14 Genre Text

DISCUSSION MATERIALS
OF
GENRE
Disusun oleh
Drs. NOFRI ANTEN. M.Pd
GURU BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 4 SOLOK
1
DAFTAR ISI
I. Understanding Types of Text..................................................................................................5

1. Analytical Exposition Text..................................................................................................5
What is Analytical Exposition?....................................................................................................5
Example of Analytical Exposition................................................................................................6
A. Is Smoking Good for Us?..................................................................................................6
B. Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis.......................................................................7
C. Laptop as Students' Friend..............................................................................................7
D. Career in Translation.......................................................................................................8
E. Writing is a Great for Money Online................................................................................9
2. Anecdote Text...................................................................................................................9
What is Anecdote?....................................................................................................................10
Example of Anecdote................................................................................................................10
A. Blessing behind Tragedy................................................................................................10
3. Description Text..............................................................................................................12
What is Descriptive Text?.........................................................................................................12
Example of Description.............................................................................................................13
A. My Friend's New Shoes.................................................................................................13
B. Borobudur Temple........................................................................................................13
4. Narrative Text..................................................................................................................14
What is Narrative?....................................................................................................................14
Example of Narative..................................................................................................................15
A. Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks................................................................................15
B. The Smartest Parrot......................................................................................................16
C. The Legend of Toba Lake...............................................................................................17
D. Cinderella 1...................................................................................................................18
E. The Smartest Animal.....................................................................................................19
5. Procedure Text................................................................................................................20
What is Procedure?..................................................................................................................20
Example of Procedure...............................................................................................................21
A. Planting Chilies..............................................................................................................21
B. Writing For Business......................................................................................................21
C. How to Make a Cheese Omelet.....................................................................................22
6. News Item Text................................................................................................................22
What is News Item?..................................................................................................................22
Example of Procedure...............................................................................................................23
A. Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms..........................................................23
B. Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Sex..............................................................24
C. Indonesian Maid beheaded...........................................................................................25
7. Discussion Text................................................................................................................25
What is Discussion?..................................................................................................................25
Example of Discussion Text.......................................................................................................26
A. Example of Discussion Text on Nuclear Power..............................................................26
B. Hunting Fox...................................................................................................................28
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8. Explanation Text..............................................................................................................28
What is Explanation?................................................................................................................28
Example of Explanation Text.....................................................................................................29
A. Tsunami.........................................................................................................................29
B. How Day and Night Happen..........................................................................................29
C. Why Summer Daylight is Longger than Winter Daylight................................................30
9. Hortatory Exposition Text................................................................................................30
What is Hortatory Exposition?..................................................................................................30
Example of Hortatory Exposition..............................................................................................31
A. Watch your Kids While Watching TV.............................................................................31
B. More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory..........................................................32
C. Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text..................................................33
D. Millions from Property Market; a hortatory exposition text.........................................34
10. Report Text......................................................................................................................34
What is Report?........................................................................................................................34
Example of Report Text............................................................................................................35
A. Platypus; a report text...................................................................................................35
11. Spoof Text.......................................................................................................................36
What is Spoof?..........................................................................................................................36
Example of Spoof text...............................................................................................................37
A. “That Phone is Off”........................................................................................................37
B. Saved by Stilts................................................................................................................38
C. Private Conversation.....................................................................................................39
D. Nasreddin’s Coat...........................................................................................................39
E. Penguin in the Park.......................................................................................................40
12. Recount Text...................................................................................................................41
What is Recount?......................................................................................................................41
Example of Recount text...........................................................................................................41
A. Vacation to London.......................................................................................................41
B. Between Recount and Narrative...................................................................................42
C. Visiting Bali....................................................................................................................42
D. My Horrible Experience.................................................................................................43
E. My Grandpa’s Funeral in Toraja....................................................................................44
13. Review Text.....................................................................................................................45
Example of Review text............................................................................................................46
A. Zenni Optical; a site for eyeglasses................................................................................46
B. Good Translation...........................................................................................................47
C. Recording Mommy Journey...........................................................................................47
D. Good Young Mother......................................................................................................48
E. Recommended Software Applications...........................................................................48
14. Similarities and differenties.............................................................................................48
A. The Differences between Report and Descriptive Text.................................................48
B. Between Explanation and Procedure Text.....................................................................49
C. Between Recount and Narrative...................................................................................49
D. Between Explanation and Procedure Text.....................................................................50
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15. A Complete Overview Of Tex Types.................................................................................50
16. Bentuk Soal Reading........................................................................................................54
II. FUNCTIONAL SKILL...........................................................................................................56

1. Offering Help or Things (menawarkan bantuan / menawarkan sesuatu)Error! Bookmark not
defined.
2. Introducing (memperkenalkan).....................................................................................57
3. Greeting (memberi salam).............................................................................................58
4. Inviting (mengundang/mengajak).................................................................................59
5. Expressing Thanks (terimakasih)...................................................................................60
6. Congratulations (ucapan selamat).................................................................................61
7. Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati)...........................................................................62
8. Pleasure, Displeasure (senang & tidak senang).............................................................63
9. Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan, ketidakpuasan)...............................................64
10. Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi pendapat)...........................................65
11. Agreement/approval, Disagreement/disapproval (setuju, tidak setuju).......................65
12. Fear, Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan).........................................................66
13. Pain, Relief (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)..................................................................67
14. Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci).............................................67
15. Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa malu, kejengkelan)..............................68
16. Request (permintaan)....................................................................................................69
17. Complaint, Blame (keluhan,menyalahkan)....................................................................70
18. Regret, Apology (penyesalan, meminta maaf)..............................................................71
19. Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan)...................................72
III. LANGUAGE USAGE...........................................................................................................73
A. TENSES...........................................................................................................................73
B. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Reported Speech)..........................................................................78
C. PASSIVE VOICE (kalimat pasif).......................................................................................83
D. DEGREES OF COMPARISON (tingkat perbandingan)......................................................86
E. QUESTION TAGS............................................................................................................87
F. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (kalimat pengandaian)........................................................88
G. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (kata ganti penghubung)............................................................89
H. SUBJUNCTIVE WISH.......................................................................................................90
I. CAUSATIVE HAVE/GET...................................................................................................90
J. GERUND........................................................................................................................91
K. PREFERENCES (pilihan/kesukaan)..................................................................................92
L. CONNECTORS (Kata Penghubung).................................................................................92
M. CONJUNCTIONS (Kata Sambung)...................................................................................93
N. ELLIPTIC CONSTRUCTION...............................................................................................94
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I. Understanding Types of Text
Text can be classified into several types. The term of 'type' is sometime stated as 'genre'. These
types of text are;
1. Analytical Exposition 8. Explanation
2. Anecdote 9. Hortatory Exposition
3. Descriptive 10. Report
4. Narrative 11. Spoof
5. Procedure 12. Recount
6. News Items 13. Review
7. Discussion
These classification on type of text are based on analysis of three main elements of
text. These elements of text are:
The purpose of the text; why is the text made?, what is text made for by its writer
The generic structure of the text; analyzing the used structure in composing the text, in
what way is the text constructed by its writer.
The language feature; taking a look at the linguistic characterizations of the text, what
kind of language feature is used to build the text by its writer.
1. Analytical Exposition Text

What is Analytical Exposition?
1. Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon
surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important
matter.
2. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
 Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
 Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position
 Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more
 Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
3. Language Features of Analytical Exposition
 Using relational process
 Using internal conjunction
 Using causal conjunction
 Using Simple Present Tense
4. Examples and structures of the text
Cars should be banned in the city

Thesis Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create
pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Arguments Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the
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pollution in the world.
Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis,
lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are
so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander
everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which
causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find
it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and
especially talk to someone.
Reiteration In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the
reasons listed.
Example of Analytical Exposition

A. Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50
thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is
seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die
because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five
cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non
smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety
five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking.
Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non
smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and
pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as
substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much
money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.
Notes on the generic structure:
From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical exposition
ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a
recommendation for readers.
Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the
topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic.
Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the
very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that
smoking is not a good habit.
Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as
giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the
thesis stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and
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3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is
not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke
but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.
Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like
conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this
example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers
and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette
Companies
B. Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis
US financial crisis and its contagion to Europe and the rest of the world could
also create new opportunity for Indonesia in term of foreign direc investment and
the development of basic infrastructure.
As the US, financial crisis has now spread to Europe, the oil-rich countries
such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Arab Emirate which have accumulated hundreds
of billion of Dollars in their foreign reserve, are now reviewing their holding or
investment vehicle. They are looking for more diversified investment outside the
US and Europe.
Because of unfavorable political developments in Thailand and Malaysia
over the past few months, Indonesia which has largely Muslim population could
become one of these oil-rich countries' favorite place for foreign direct
investment. That wil be true if the conditions, legal and market infrastructures are
conducive for Islamic financial instruments.
The government had improved the legal framework with the recent actment
of laws on sharia banking and bonds. The long term nature of Islamic bonds could
make them the most suitable investment instrument for Indonesia, as these
bonds grant an investor a share in an asset along with the cash flows and risks
commensurate with such ownership.
The financial crisis that has gripped the globe and weakening economic
growth in the rest of the world will serve to the government to accelerate the
investment reform measures in order to grab the hidden opportunity in the global
crisis. (Simplified from the jakartapos.com on Oct 9)
NOTES ON Generic Structure:

 Paragraph 1 is THESIS. It introduces the topic of the text which state the
potential opportunity behind the glogal financial crisis.
 Paragraphes 2 and 3 are the ARGUMENTS which support to the opinios stated
in the above thesis.
 Paragraph 4 is REITERATION which restates the thesis in another phrases to
point the writer'opinion.
C. Laptop as Students' Friend
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Conventionally, students need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and
such other stuff. Additionally, in this multimedia era, students need more to reach
their progressive development. Students need mobile keyboards to record every
presented subject easily. Of course it will need more cost but it will deserve for its
function.
First, modern schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge

