
It is denoted by Greek letter σ
(called sigma).
The SI unit is N/m.
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Moving water in space
Capillarity
Liquid rises in a tube when the adhesive forces between the liquid and the
tube are stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules
(e.g., water in a glass tube).
Liquid falls in a tube (or is depressed) when the cohesive forces within the
liquid are stronger than the adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube
(e.g., mercury in a glass tube).
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Dimensions and Units
Fluid mechanics deals with the measurement of many
variables of many different types of units. Hence, we
need to be very careful to be consistent.
Dimensions and Base Units
The dimension of a measure is independent of any
particular system of units. For example, velocity may be
in meters per second or miles per hour, but dimensionally,
it is always length per time, or L/T = LT−1 .
The dimensions of the relevant base units of the (SI)
System are:
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Dimensions and Units
Derived Units
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Unit Table
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