because the school needs to catch the target of
Small Notes curriculum. Every subject will tend to be given in
Analytical Exposition (Eksposisi demonstrative method. Consequently students
Analitis) need extra media cover the subject. Since there
Ciri Umum: is a laptop on every student’s desk, this method
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: will help student to get better understanding.
Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi
audience (pendengar atau Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop is
pembaca) bahwa ada masalah not difficult as it was. Recently there is an online
yang tentunya perlu mendapat shop which provides comprehensive
perhatian.
information. The best is that the shop has
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
 Thesis; Pernyataan pendapat service of online shopping. The students just
 Argument; terdiri atas need to brows that online shop, decide which
“point” yang dikemukakan computer or laptop they need, and then
dan “elaborasi”;
 Reiteration ; Penguatan
complete the transaction. After that the laptop
pernyataan. will be delivered to the students' houses. That is
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Menggunakan: really easy and save time and money.
 General nouns, misalnya car, From all of that, having mobile computer is
pollution, leaded petrol car, dsb.
 Abstract nouns, misalnya policy, absolutely useful for students who want to catch
government, dsb. the best result for their study. Buying laptop
 Technical verbs, misalnya online is advisable because it will cut the price.
species of animals, dsb. This online way is recommended since online
 Relating verbs, misalnya It is
important, dsb. shop also provides several laptop types.
 Action verbs, misalnya She must Students just need to decide which type they
save, dsb. really need.
 Thinking verbs, misalnya Many
people believe, dsb D. Career in Translation
 Modal verbs, misalnya we must Functionally, translation is transferring the
preserve, dsb.
 Modal adverbs, misalnya
message or the meaning and not the word.
certainly, we, dsb. According to Nida, such translation is called
 Connectives, misalnya firstly, dynamic equivalence translation. It tries to bring
secondly,dsb. the precise message in different language.
 Bahasa evaluatif, misalnya
important, valuable, trustworthy, Many people like to watch Hollywood
dsb. movie but many get trouble in understanding to
 Kalimat pasif the actors' dialogue. So the way they get the
understanding about the movie is reading the
translating text running. If Hindi translation is
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provided, it will bring the better understanding for Indian moviegoer. Hollywood
movie spread over other Asia countries. Therefore, Arabic translation, Indonesian
translation and Farsi translation are widely needed and that is a big chance for
English master in that countries.
India is likely being an English speaking country. India translation will grow
better and. It seems Indonesia, Malaysia and Filipina will reach that mark too
soon. Translation job will be great in amount and that is good development for
translating job seekers.
E. Writing is a Great for Money Online
The emergence of the internet has given internet entrepreneurs many ways
to make money. Writers are one group that have benefited from their talents as a
result in the rise of internet based jobs.
Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online determined
by the owner of the blog. They are very popular because of tBlogs are usually
written on a certain subject area but can vary as its content is heir simplicity to get
up and running. There are many free websites out there that will help you set up
your own blog if you choose to go that route because blog plus advertisement is a
potential money
Article writing is also good money to earn money online. Make sure to gear
your articles to promote and advertise you own business ventures. These articles
are a free way to market the products and services you offer for free. The most
effective advertising with these articles comes from the dialogue box that is
inserted at the end of each article. These dialogue boxes contain links to basically
any website you would like to drive traffic to. For instance, you might have one
link in your dialogue box to a product you are selling and one to a blog where you
are promoting a discussing other products.
Writing takes some time to gain credibility through but once it's done'
earning potential can become very powerful.
Generic Structure Analysis

 Thesis; Writing is good in making money online
 Argument 1; blog is a potentially earning money
 Argumant 2; writing articles is good in earning money
 Conclusion; credible writer is powerful to make money online
Language Feature Analysis
 Simple present tense; Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn
money online, Writing takes some time to gain credibility, etc
 Causal conjunction ; because, etc
2. Anecdote Text
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What is Anecdote?
1. Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its
purpose is to entertain the readers.
2. Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
3. Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Snake in the Bath

Abstract How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one
too!
Orientation We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty
for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I
decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on
the tap.
Crisis Suddenly to my horror, a snake’s head appeared in the plug-
hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and
turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.
Incident For an instant I stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for
my husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the
handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite
interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the
way or she’d probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!
Coda Ever since then I’ve always put the plug in firmly before
running the bath water.
Example of Anecdote
A. Blessing behind Tragedy
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with
nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved.
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They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken
several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport.
They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life
in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was
bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy.
Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there Small Notes
were being quarantined for long days. They were in 2. Anecdote (Cerita Lucu)
quarantine when the departure time came. The
Ciri Umum:
family dreams were dashed. They could not make
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
the trip to America as they had planned.
Menceritakan kejadian/peristiwa lucu
The father was full of disappointed and anger. berdasarkan khayalan atau peristiwa
He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved nyata yang bertujuan menghibur.
without him and his family. He shed tears of (b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
disappointment. He cursed both his son and God  Abstrak (Abstract)
 Pengenalan (Orientation)
for the misfortune.  Krisis (Crisis)
Five days latter, the tragic news spread  Tindakan (Incident)
throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic,  Koda (Coda)
had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew (c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Menggunakan:
 seruan/kata seru, pertanyaan retorik
with it. Titanic which had been called the dan kata-kata seperti Listen to this!
unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it And do you know what? It’s awful,
was. isn’t it? dsb.
The Clak family should have been on that  action verbs, misalnya go, write,
dsb.
ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they
 conjunctions yang berhubungan
were left behind. When the father heard the news, dengan waktu, seperti then,
he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the afterwards, dsb.
family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was
a blessing behind a tragedy. (Adapted from Look Ahead 2)

Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come
true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we
do?
Orientation: the Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America.
They prepared well for their plan
Crisis: few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It
made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with
his son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not
accept it.
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Coda: the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God
because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was
not a tragedy but a blessing.
3. Description Text
What is Descriptive Text?

1. The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
2. The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
 Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
 Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
3. The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
 Using attributive and identifying process.
 Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
 Using simple present tense
MacQuarie University
Identification Macquarie University is one of the largest universities in
Australia. This year, in 2004, it celebrates its 40th anniversary.
Description The university is located at the North Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney,
where the New South Wales government sets aside 135 hectares for
the institution. In 1964, Macquarie area was a rural retreat on the
city fringe, but today the campus and its surroundings have evolved
beyond recognition. The North Ryde District has grown into a district
of intensive occupation anchored by a vibrant and growing
university.
Blessed with a fortunate location and room to breathe,
Macquarie can be proud of that careful planning that retains and
enrich the university’s most attractive natural features. A pleasing
balance between buildings and plating is evident across the campus.
This emphasis on the importance of landscape has created images of
Macquarie as a place that members of the university are most likely
to pleasurably recollect.
One of the highlights of the landscape is the Mars Creek zone. It
comprises landscaped creek sides and valley floor, a grass
amphitheatre, and artificial lake… surrounded by rocks and pebbles,
native plants and eucalypts.
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Today, a railway station is under construction. In three years1
time, Macquarie will be the only university in Australia with a railway
station on site. Macquarie is poised to be the most readily accessible
in Sydney region by rail and motorway, yet retaining its beautiful
site.
Example of Description
A. My Friend's New Shoes
I have a close Friend. She is beautiful, attractive and trendy. She always want
to be a trend setter of the day. She always pays much attention on her
appearance. Recently, she bought a new stylist foot legs from blowfish shoes
products. This shoes really matches on her.
Her new blowfish women's shoes are wonderful. When she are walking on
that shoes, all her friends, including me watch and admire that she has the most
suitable shoes on her physical appearance. The style, bright color, and brand
represent her as a smart woman of the day. She really have perfect appearance.
She is really mad on that shoes. She said that the products covered all
genders. The blowfish men's shoes are as elegant as she has. The products provide
varieties of choice. Ballet, casual, boot athletic shoes are designed in attractive
way. The products are international trader mark and become the hottest trend.
B. Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under
Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in
Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by
the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and
consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and
surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three
are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is
crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to
the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of
borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at
Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983
is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

 Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur
temple
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Small Notes  Description; describing the Borobudur
Description (Deskripsi)
temple in parts; eight terraces of
Borobudur temple and its
Ciri Umum:
characteristics
Mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri seseorang, benda
 Using adjective and classifiers;
atau tempat tertentu secara spesifik.
valuable
 Using simple present tense; Borobudur
 Identification; Identifikasi tentang topik
yang akan dideskripsikan, is well-known,The temple is
Misalnya: I have many pets, but my constructed, etc
favourite one is a cat.
 Description; berisi deskripsi tentang bagian-
bagiannya. 4. Narrative Text
Misalnya tampilan fisik (physical
appearance), kualitas, perilaku umum, What is Narrative?
sifat-sifat (characteristic). 1. Definition of Narrative
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Narrative is a text focusing specific
Menggunakan: participants. Its social function is to tell
 nouns tertentu, misalnya teacher, house,my stories or past events and entertain the
cat, dsb.
readers.
 simple present tense.
 detailed noun phrase untuk memberikan
2. Generic Structure of Narrative
informasi tentang subjek, misalnya It was a A narrative text consists of the following
large open rowboat, a sweet young lady, structure:
dsb.
1. Orientation: Introducing the
 berbagai macam adjectives, yang bersifat
describing, numbering, classifying, misalnya, participants and informing the time
two strong legs, sharp white fangs, dsb. and the place
 relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi 2. Complication: Describing the rising
tentang subjek, misalnya, My mum is realy
cool, It has very thick fur, dsb.
crises which the participants have to
 thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk do with
mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis 3. Resolution: Showing the way of
tentang subjek, misalnya Police believe the participant to solve the crises, better
suspect is armed, I think it is a clever animal, or worse
dsb.
 action verbs, misalnya Our new puppy bites
3. Language Features of Narrative
our shoes, dsb.  Using processes verbs
 abverbials untuk memberikan informasi  Using temporal conjunction
tambahan tentang perilaku tersebut,  Using Simple Past Tense
misalnya fast, at the tree house, dsb.
 bahasa figurative, seperti simile, metafor,
misalnya John is white as chalk, sat tight,dsb
Snow White
Orientation Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow
14
White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents
were dead.
Complication 1 One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about
leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to
go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take
Snow White.
Resolution 1 Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this
so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next
morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle
were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
Complication 2 Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one
answered so she went inside and fell asleep.
Resolution 2 Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from
work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping.
Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs
said, “what is your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow
White.”
Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live
here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then
Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White
and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.
Example of Narative
A. Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks
Maura, who like to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful queen of
Arabia, had many suitors. One by one she discarded them, until her list was reduced to
just three sheiks. The three sheiks were all equally young and handsome. They were also
rich and strong. It was very hard to decide who would be the best of them.
One evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of the three sheiks. As
they were about to have dinner, Maura asked them for something to eat. The first gave
her some left over food. The second Sheik gave her some unappetizing camel’s tail. The
third sheik, who was called Hakim, offered her some of the most tender and tasty meat.
After dinner, the disguised queen left the sheik’s camp.
The following day, the queen invited the three sheiks to dinner at her palace. She
ordered her servant to give each one exactly what they had given her the evening before.
Hakim, who received a plate of delicious meat, refused to eat it if the other two sheiks
could not share it with him.
This Sheik Hakim’s act finally convinced Queen Maura that he was the man for her.
“Without question, Hakim is the most generous of you” she announced her choice to the
sheiks. “So it is Hakim I will marry”.
15
Narrative Complication in Generic Structure
As it is said many times that, the heart of narrative text is the existence of
the complication. It will drive the plot of the story to keep amusing. The
existence of conflict inside the
Small Notes Queen Maura is what builds the
Narrative (Naratif, dongeng) story keep running. The
Ciri Umum: psychological conflict inside Maura,
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: which she strikes against herself, is
Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca (yang arousing the reader’s attention to
bertalian dengan pengalaman nyata, khayal continue reading the story. They
atau peristiwa pelik yang mengarah ke want to know what next will
suatu krisis, yang pada akhirnya
menemukan suatu penyelesaian).
happen, who will be chosen by
Queen Maura; in what way she will
decide who the best is. Keeping
 Orientation; Pengenalan tokoh, waktu,
dan tempat terjadinya peristiwa. knowing them really entertaining as
 Complication; Masalah, konflik dalam well increasing the moral value
cerita. added.
 Resolution; Penyelesaian masalah. Orientation: the text introduces the
 Koda: perubahan yang terjadi pada Queen Maura and three sheiks in
tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik
Arabia once time.
dari cerita.
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Complication: Queen Maura finds
Menggunakan: out that it was very difficult to
 nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang, choose one as the best among them
hewan dan benda tertentu dalam cerita,
Resolution: finally Queen Maura has
misalnya, stepsisters, housework, dsb.
a convincing way to choose one and
 adjectives yang membentuk noun phrase,
misalnya, long black hair, two red apples, he is Sheik Hakim
dsb.
B. The Smartest Parrot
 time connectives dan conjunctions untuk
Once upon time, a man had a wonderful
mengurutkan kejadian-kejadian, misalnya
then, before that, soon, dsb. parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The
 adverbs dan adverbial phrases untuk
parrot could say every word, except one
menunjukkan lokasi kejadian atau peristiwa, word. The parrot would not say the name of
misalnya here, in the mountain, happily ever the place where it was born. The name of
after,dsb. the place was Catano.
 action verbs dalam past tense; stayed, The man felt excited having the
climbed, dsb. smartest parrot but he could not understand
 saying verbs yang menandai ucapan seperti: why the parrot would not say Catano. The
said, told, promised, dan thinking verbs yang
man tried to teach the bird to say Catano
menandai pikiran, persepsi atau perasaan
tokoh dalam cerita, misalnya thought, however the bird kept not saying the word.
understood, felt, dsb. At the first, the man was very nice to
the bird but then he got very angry. “You
16
stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano!
Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would
not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano
or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.
One day after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the
man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the
chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the
chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You
know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid
parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and
was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were
three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and
screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.
Analysis the Generic Structure

Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the participants/characters. In that
parrot story, the first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and
place set up and also the participant as the background of the story. A man and
his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will show the crisis, rising
crisis and climax of the story. In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing
the complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the
parrot can not say Catano. To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the
bird. How hard he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the
complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have been resolved. It
must be our note that “resolved” means accomplished whether succeed or fail.
In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is
finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man wanted. The parrot said
the word with higher degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the
smartest parrot.
C. The Legend of Toba Lake

Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He
liked fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could
talk. The fish begged him to set it free.
Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish
changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt in love
with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara Guru
had to keep the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and promised that
he would never tell anybody about it.
17
They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very
angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the
word of fish to his daugters. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and
talked her about it.
The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was
shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth
formed a very big hole. People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake is
known as Toba Lake.
D. Cinderella 1
Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step
mother and two step sisters.
The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They treated
Cinderella very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in the
house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for
the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the house. Their
mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear.
One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the king’s son was
going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent so much time
choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day of the ball came, and away went
the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help crying after they had left.
“Why are crying, Cinderella?” a voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy
godmother standing beside her, “because I want so much to go to the ball” said
Cinderella. “Well” said the godmother,”you’ve been such a cheerful, hardworking,
uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do go to the ball”.
Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a
coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderella’s raged dress with her
wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair of pretty glass
slippers. “Now, Cinderella”, she said; “You must leave before midnight”. Then away she
drove in her beautiful coach.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the
king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly
as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.
A few days later, the king’ son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet
fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them,
no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the end, the king’s page let
Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It
fitted perfectly.
Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king’s son was overjoyed to see her again.
They were married and live happily ever after.
Notes on Generic Structure
18
Orientation: They were Cinderella her self as the main character of the story, her
step mother which treated Cinderella badly, and her steps sister which supported
her mother to make Cinderella was treated very badly. Cinderella was introduced
as a hero in this story. She struggled against the bad treatment from her step
mother and sisters.
Complication: In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major
Complication and Minor Complication.
The second paragraph is the major complication of this Cinderella story. Cinderella
got bad treatment from her stepmother. It is the bad crisis which drives into
several minor complications which Cinderella has to overcome.
Resolution: Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution.
In the last paragraph, it is said that finally Cinderella lived happily. It is the happy
resolution of the bad treatment.
E. The Smartest Animal.

Once there was a farmer from Laos. Every morning and every evening, he ploughed
his field with his buffalo.
One day, a tiger saw the farmer and his buffalo working in the field. The tiger was
very surprised to see a big animal listening to a small animal. The tiger wanted to know
more about the big animal and the small animal.
After the man went home, the tiger spoke to the buffalo; “you are so big and strong.
Why do you do everything the man tells you?” The buffalo answered; “oh, the man is
very intelligent”.
The tiger asked; “can you tell me how intelligent he is?”. “No, I can’t tell you”, said
the buffalo; “but you can ask him”
So the next day the tiger asked to the man; “Can I see your intelligence?”. But the
man answered; “it at home”. “Can you go and get it?” asked the tiger. “Yes” said the
man; “but I am afraid you will kill my buffalo when I am gone. Can I tie you to a tree?”
After the man tied the tiger to the tree, he didn’t go home to get his intelligence. He
took his plough and hit the tiger. Then he said; “Now you know about my intelligence
even you haven’t seen it.

1. Orientation; introducing specific participants; farmer and his buffalo, once in
Laos
2. Complication; revealing a series of crisis: the tiger wanted to know more about
the farmer and the buffalo, the tiger wanted to know about the farmer’s
intelligence.
3. Resolution; the crisis is resolve: the farmer hit the tiger

 Using saying verb; answered
19
 Using thinking verb; saw, was surprised to
 Using action verb; tie, hit
 Using time conjunction; once, one day
 Using connectives; after, the next day
 Using past tense; there was a farmer, the man tied the tiger.
5. Procedure Text
What is Procedure?
1. Definition of Procedure
Procedure is a text that shows a process in order. Its social function is to describe how
something is completely done through a sequence of series
2. Generic Structure of Procedure
1. Goal: showing the purpose
2. Material: Telling the needed materials
3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
3. Language Feature of Procedure
 Using temporal conjunction
 Using action verb
 Using imperative sentence
 Using Simple Present Tense
Tujuan How to Make a Cheese Omelet

(Goal)
Bahan Ingredients
(Material) 1 egg, 50 g cheese, ¼ cup milk, 3 tablespoons cooking oil, a pinch
of salt and pepper
Utensils
Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate
Langkah- Method
langkah 1. Crack an egg into a bowl
(Step) 2. Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth
3. Add milk and whisk well
4. Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir
5. Heat the oil in a frying pan
6. Pour the mixture into the frying pan
7. Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns
8. Cook both sides
9. Place on a plate; season with salt and pepper
20
10. Eat while warm.
Example of Procedure
A. Planting Chilies
Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The
Small Notes
following is guided information on how to plant a chili-
Procedure (Prosedur)
plant easily. Here are the steps.
Ciri Umum:
Firstly, dry a handful seeding under the sunlight
Secondly, put the seeding on the soil. It should be
Memberi petunjuk tentang cara
in open area melakukan sesuatu melalui
Next, wait it. There will come out the sprout after serangkaian tindakan atau
that let it be bigger. langkah.
Finally, put it in another big pot. It will soon grow (b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
bigger and bigger and yield us some fresh chilies soon.  Aim/Goal; Tujuan kegiatan
 Materials; Bahan-bahan
Generic Structure Analysis Note: Materials are
not required for all
 Goal; informing on how to plant chillies. Procedure text
 Material; excluded  Steps; Langkah-langkah.
 Steps; showing the steps or method in planting (c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
chillies; from drying seed to putting the sprout in Menggunakan:
big pot.  pola kalimat imperative,
 Language Feature Analysis misalnya, Cut, Don’t mix,
Imperative sentences; dry a handful seeding, put dsb.
it, etc  action verbs, misalnya turn,
 Action verb; put, dry, etc put, don’t, mix, dsb.
 Temporal conjunction; next, finally, firstly,  connectives untuk
mengurutkan kegiatan,
secondly misalnya then, while, dsb.
 Simple present tense pattern; planting is a nice  adverbials untuk
activity, the following is a guided information menyatakan rinci waktu,
tempat, cara yang akurat,
misalnya for five minutes, 2
B. Writing For Business centimetres from the top,
Writing something for your business can be pretty dsb.
intimidating. Well, you don't have to.
Here's a simple checklist to follow. I'm not saying that following these rules will
make your company the next Google, but it will help.
Firstly, take the topic of benefits, not features. Your customers don't care about you.
They want to know "What's in it for me?"
Secondly, write your benefit like you talk it. Use regular words. Read aloud what
you've written. How does it sound?
Thirdly, lose the weak words. Don't describe how your company may, might or
should help customers but talk about how your company will.
21
Fourthly, Use a nice rhythm. Some sentences are long and some are short. Mix them
up and keep things interesting.
Fifthly,re-read what you've done before publishing. Edit it necesarily. It's so easy to
make mistakes which you don't notice the first time through.
Simplified from: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Daniel_F_O'connor

 Goal; informing on how to write for business
 Material; excluded
 Steps/ method; showing the method in writing for business;
choosing the advantageous topic, writing the topic like the way it is
talked, re-reading what have been written .
 Imperative sentences; write like you talked, re-read what you have
done, etc
 Action verb; write, read, etc
 Temporal conjunction, firstly, secondly, etc
C. How to Make a Cheese Omelet

Well, to make a cheese omelet, you need an egg, fifty gram cheese, a quarter cup of
milk, three tablespoons cookin oil, a pinch of satlt and pepper. Next, you need some tools,
such as; frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl and plate.
Listen carefully,
First, crack an egg into a bowl and whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth. Next, add
First,
6. News Item Text

What is News Item?
1. Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are
considered newsworthy or important.
2. Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
22
3. Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Town ‘Contaminated
Newsworthy Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of
events another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and
contaminated an entire town.
Background Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people
Events who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval
base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the
Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and
nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union.
Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class
submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear
explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove
more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to
secrecy.
Sumber A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst
Informasi accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.
Sources
Example of Procedure
A. Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms
Malaysian Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect
against HIV, a news report said.
“This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get
exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff Ahmad was
quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. “But this just a suggestion, it’s up to them”.
Abdul latiff made remark to coincide with the International Aids Memorial day,
which was celebrated openly for the first time in Malaysia, in bid to reduce stigma for
HIV-victim. In the past the event was held behind closed door.
Last year, 745 Malaysian women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were
diagnosed with AIDS, he said in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian
have been infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily
rising.
23
Small Notes Malaysian Aids Council president, Adeebah
Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex
News Item (Berita) workers, many women who contract HIV are
Ciri Umum: housewives, were infected unknowingly by their
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: husbands. “It’s not that people don’t know that
Memberitakan kepada condoms can protect them. But there are some men
pembaca, pendengar atau who don’t care to take precaution, even though they
penonton tentang peristiwa- know they have HIV” she said.
peristiwa atau kejadian- (Source The Jakarta Post, June 01, 2008)
kejadian yang dipandang
penting atau layak diberitakan.
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic
News worthy event: Malaysian women is
structure
urged to carry condoms to protect HIV.
 Newsworthy events;
Kejadian inti. Background event 1: International
 Background Events; Latar Memorial Day was held openly in Malaysia
belakang kejadian, orang to reduce stigma for HIV victims.
yang terlibat, tempat Background event 2: The number of
kejadian dsb. Malaysian women who are infected with
 Sources; komentar saksi HIV is steadily rising.
kejadian, pendapat para Source: Malaysian Aids Council president
ahli, dsb.
said that there were some men who did
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
not care to take precaution even though
 Informasi singkat tertuang
they knew they had HIV
dalam headline
 Menggunakan action verbs B. Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Sex
 Menggunakan saying verbs, A 45-year old Indonesian maid admitted having sex
misalnya say, tell, dsb. with her Hong Kong employer’s 14-year old son after
 Menggunakan kata watching internet porn together.
keterangan, misalnya badly The maid is a divorcee and a mother of two
children. The maid, named Suwartin, had worked with
the boy family for 11 years.
A court heard how the maid had sex with the boy in relationship that lasted five
months. The boy tried to end the affair but she refused. The teenager eventually
confessed to the relationship to the leader of Christian group he belonged to.
Then the maid was arrested. She pleaded guilty to five charges of committing an
indecent act with underage partner. She will be sentenced in two week’s time.
She later apologized and said that she would live with the shame of what she had
done for the rest of life. “She had acted out of loneliness” the maid’s lawyer said.
(Adapted from Reuters, Hong Kong, May 6, 2008)

News worthy event: Indonesian maid court and admitted having sex with
her young employer
24
Background event: The maid is a divorcee. She had worked in the boy
family for 11 years. She had relationship the boy for five months. She
apologized and felt guilty
Source: The maid lawyer said that the maid had acted out of loneliness
C. Indonesian Maid beheaded
An Indonesian housemaid has been executed in Saudi Arabia after being convicted of
killing her employer, the Saudi Interior Minister said.
The woman was beheaded in the Southern Asir province in what was the second
execution in the country.
The maid was earlier found of suffocating her female boss and stealing her
jewellery. Rape, murder and other serious crimes can carry the death penalty in the
conservative desert kingdom.
Last year, Saudi Arabia, which follow a strict intepretation of Syaria, Islamic law
executed more than 130 people.
(Taken from: www.news.bbc.co.id)
Main event; an Indonesian maid was beheaded in Saudi Arabia.
Background 1; the maid was found guilty of suffocating her bos.
Background 2; serious crimes can carry death penalty in Saudi Arabia.
Background 3; Saudi Arabia executed more than 130 people last year.
Resource; the Saudi Interior Minister statement.
Focussing circumtances; law of serious crimes.
Using material process; behead, execute, carry, etc
7. Discussion Text
What is Discussion?
1. Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be
discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical,
historic, and social text.
2. Generic Structure of Discussion
 Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
 List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
 List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting
point
 Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
3. Language Feature of Discussion
 Introducing category or generic participant
25
 Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
 Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand,
however, etc
 Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
 Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Homework
Issue I have been wondering if homework is necessary.
Statement I think we should have homework because it helps us to learn and
of issue and revise our work.
Preview Homework helps people who aren’t very smart to remember what
they have learned. Homework is really good because it helps with
our education.
Statement But, many times, doing homework is not a great idea. I think we
of various shouldn’t have homework because I like to go out after school to a
viewpoints restaurant or the movies. Sometimes homework is boring and not
important.
I think homework is bad because I like to play and discuss things
with my family.
Example of Discussion Text

A. Example of Discussion Text on Nuclear Power
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part
of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in
Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear
power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts
of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The
advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:
 It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
 It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the
greenhouse effect.
 It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
 It produces small amount of waste.
 It is reliable.
26
On the other hand, nuclear power is
Small Notes
very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up
Discussion (Pembahasan)
and buried for many years to allow the
radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, Ciri Umum:
although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be (a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a Mengetengahkan suatu masalah (isu)
yang ditinjau paling tidak dari 2 (dua)
nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
sudut pandang, sebelum sampai pada
People are increasingly concerned suatu kesimpulan atau rekomendasi.
about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear (b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
power was the fastest growing source of  Isu;(statement of issue and Preview)
power in many parts of the world.
 Pendapat yang mendukung:
 Gagasan Pokok 1,
Note on the Generic Structure of
 Elaborasi (uraian),
Discussion Text
 Gagasan Pokok 2,
Discussion is a process to find the meet
 Elaborasi (uraian).
point between two different ideas. It is
 Pendapat yang menentang:(Statement of
important to to get the understanding various viewpoints)
between the two differences. In many
 Gagasan Pokok,
social activities, discussion is the
 Elaborasi (uraian),
effective way to calm down any friction
 Kesimpulan.(conclusion or
and difference in thought, perception recomendation)
and recommendation. (c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
This example of discussion text present Menggunakan:
the two poles, between the advantage
 general nouns untuk menyatakan kategori,
and disadvantage of using nuclear plant misalnya uniforms, alcohol, dsb,
to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case  relating verbs untuk memberi informasi
which need to be talked and discussed tentang isu yang didiskusikan, misalnya
from two points. They are represented in smoking is harmful, dsb.
the generic structure which is used:  thinking verbs untuk mengungkapkan
Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, pandangan pribadi penulis, misalnya feel,
it is stated that using nuclear power can believe, hope, dsb.
be the choice in fulfilling the needed  additives, contrastives dan causal
connectives untuk menghubungkan
energy. argumen, misalnya similarly, on the hand,
Supporting Point: In the second however, dsb.
paragraph, it is presented the  detailed noun groups untuk memberikan
advantages of nuclear power plant to be informasi secara padu, misalnya the
used as the source of the world's energy dumping of unwanted kittens, dsb.
needed  modalities, seperti perhaps, must, should,
Contrastive Point: The third paragraph should have been, could be, dsb.
shows the balance. It gives the  adverbials of maner, misalnya deliberately,
hopefully, dsb.
contradictory idea in using nuclear
power plant as the resource of energy.
27
Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation on how people
should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.
B. Hunting Fox
Foxhunting is a subject that provokes very strong feelings. Many people believe
that it is cruel to hunt a fox with dogs and totally agree with its ban.
Many farmer and even conservationists, however, have always argue that the fox is
a pest which attacks livestock and must be controlled.
(Taken from: www.bbc.co.uk)

Stating the issue; hunting fox.
Supporting point; farmers and conservationists agree to hunt fox because they
attack livestok.
Contrastive point; many people disagree hunting fox with dog because it is cruel.
Recommendation; Do not be cruel in hunting fox just control it in safe way.
Introducing category participant; farmer, conservationists.
Using thinking verb; believe.
Using connectives;
Using modalities; must, always
8. Explanation Text
What is Explanation?
1. Definition and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and
cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' of the forming of the
phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.
2. Generic structure of Explanation
 General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
 Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
3. Language Feature
 Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
 Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
 Using passive voice pattern
 Using simple present tense
Making Paper from Woodchips
28
A general Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper
statement products from forest trees.
The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut
down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.
A sequenced Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then
explanation of the logs are taken to the mill.
why or how At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are
something taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called
occurs woodchips.
The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other
impurities.
At this stage they are either exported in this form or changed
into pulp by chemicals and heat.
The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.
Closing Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.
Example of Explanation Text

A. Tsunami
The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbour ("tsu") and
wave ("nami"). A tsunamigk is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or the
sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.
A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically
displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can
occur at plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis, and
occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its
equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge
mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and
floods powerfully into the coastal area.
(simplified from www.panda.org)
B. How Day and Night Happen

The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during the day and sets at
night. However the sun does not actually move around the earth. Earth's turning on its
axis makes it look as if the sun is moves.
The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It is called as rotation. It
causes day and night. The earth also moves around the sun. It takes 365 days or a year.
29
Small Notes This process is called revolution. The revolution
process causes the changes of the season
Explanation Text
Ciri Umum:
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: C. Why Summer Daylight is Longger than Winter
 Menerangkan proses-proses yang Daylight
terjadi dalam pembentukan atau In the summer, the amount of daylight
kegiatan yang terkait dengan that we get is more than we get in winter. This is
fenomena alam, dunia ilmiah, sosial- not because as much people think we are closer
budaya, atau lainnya yang bertujuan
menjelaskan.
to the sun but because of the tilt of the earth.
Struktur Teks/Generic structure
The earth is actually closer to the sun in
winter than it is in summer but you would be
 A general statement; Penjelasan umum
forgiven for thinking that this can not be true
 A sequenced explanation of why or
how something occurs; Penjelasan after looking out of your window on a cold and
proses frosty morning.
 Penutup. It seems strange that as the earth get
Ciri Kebahasaan: closer to the sun during its orbit then the
Menggunakan; amount of daylight that we get decrease. But
 general dan abstract nouns, misalnya that is the case. It is the tilt of the earth that
word chopping, earthquakes; determine the amount of daylight that we get
 action verbs; and so the length of time that for us the sun is
 simple present tense; above the horizon.
(Taken from: www.ictteachers.co.uk)
 passive voice;
 conjunctions of time dan cause;
General statement; stating the
 noun phrase, misalnya the large cloud;
phenomenon whic daylight in summer is
 abstract nouns, misalnya the
temperature; longer than in winter.
 adverbial phrases;
Explanation; it is the tilt of the earth that
 complex sentences;
determines the amount of daylight not the
distance of the earth from the sun.
 bahasa teksni;
 kalimat pasif
Focusing generic participant; daylight.
Using chronological connection; then, so, but.
Using pasive voice; you would be forgiven.
Using present tense; the earth is actually closer to the sun.
9. Hortatory Exposition Text
What is Hortatory Exposition?

1. Definition of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the
addressee do something or act in certain way.
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2. Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
3. Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense
Thesis In all discussion over the removal of lead from petrol ( and the
atmosphere), there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of
the diffence between driving in the city and in the country.
Arguments While I realise my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever
I drive, I feel that when you travel through the country,where
you only see another car every five to ten minutes,the problem
is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Those who want to penalise older , leaded petrol vehicles and
their owners donn’t seem to appreciate thet in the country
there is no public transport to fall back upon and ones own
vehicle is the only way to get about.
Recomendation I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge
distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great
deal of money on petrol,should be treated differently to the
people who live in the city
Example of Hortatory Exposition

A. Watch your Kids While Watching TV
Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost
houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it
important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely
"Yes" and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried
to protect the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.
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Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV
during the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep
duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount
of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the
possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV
a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following
tips:
 Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day
 Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms
 Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch
 Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show
Notes on the Generic Structure of this Hortatory Exposition example

Firstly, we have to always remember that the social function of hortatory
exposition text is driving the readers to act like the writer thought as stated in
the text. Then the purpose of this hortatory is influencing and persuading the
readers by presenting the supporting arguments. In many social activities,
hortatory is applied for writing recommended thought, sales letter,
advertising, speech campaign, and news advertorial.
Thesis: The writer's thought is presented as thesis which is proven with
several arguments. In the first paragraph, the writer points his thought about
the importance of accompanying children while they are watching TV show. It
is important to protect the children from the bad influences of TV show.
Arguments: The next paragraphs show the writer arguments in supporting his
thesis. It is supported by various researches that there are a great relationship
between watching TV and the watcher's personality. One study describes that
much time in watching TV can cause bed-time disruption. The others show the
possibility of becoming an aggressive character because of watching television
too much.
Recommendation: After stating the thesis and proving with various
arguments, the text is completed with the writer's recommendation on how
the parents should protect the children from the bed effect of watching TV.
Basically, both hortatory and analytical exposition have the similar position.
Both take place as argumentative essays. Both show how important idea of
the writer to be known. However the last paragraph of the essay usually make
the difference from hortatory and analytical exposition. If it is a hortatory text,
it will be ended with a strong recommendation while for analytical exposition,
it will be closed with restatement of the writer's first paragraph.
B. More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory
32
To improve comfort and cleanliness at the school, there should be an increasing
number of dust bins.
When we look at classroom, school corridors and schoolyard, there papers, mineral
water cops, straws, and napkin everywhere. The condition of unseemliness really hinders
learning and teaching environment. They can be filled out with water coming from the
rain. This can be placed for mosquito to spread out.
Anyway I notice that most of the students have responsibilities for their school
environment. They put their litter on the proper place but some of them are not diligent
enough to find the dust bins. The numbers of the dust bins in the school are not enough.
More dust bins should be put beside each step, outside of the classrooms and some along
of the corridors. Probably one dust bin should be in every ten meters. So when students
want to throw away their litters, they can find the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, students do not have problem of
discomfort any more. So provide more dust bins and school will be very clean and
become a very nice place to study.
C. Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text

The National examination result will be publicly enounced in next short time.
Euphoria will flood for those who get success. In the other hand, It will be sorry to hear
that there are some of them do not succeed in their national final examination. For those
who succeed soon will think to decide; where will they be after graduating high school?
Actually it will be easy to decide for those has been arranged and thought earlier but for
those have not planed yet, it will be quite confusing.
Continuing study or looking for work is the primary choice among them. When they
think about continuing study, they will think hard about the time and cost. How long the
higher study will last? And how high is about the cost. In the same way, when they think
about straightly seeking job, what skill and competence they have got is a big matter of
questioning. So, doing both choices in the same time is an alternative.
Continuing study as well as seeking job is possibly done but it will be hard for them.
Conventionally studying in the university needs much time to spend especially in the first
year. It is true because they have to do and adapt a lot of things in their new higher
school. it will be very hard to looking for job. Therefore it should come to their mind of
continuing studying at higher school from their own home. As result, the available time
will be more flexible for them. Then it will be very possible to seek job and get the
appropriate one. This type of studying is publicly known as distance learning.
As the alternative method of studying, besides the conventional studying which
students and the lecturer have to meet in the fixed time and place regularly, distance
learning provides possibility to grow better. Possibly working and studying surely will
create high quality graduate. Distance learning should appear as a considerable choice for
them.
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D. Millions from Property Market; a hortatory
Small Notes exposition text
Hortatory Exposition (eksposisi Dear friend,
hortatory) Are you tired of the daily grind? Sick of working
Ciri Umum: all hours of the day for litle reward? Tired of having
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks enough money to really enjoy yourself? Well, now
(Communicative Purpose) there is a way out.
Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi We can show the way to give up work. Sit back
audience (pendengar/pembaca) and make millions for yourself and your loved ones
bahwa seharusnya demikian atau on property market.
tidak demikian . Albert Smith felt just like you untill he read our
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure leaflet. Now he drives a sport car arround the South
 Thesis; Pernyataan isu yang of France and his wife has one of her own too.
dipersoalkan
Generic Structure Analyse
 Arguments: berupa alasan mengapa
ada keprihatinan, dan mengarah ke
Thesis; there is a way out of financial problem.
rekomendasi Argument; Albert Smith is the proof.
 Recomendation: pernyataan Recommendation; Join property market !
tentang bagaimana seharusnya atau Language Feature Analysis
tidak seharusnya Using abstract noun; reward
(c) Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: Using action verb; give up, make, etc
 Abstrac nouns,misalnya Using thinking verb; felt
policy,government dsb. Using simple present tense; are you tired?, he
 Technical verbs, misalnya species of drives a sport car, etc
animals,dsb.
 Relating verbs, misalnya should be, 10. Report Text
doesn’t seem to have been , dsb.
 Action verbs, misalnya, we must What is Report?
save, dsb. 1. Definition of Report
 Thinking verbs, misalnya I believe , Report is a text which presents information about
dsb.
something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic
 Modal verbs, misalnya We must observation and analysis
preserve, dsb.
 Modal adverbs, misalnya 2. Generic Structure of Report
certainly,we, dsb. 1. General classification: Stating classification of
 Connectives, misalnya firstly, general aspect of thing; animal, public place,
secondly, dsb. plant, etc which will be discussed in general
 Simple present tense 2. Description: Describing the thing which will
 Bahas evaluatif, misalnya important, be discussed in detail; part per part , customs
valuable, dsb. or deed for living creature and usage for
 Kalimat pasif (passive voice) materials
3. Language Feature of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
34
• Using simple present tense
THE PELICAN REPORT

General The white pelican is one of the most successful fish-
Clasification eating birds.
Description The success is largely due to its command hunting
behaviour. A group, perhaps two dozen birds, will gather in
a curved arc some distance offshore. The birds then begin
to move forward towards the shore, beating the water
furiously with their wings, driving the fish before them.
When the water is shallow enough for the birds to
reach the fish, the formation breaks up as each bird dips its
bill into the water to scoop up its meal. As the bird lifts its
head, the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which
are then swallowed.
Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds, Fossils
of this genus have been found dating back 40 million years.
Example of Report Text

A. Platypus; a report text
Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill.
Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.
Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered
with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud.
Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light.
Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in
the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders
and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.
Analyzing on the Text

Generic Structure analysis
General classification; stating general classification, the animal of
platypus.
Description; describing in detail characterization of platypus' body
and habitual life
Focusing in group; the animal of platypus
conditional, logical connective; but, in the other hand
35
Simple present tense pattern; Platypus lives in streams, male
platypus does not need any burrow, etc
Small Notes
Report
Ciri Umum:
Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau
analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-
gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk
binatang mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya.
 General Clasification; Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan
klasifikasinya.
 Description:tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or
behaviors; Gambaran dari fenomena yang akan didiskusikan seperti bagian – bagiannya, kebiasaan atau
tingkah laku jika benda hidup, kegunaannya jika non natural.
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
Menggunakan:
 general nouns, seperti ‘Reptiles in Comodo Insland’, dsb.

 relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya reptiles are scaly animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua
reptilia), dsb.
 action verbs dalam mejelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly, dsb.
 present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum, misalnya Komodo dragons usually weight more than
160 kg, dsb.
 istilah teknis, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen, dsb.
 paragraf dengan topik sentence untuk menyusun sejumlah informasi.
11. Spoof Text
What is Spoof?
1. Definition and Social Function of Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable
and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
36
2. Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
3. Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Penguin In The Park

Pengenalan Once a man was walking in a park when he came
across a penguin.
Kejadian/peristiwa/ He took him to a policeman and said, ‘ I have just
kegiatan 1 found this penguin. What should I do?’ The policeman
replied, ‘ take him to the zoo’.
Kejadian/peristiwa/ The next day the policeman saw the same man in the
kegiatan 2 same park and the man was still carrying the penguin with
him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to
the man and asked, ‘Why are you still carrying that penguin
about? Didn’t you take it to the zoo? ‘
‘I certainly did,’ replied the man.
Twist (Akhir yang ‘ and it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it,
lucu) so today I’m taking him to the moviest!
Example of Spoof text
A. “That Phone is Off”
Soon after he left college, Dave found one of his uncles who was very rich and had
no children of his own died and left him a lot of money, so he decided to set up his own
real estate agency.
Dave found a nice office. He bought some new furniture and moved in. he had only
been there for e few hours when he heard someone coming toward the door of his office.
“It must be my first customer” Dave thought. He quickly picked up the telephone
and pretended to be very busy answering an important call from someone in New York
who wanted to buy a big and expensive house in the country.
The man knocked at the door while this was going on. He came in and waited
politely for Dave to finish his conversation on the phone. Then the man said to Dave; “I
am from the telephone company and I was sent here to connect your telephone”
37
Small Notes
Spoof (Laporan kejadian atau
peristiwa lucu) Notes on the Spoof’s Generic
Ciri Umum: Structure
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: Orientation: Dave was a lucky
Menceritakan kejadian, peristiwa man. He suddenly became a
aneh atau lucu berdasarkan very rich man because of the
kejadian atau peristiwa dalam death of his rich uncle who
kehidupan nyata yang bertujuan
menghibur, yang biasa diakhiri
had no children. He inherited
dengan sesuatu yang tidak his uncle’s money.
diharapkan (twist). Event 1: Being rich, he wanted
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure to set up his estate company
 Pengenalan; Event 2: He had his new office.
 Kejadian/peristiwa/kegiatan In his office, he pretended to
1; be a very successful
 Kejadian/peristiwa/kegiatan businessman. He acted as had
2;
an important client. He
 Twist (akhir yang tidak
terduga atau lucu). showed by making
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: conversation on the phone.
 Terfokus pada orang, Twist: The man whom he
binatang, benda tertentu; showed is a telephone
 Menggunakan action verbs, technician. He came to Dave’s
misalnya eat, run; office to connect that phone.
 Menggunakan keterangan
waktu dan tempat; B. Saved by Stilts
 Menggunakan past tense; The king wanted to test Abu Nawas’
 Disusun sesuai dengan urutan smartness. So he invited Abu Nawas to the palace.
“You want me, your Majesty?” greeted Abu Nawas.
“Yes, you have fooled me three times and that’s too much. I want you to leave the
country. Otherwise you will have to go to jail” said the king. “If that is what you want, I
will do what you said” said Abu Nawas sadly. Then “Remember, from tomorrow you may
not step on the ground of this country anymore” the king said seriously. Then Abu nawas
left the king palace sadly.
The following morning the king ordered his two guards to go to Abu Nawas’ house.
The guards were very surprised found Abu Nawas still in his house. He had not left the
country yet. Instead leaving the country, Abu Nawas was swimming in small pool in front
of his house. “Hey Abu Nawas, why haven’t you left this country yet? The king ordered
you not to step on the ground of this country anymore, didn’t he?” said the guards. “Sure
he did” answered Abu Nawas calmly. “But look at me! Do I step on the ground of this
country? No, I do not step on the ground. I am swimming on the water” continued Abu
Nawas.
The guards were not able to argue with Abu Nawas so they left Abu Nawas’ house
and went back to the palace. The guards reported what they had seen to the king. The
38
king was curious on Abu Nawas’ excuse not to leave the country. Therefore the king
ordered his guard to call Abu Nawas to come to the palace.
Abu Nawas came to the palace on stilts. The king wondered and said “Abu, I will
surely punish you because you haven’t done what I have said. You have not left this
country”. The King continued “And now, look at you. You walk on stilts like a child. Are
you crazy? The king pretended to be furious.
“I remember exactly what you said, Your Majesty” Abu Nawas answered calmly.
“This morning I took a bath in the small pool in my house so that I had not to step on the
ground. And since yesterday, I have been walking on this stilts. So you see, Your Majesty,
I do not step on the ground of this country”. The king was not able to say anything.
(Adapted from S. Harianto’s Abu Nawas and King Aaron)
Orientation: Introducing Abu Nawas and the King on the counteracts
about leaving and staying in the country
Event 1: Abu Nawas was swimming on the pool
Event 2: Abu Nawas was walking on the stilts
Twister: Abu Nawas explained that swimming in the pool and walking
on the stilts meant not stepping on the ground of the country
C. Private Conversation
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very
interesting.I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.
They were talking very loudly.I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned
around. I looked at the man and the young woman angrily. They did not pay any
attention.In the end, I could not bear it. I turned around again. “I could not hear a word” I
said angrily.“It’s none of your business” the young man said rudely. “This is a private
conversation”
(From: English New Concept)

Orientation: introducing a writes as point of view “I” which is in a
theatre last week
Event 1: the other theatregoers, young man and young woman,
were talking noisily.
Event 2: the writer used physical language by turning around to the
young man and young woman talk to not to make noisy.
Event 3: the write used verbal language by saying “I could not hear
a word”.
Twister: the young man misunderstood the writer’s word and said;
“It’s none of your business. It’s a private conversation”.
D. Nasreddin’s Coat
39
One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by
wearing old clothes.
When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat.
He got no food in the party so he went home and change his clothes
Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party
again. The host at once got up and came to meet him. The host offered him the best table
and gave him a good seat and served him the best food
Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. He put his coat and said; “Eat the food, Coat!”
the hosts and guests were very surprised and asked Nareddin; “What are doing?”
Nasreddin replied calmly; “When I came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me.
Then I went home and put on my best clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all
give me this best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of me”. Getting
Nasreddin's answer, they just shook the head.
Orientation: one day, Nasreddin was invited to a dinner party
Event 1: He was in the party with his old cloth
Event 2: He was in the party with his best newest coat
Twist: Among the hosts and guests, he aske his coat to eat the
served food
E. Penguin in the Park

Once a man was walking in a park when he across a penguin. He took it to a
policeman and said; "What should I do?" The policeman replied; "Take it to the zoo!".
The next day, the policeman saw the man in the same park. The man was still
carrying the penguin. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and
asked; "Why are you still carrying the penguin? Didn't you take it to the zoo?" The man
replied; "I certainly did. And it was a great idea because the penguin really enjoyed it. So,
today I am taking it to the movie".
Analyzing the Text

Orientation;introducing participants: "He" and Penguin. They were in
the park
Event1; The man tended to take the penguin to the park
Event; The following day, the man were still carrying the penguin
Twist; Even, finally the man would take the penguin to the movies
Focusing on certain certain participants; He, penguin, policeman
Using action verb; carry, walk up
Using adverb of time and place; once, in the park
Told in chronological order; chronological order by days, the next day
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12. Recount Text
What is Recount?
1. Definition of Recount
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either
to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the
participants and that differentiates from narrative
2. Generic Structure of Recount
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story
3. Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense
Our trip to the Blue Mountain

Orientation On Friday we went to the Blue Mountains. We stayed at David and
Della’s house. It has a big garden with lots of colourful flowers and
a tennis court.
Events On Saturday we saw the Three Sisters and went on the scenic
railway. It was scary. Then, Mummy and I went shopping with
Della. We went to some antique shops and I tried on some old hats.
On Sunday we went on the Scenic Skyway and it rocked. We saw
cockatoos having a shower.
Reorientation In the afternoon we went home.
Example of Recount text

A. Vacation to London
Mr. Richard’s family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with two sons.
They went to London. They saw their travel agent and booked their tickets. They went to
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the British Embassy to get visas to enter Britain. They had Small Notes
booked fourteen days tour. This includes travel and
Recount (Laporan peristiwa, kejadian
accommodation. They also included tours around London atau kegiatan masa lampau)
They boarded a large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly
Ciri Umum
fourteen hours. On the plane the cabin crews were very
friendly. They gave them news paper and magazine to read.
Melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian
They gave them food and drink. There was a film for their
atau kegiatan dengan tujuan
entertainment. They had a very pleasant flight. They slept memberitakan atau menghibur.
part of the way. (b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
On arrival at Heathrow Airport, they had to go to  Orientation; Pengenalan, yaitu
Customs and Immigration. The officers were pleasant. They memberikan informasi tentang
checked the document carefully but their manners were very siapa, di mana dan kapan;
polite. Mr. Richard and his family collected their bags and  Events; Rekaman peristiwa,
went to London Welcome Desk. They arranged the transfer to kejadian atau kegiatan yang terjadi,
a hotel. yang biasanya disampaikan dalam
urutan kronologis;
The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room
Komentar pribadi dan/atau
had perfect view of the park. The room had its own bathroom
ungkapan penilaian;
and toilet. Instead of keys for the room, they inserted a key-
 Reorientation; Pengenalan ulang
card to open the door. On the third floor, there was a yang merangkum rentetan
restaurant serving Asian and European food. They had variety peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan.
of food. (c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
The two week in London went by fast. At the end of the Menggunakan:
14-day, they were quite tired but they felt very happy.  nouns dan pronouns sebagai kata
B. Between Recount and Narrative ganti orang, hewan atau benda
yang terlibat, misalnya David, the
Something which happened in the past is the main monkey, we dsb.
resource to compose both recount and narrative text. In  action verbs atau kata kerja
writer's point of view, the thing is an experience. It can be tindakan, misalnya go, sleep, run
what the writer has done, hear, read, and felt. Composing dsb.
recount and narrative is retelling the experiences of the past  past tense, misalnya We went to
event to be a present event. the zoo; She was happy dsb.
What does recount differ from narrative?  conjunctions dan time connectives
The easiest way to catch the difference is analyzing the yang mengurutkan peristiwa,
kejadian atau kegiatan, misalnya
generic structure. Recount text presents the past experiences
and, but, then, after that, dsb.
in order of time or place; what happened on Sunday, then on
 adverbs dan adverb phrases untuk
Monday, the on Tuesday. In simple way, recount describes mengungkap tempat, waktu dan
series of events in detail. It does not expose the struggle on cara, misalnya yesterday, at my
how to make them happen. The event happened smoothly. house, slowly dsb.
On the other hand, narrative introduces crises and how to  adjectives untuk menerangkan
solve them. Narrative text always appear as a hard potrait of nouns, misalnya beautiful, funny,
participant's past experience. It reveals the conflict among the dsb.
participants. Cinderella's conflicts with her step mother and
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sister are the example. The conflict is the most important element in a narrative text.
Narrative without comflicts is not narrative any more.
C. Visiting Bali
There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to
see as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three days
swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected two
tours. The first one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud.
On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through
mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town.
The street are lined with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they returned
very late in the evening to Kuta.
The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but
to see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of
stone sculpture. There my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of
stone. The next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he
stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center
My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent
on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.
D. My Horrible Experience
Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the
earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not
know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone
and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I
could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do
but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The
earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God
that nobody was seriously injured.

Orientation; introducing the participant, using first person point of view,
I was on the car las week.
Events; describing a series of event which happened. The car lunched to
one side. Telephone and electricity poles was falling down, etc.
Re-orientation; stating the writer's personal note. Thanking God
because nobody was seriously injured.
• Using personal participant; I
• Using chronological connectives; then, and, suddenly
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• Using linking verb; was, were
• Using action verb; moved, left, walked, made, etc
• Using simple past tense pattern; earthquake happened, I was on the
car, my car lunched on one side, etc
E. My Grandpa’s Funeral in Toraja

Last month my family and I went to Toraja to attend Grandpa’s funeral. It was my
first time to go to such a ceremony. We gathered there with our kin in the ceremony.
Overall, the ceremony was quite elaborate. It took about a week. Several days
before the ceremony was done, grandpa’s body was kept in a series of houses arranged
in a circular row around an open field called tongkonan. His corpse was dressed in a fi ne
wearing.
The funeral was performed in two phases. First, we slaughtered the pigs and
buffaloes, and then moved the corpse to face north. In this ceremony we wore black
clothes. After that, the corpse was placed in a sandal wood coffin. Then, it was brought
out of the house and placed on an open platform beneath the granary. Meanwhile, my
uncle, my brother, and I prepared the wooden puppet and a funeral tower called lakian.
The next phase of the ceremony was held in this place. The coffin is borne from the house
and placed in the lakian. During the day, there were also buffalo matches. They were
great matches. In the night, we were feasting, chanting, and dancing.
On the last day, the grandpa’s coffin were lowered from the funeral tower and
brought up to the mountain side family graveyard. It was followed by great shouting and
excitement from the relatives and the guests. Finally, we installed the wooden puppet on
a high balcony where other puppets representing the members of a whole family were
already there. The funeral ceremonies made my family and me tired. However, we were
grateful because it ran smoothly.
Questions
1. When did the writer attend the funeral?
2. How long did the writer and his family hold the ceremony?
3. What did they do to the corpse before the funeral was done?
4. What did they do after the corpse was placed in a sandal wood coffi n?
5. What did they do on the last day of the ceremony?
Notes:
A recount text is a text that tells you a part of experience. A recount text
has an orientation, a series of events in chronological order, personal
remarks on the events and a reorientation that “rounds off” the
sequence of events. In the text, you find words and phrases used to
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start, connect a sentence with the next one, and end your composition.
Those words and phrases are:
• First,
• Then,
• After that,
• Finally,
13. Review Text
What is review text

1. Definition
Review is one of text genres. This classification of text types is commonly based on
the structure which used by the writer to compose his text. Each text type will have
different form of generic structure. As I said in my previous post, review text usually
has generic structure as:
2. Generic Structure
Introduction: it is the highlight of the general description about what will be
reviewed. It can be product, services which want to be sold, or just a site which want
to be known publicly. Then it will drive more traffic into the site.
Evaluation: the second phase is coming inside into the product in details. It states the
parts, uniqueness, quality of the product which will be known publicly. However too
much detail description will “teach” the will-buyer and it does not sound good.
Evaluating as far as necessary for the targeted buyer is more genuine. The term of
evaluation will not be far from simple word of good or bad. In this phase reviewer will
apply much evaluative word, valuable, useful, worthy, etc.
Interpretation: after writing about the objective thing of the product, it is the time for
reviewer to write about what he thinks or impresses on the product. Of course this
phase can be done after getting enough evaluation on the product. It is personal idea
about the product. Frequently to support and strengthen his idea or impression, a
reviewer describes a comparison to other similar product. He states in which side the
product has additional value or honestly admitted that the product lacks value in
certain side.
Summary: this phase is recommending conclusion for reader of the product. After
clearly explanation, a reviewer will make a final comment whether the product is
valuable or not for targeted buyer. This phase is the worth of the review for reader.
3. Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
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3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix

Pengenalan / I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will
Orientasi always hold a special place in my heart.
Evaluasi 1 I have to say that of all of the books, however, this was not my
favorite.
Evaluasi 2 When the series began it was as much of a "feel good" experience
as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced,
intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Tafsiran Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances
(Interpretativ this works...you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement
e recount) by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page.
Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel.
The galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here,
and parts of it do seem long, as if we're reading all about Harry
"just hanging out" instead of having his usual adventures. Reading
in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example -
housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I'm not very
interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book - the "real" world comes much
more in to play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous
books, and Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I know
that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a
teenager and all, but the sudden change in his character seemed
too drastic. He goes from being a warm-hearted, considerate
person to someone who will bite his best friend's heads off over
nothing. It just seemed like it didn't fit with his character, like he
turned into a walking cliché of the "angry teen" overnight.
Rangkuman The "real" story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and
this part I loved. I actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad
as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care about the story
even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would
have been great.
Example of Review text
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A. Zenni Optical; a site for eyeglasses
Eyeglasses will become more and more important. It is not only because for
protecting our eyes from the hot light but also for holding the trend. There are a lot of
online sites which provides products of eyeglasses but Zenni Optical was on FOX news! is
just the perfect one.
If we visit the site, we will easily catch various information about eyeglasses. The
site is quite simple but very informative. It is real, easy and not complicated design. With
quick loading this site will bring us quickly in to what we want.
There is information about Variable Dimension

Frames From Zenni. Titanium, aluminum and rimless frame are available. The eyeglasses
are designed for different users. Eyeglasses for children, woman and man are available
choice. Again, what makes it different is this site gives the Great Eyeglasses For Less cost.
The product can be sold in cheap price because it has cut the marketing link. It straightly
goes to the end user.
B. Good Translation
Translation is transferring not only words by word but also message to message. In
certain case, it will be quite difficult to make translation. How is to make good Arabic
translation from English phrase of “as white as snow” meanwhile there is no snow in
Arabian?
The basic requirement of a good translator is mastering resource and target
language with all non-linguistic aspect . If he is an English translator and wants to make
Hindi translation, he should understand well the language and aspect of India. Similarly, if
he works with Farsi translation, he has to be familiar with linguistics and non-linguistics of
Farsian.
However, translation providers can bridge that difficulty. The translation experts,
such as India translation will help to fix the problem. The experts who have grammatical,
lexical, sociolinguistics specialization will match in transferring the message from one
language to another language.
C. Recording Mommy Journey

Life itself is a journey. For Rosemarie, a pretty young Filipino single mother for 2-
year kid, the daily activities are worthily documented. The site is her effort to record of
what she did, does and will do daily.
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The site consists of several topic; family, motherhood,
shopping, money, love fashion and shopping. These topics are Review (Ulasan atau tinjauan)
close related to her own life. She is not only young but also pretty Ciri Umum:
and she has a kid. These topics will be useful to her. Rosemarie is (a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
also interested with making money, internet, business, computer, Melakukan kritik
loan and other interesting stuff. She is a widely knowledge mom. terhadap peristiwa atau
The template design of her site is very girly, pink centered. karya seni untuk
pembaca atau pendengar
She has arranged her site very attractive, fresh and bright. Again, halayak ramai, misalnya
this physical appearing site must represent her personal mood film, pertunjukan, buku,
because she is a young and pretty mom. I like this site and you, dll.
young mothers, surely will like the site too. (b) Struktur Teks:
 Pengenalan;(orientation)
D. Good Young Mother
 Evaluasi 1;
It is about a young mother. It has a title of yummy mummy.  Evaluasi 2;
This blog is representative of her idea of becoming young mother.  Tafsir;(Interpretive)
He pours her thought and opinion on this blog in relating her
 Evaluasi 3;
position of a mother of kid and a wife of a husband. Beside that,
 Evaluasi 4, dsb. Jika ada;
she is trying to monetizing it
 Rangkuman.(Evaluative
This blog has fresh physical appearance. She choose green Summation)
border of her template. She is young therefore she has to have a (c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
blog look fresh and energetic. She looks to have strong care to her Terfokus pada partisipan
baby that is why we find her monthly calendar of feeding milk to tertentu;
her baby attaches on the header of the blog. Menggunakan:
She is not only a good mother for her baby but also a good  adjectives menunjukkan
wife for her husband. She expresses it in her post labeled wedding sikap, seperti bad, good;
anniversary. It is a romantic scene. In the last she is monetizing  klausa panjang dan
this blog. It must help her husband support financially the family. kompleks;
It is really a reference blog for every young mother and wife.  metafor.
E. Recommended Software Applications

Software application have grown to their density. A lot of softwares have been
offered to us. They claim that they are the best product. A buyer is really a king. He/she
has so many choices to select which he/she likes most. In one side, this phenomenon
present us comparable software products but, in the other hands, it make us complicated
to choose.
Due to this complex phenomenon of consumer, a review site is necessary. It will be
a recommending bridge between consumer and producer. A good reviewer will place
hes/her self in the middle arena. He/she will not tend to specially software producer or
absolutely consumer. He/she just presents the real description of the product. He/she
will observes to find the good and bad side of the product. In the last, he/she will
recommends whether the reviewed products deserve to choose or not. That is really
helpful for consumer.
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14. Writing job application letters
The job application letter's sole purpose is to get the recipient to read your CV. It
should be clear, concise and straight to the point. Here you are simply telling the employer
that you are worth having a look at.
The application letter should be brief, no more than one page in length. It should be
easy to read and flow through. It should include only the absolute necessary information.
Like most other things, there is a formula that works extremely well for preparing job
application letters. Following we discuss each paragraph and give you some guidelines.
Addressing job application letters:
The style you choose is not important, there are many different styles of job applications
and professional letters, this comes down to personal preference. However somewhere on
the top, whether it is on the right or left hand sides, there should be your address and the
date. Following this, on the left hand side you should address it. Ensure you include the
name of the person, their title, company name, address and any position reference number.
This is probably obvious, but ensure that you spell their name correctly, nothing worse
than receiving a letter incorrectly addressed or misspelled. It gives a poor first impression.
The Introductory Paragraph:
The first paragraph should simply state why you are writing to them. If it is an advertised
position, mention the position title and where it was advertised. If you are "cold calling" a
company then you should specify that you are applying for any current or future
employment opportunities.
An easy way to start this paragraph is with the following statement: " Please find enclosed
my CV, which I am forwarding to you as an application for the position of......."
The main body of job application letters:
The main body of the letter should be two to three paragraphs at the most. Here is where
you tell them what you have to offer and why they should read your CV. This is a good
time to read the job advertisement again. In one paragraph (two at the most) you need to
summarise your experience and skills, at the same time, you need to respond to the
position requirements as per the advertisement.
Analyse your career and summarise it in a few sentences, highlight what you specialise in,
or how many years in the industry you might have, or even the level that you have
reached. This paragraph should direct the reader to your CV and should sell you on some
unique points that you might have.
49
A good way to start this paragraph is with a statement like this: "You will see from my
enclosed CV...." then go ahead and tell them something about your career which will
immediately get their interest.
The next part of the body of the letter should be a brief description of your personal skills.
Again read the advertisement and respond to their needs. If they are asking for someone
with good co-ordination skills, then ensure you mention something to that effect. If it is
communication or perhaps leadership skills they value, then tell them that you have these.
Use adjectives like "demonstrated ability", "well developed", "strong".
Job Application Letters Closing Paragraph:
The closing paragraph should ask for some action from the recipient. This is where you
ask for an interview. It should also state where and how they can reach you, and it should
thank the recipient for giving you the opportunity to apply. You can include things like
"should you require further information....." .
Finish the letter by adding a closing remark, either "yours sincerely", "yours faithfully' or
whatever you feel comfortable with and obeying general letter writing etiquette. Leave a
few spaces for your signature and then place your full name.
Before you mail the application letter, read it over again, making sure that it is perfect.
Special attention should be placed to ensure the letter:
 It is not too long.

 There are no grammar or spelling errors.
 That you have answered the job requirements.
 The application letter flows and is easy to read.
You might have to type and edit the letter many times before you are happy with it, but
just remember that the job application letter is just as important as the CV itself. The letter
should invite the recipient to read the resume, in turn the resume should raise enough
interest for them to want to interview you. The Interview is where you will demonstrate
your skills and abilities.
15. Similarities and differenties
A. The Differences between Report and Descriptive Text

Some text types are quite difficult to differ. Such report and descriptive text
have the similarity in the social function and generic structure. However if they are
analyzed carefully, the slight difference between the two text types will reveal.
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The purpose of the two texts are to give the live-description of the
object/participant. Both the report and descriptive text try to show rather than tell
the reader about the factual condition of the object. Readers by themselves will catch
the impressive point of the object through that showing writing style. What make
different, between report and descriptive text, is the scope of the written object. If
we talk about, eg: bicycle, it belongs to report text. It will talk about bicycle in general;
its parts, physical strengh, function for certain people or other general characters of
bike. In the other hand, descriptive text will convey more focus, for example "my
bicycle" with its specific characters; colour, lengh, wheel style, etc.
In short, report text describes the way of certain things and frequently refer to
phenomenon of nature, animal and scientific object. Mostly, report is written after
getting careful observation. This scientific and technical sense make clearer difference
from descriptive text. The way of descriptive text in showing thing is based on the
objective fact of the thing. It describe the specific thing simply as the thing is.
B. Between Explanation and Procedure Text

Seeing the social function, both procedure and explanation texts have the
similarity in which both describe how to make or done something. They give the
detail description on something, phenomena, goods, product case or problem.
To see the differences between explanation and procedure, we have to analyze
the dominant language feature and how the texts are used.
Procedure, this text type is commonly called as instruction text. It uses pattern
of commend in building the structure. It use the “to infinitive verb” which is omitted
the “to”. It is a kind of instruction text which uses full commend verb. Procedure is
commonly used to describe how to make something which is close to our daily
activity. For example how to make a cup of tea, how to make a good kite, etc is the
best example of the procedure text. It is such word; first boil water, secondly prepare
the cup, and so on.
Explanation, it is commonly used the passive voice in building the text.
Explanation is such a scientific written material. It describes how certain phenomenon
or event happen. How a tornado form, how tsunami works are the best example of
explanation text. It uses passive pattern in describing the topic.
C. Between Recount and Narrative

Something which happened in the past is the main resource to compose both
recount and narrative text. In writer's point of view, the thing is an experience. It can
be what the writer has done, hear, read, and felt. Composing recount and narrative is
retelling the experiences of the past event to be a present event.
What does recount differ from narrative?
The easiest way to catch the difference is analyzing the generic structure.
Recount text presents the past experiences in order of time or place; what happened
51
on Sunday, then on Monday, the on Tuesday. In simple way, recount describes series
of events in detail. It does not expose the struggle on how to make them happen. The
event happened smoothly. On the other hand, narrative introduces crises and how to
solve them. Narrative text always appear as a hard potrait of participant's past
experience. It reveals the conflict among the participants. Cinderella's conflicts with
her step mother and sister are the example. The conflict is the most important
element in a narrative text. Narrative without comflicts is not narrative any more.
D. Between Explanation and Procedure Text

Seeing the social function, both procedure and explanation texts have the
similarity in which both describe how to make or done something. They give the
detail description on something, phenomena, goods, product case or problem.
To see the differences between explanation and procedure, we have to analyze
the dominant language feature and how the texts are used.
Procedure, this text type is commonly called as instruction text. It uses pattern
of commend in building the structure. It use the “to infinitive verb” which is omitted
the “to”. It is a kind of instruction text which uses full commend verb. Procedure is
commonly used to describe how to make something which is close to our daily
activity. For example how to make a cup of tea, how to make a good kite, etc is the
best example of the procedure text. It is such word; first boil water, secondly prepare
the cup, and so on.
Explanation, it is commonly used the passive voice in building the text.
Explanation is such a scientific written material. It describes how certain phenomenon
or event happen. How a tornado form, how tsunami works are the best example of
explanation text. It uses passive pattern in describing the topic.
16. A Complete Overview Of Tex Types

Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided
into several types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical
exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and
news item. These variations are known as GENRES.

20. Discussion
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a) ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION 3. Using temporal conjunctions
Purpose: To reveal the readers that c) DESCRIPTIVE
something is the important case Purpose: To explain the processes
Generic Structure: involved in the formation or working
of natural or socio-cultural
1. Thesis
phenomena.
2. Arguments
Generic Structure:
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
1. General statement
Dominant Language Features:
2. Explanation
1. Using modals
3. Closing
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
1. Using Simple Present Tense
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
3. Using passive voice
6. Using technical terms
4. Using noun phrase
7. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using adverbial phrase
8. Using connectives/transition
6. Using technical terms
b) ANECDOTE
7. Using general and abstract noun
Purpose: to share with others an
8. Using conjunction of time and
account of an unusual or amusing
cause-effect.
incident
d) NARRATIVE
Generic Structure:
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the
1. Abstract
readers and to tell a story
2. Orientation
Generic Structure:
3. Crisis
1. Orientation
4. Reaction
2. Evaluation
5. Coda.
3. Complication
4. Resolution
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical
5. Reorientation
question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
1. Using Past Tense
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2. Using action verb side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and
‘Against/Cons’)
3. Chronologically arranged
Generic Structure:
e) PROCEDURE
1. Issue
Purpose: to help readers how to do
or make something completely 2. Arguments for and against
Generic Structure: 3. Conclusion
1. Goal/Aim Dominant Language Features:
2. Materials/Equipments 1. Using Simple Present Tense
3. Steps/Methods 2. Use of relating verb/to be
Dominant Language Features: 3. Using thinking verb
1. Using Simple Present Tense 4. Using general and abstract noun
2. Using Imperatives sentence 5. Using conjunction/transition
3. Using adverb 6. Using modality
4. Using technical terms 7. Using adverb of manner
f) NEWS ITEM h) EXPLANATION
Purpose: to inform readers about Purpose: to describe a particular
events of the day which are person, place or thing in detail.
considered newsworthy or important Dominant Generic Structure:
Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Identification
1. Newsworthy event(s) 2. Description
2. Background event(s) Language Features:
3. Sources 1. Using Simple Present Tense
Dominant Language Features: 2. Using action verb
1. Short, telegraphic information 3. Using adverb
about story captured in headline
4. Using special technical terms
i) HORTATORY EXPOSITION
3. Using saying verbs
Purpose: to persuade the readers
4. Using adverbs : time, place and that something should or should not
manner. be the case or be done
g) DISCUSSION Generic Structure:
Purpose: to present information and 1. Thesis
opinions about issues in more one
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2. Arguments 2. Using conditional logical
connection
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
k) SPOOF
Purpose: to tell an event with a
2. Using modals
humorous twist and entertain the
3. Using action verbs readers
4. Using thinking verbs Generic Structure:
5. Using adverbs 1. Orientation
6. Using adjective 2. Event(s)
7. Using technical terms 3. Twist
8. Using general and abstract noun Dominant Language Features:
9. Using connectives/transition 1. Using Past Tense
Then what is the basic difference 2. Using action verb
between analytical and hortatory
3. Using adverb
exposition. In simple word. Analytical
is the answer of "How is/will" while 4. Chronologically arranged
hortatory is the answer of "How l) RECOUNT
should". Analytical exposition will be
best to describe "How will student do Purpose: to retell something that
for his examination? The point is the happened in the past and to tell a
important thing to do. But for the series of past event
question" How should student do for Generic Structure:
his exam?" will be good to be
answered with hortatory. It is to 1. Orientation
convince that the thing should be 2. Event(s)
done
3. Reorientation
j) REPORT
Purpose: to presents information
1. Using Past Tense
about something, as it is.
2. Using action verb
Generic Structure
3. Using adjectives
1. General classification
Narrative and recount in some ways
2. Description
are similar. Both are telling
Dominant Language Feature something in the past so narrative
1. Introducing group or general and recount usually apply PAST
aspect TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense,
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Simple Past Continuous Tense, or m) REVIEW
Past Perfect Tense. The ways Purpose: to critique or evaluate an
narrative and recount told are in art work or event for a public
chronological order using time or audience
place. Commonly narrative text is
found in story book; myth, fable, dominant Generic Structure:
folklore, etc while recount text is 1. Orientation
found in biography.
2. Evaluation
The thing that makes narrative and
recount different is the structure in 3. Interpretative Recount
which they are constructed. 4. Evaluation
Narrative uses conflicts among the
5. Evaluative Summation
participants whether natural conflict,
social conflict or psychological Dominant Language features:
conflict. In some ways narrative text 1. Focus on specific participants
combines all these conflicts. In the
contrary, we do not find these 2. Using adjectives
conflicts inside recount text. Recount 3. Using long and complex clauses
applies series of event as the basic
4. Using metaphor
structure
17. Bentuk Soal Reading

BEBERAPA pertanyaan yang diajukan dalam teks pada umumnya siswa dituntut
untuk dapat memberikan penjelasan seperti hal sebagai berikut:
Apakah yang dimaksud dengan;
1. TEXT adalah segala bentuk tulisan yang ada pada sebuah buku, artikel dll yang
mempunyai makna. Non-continuous text misalnya brosur, label, grafik, tabel, map,
diagram dsb. Continuous text misalnya narrative, descriptive,exposition, spoof dsb.
2. PARAGRAPH adalah bagian dari sebuah tulisan/teks dan mungkin saja terdiri dari
sebuah kalimat atau sekumpulan kalimat yang merupakan pengembangan dari
pokok pikiran/main topic/main idea.
3. Kalimat yang menggambarkan main idea/pokok pikiran dari sebuah paragraph
disebut TOPIC SENTENCE.
4. Topic sentence biasanya ada pada awal/akhir/kadang di tengah sebuah paragrap.
5. Gambaran umum tentang isi bacaan bisa merupakan MAIN TOPIC atau MAIN IDEA.
6. TOPIC dari sebuah paragrap/teks adalah subjek dari tulisan, sedangkan MAIN IDEA
adalah keterangan, penjelasan, uraian topic atau merupakan pendapat penulis
tentang topic tulisannya.
7. Oleh karena itu pertanyaan tentang topic dari sebuah paragraph/text bisa tentang
inti isi tulisan yang juga bisa merupakan judul.
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8. Jika pertanyaan menanyakan ‘TOPIC’ maka jawaban ditulis dalam satu kata atau
bentuk frasa, tetapi jika pertanyaan menanyakan tentang ‘MAIN IDEA’ maka
jawaban ditulis dalam kalimat lengkap.
9. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘informasi tertentu/specific information’ adalah informasi
yang tertera jelas dalam text, biasanya tentang nama, tempat, tanggal, tahun, dsb.
10. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘informasi tersirat’ adalah informasi yang tidak tertera jelas
dalam text. Untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan spt ini dibutuhkan keterampilan
‘reading between the lines’.
11. Frasa adalah rangkaian kata yang mempunyai makna.
Dibawah ini adalah macam-macam bentuk pertanyaan yang biasa ada dalam soal Reading:
a) Menemukan gambaran umum/topic isi bacaan/teks.
Contoh pertanyaan :
∞ Which of the following is the most suitable title…?
∞ What is the suitable topic of the passage?
∞ The text mainly tells us about____.
b) Menemukan informasi tertentu/khusus dari bacaan.
Contoh pertanyaan :
∞ When did she make her first solo flight? In…
c) Menemukan informasi rinci yang tersurat dari bacaan teks/dialog.
Contoh :
∞ Which of the following requirements is not mentioned in the passage?
∞ “They may be classified in several different ways…”
∞ The underlined word refers to ….
d) Menemukan informasi rinci yang tersirat dari bacaan teks/dialog.
Contoh :
∞ Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the text?
∞ The following are TRUE about Maria EXCEPT…
e) Menentukan main idea yang tersurat/tersirat dari suatu paragrap.
Contoh :
∞ What is the main idea of the passage?
∞ The fourth paragraph tells us ____.
f) Menentukan makna kata, frasa dan kalimat berdasarkan konteks.
Contoh :
“Brownie is Chinese breed, it is small, fluffy. And cute.”
The underlined word mean ____
g) Menentukan type text yang digunakan penulis.
Contoh :
What type text is used by the writer?
The text above is in the form of _____.
h) Menentukan communicative purpose/tujuan kominikativ sebuah teks
Contoh :
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The communicative putpose of the text above is ___.
The purpose of the text is _____.
i) Menyusun kalimat dengan baik.
Contoh :
The best order of the sentences above is …
The best arrangement of the sentences to make a good paragraph is …
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EXERCISES;
a) Analytical exposition
Dust Bin
To improve comfort and cleanliness at our school, a number of dust bins should be increased.
When we look at classrooms, school corridors and school yard, there are paper mineral water
cups, straws, and napkins here and there. The condition of uncleanliness and discomfort really
hinders learning and teaching environment. Litters thrown carelessly cause disease, especially empty
plastic cup or glasses. They can be filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be placed for
dengue mosquitoes to spread out. Besides, these rubbish can deteriorate the scene. Well painted
wall and green school yard do not mean anything litters are scattered everywhere.
Anyway I notice that most of the students in our school have responsibilities for the school
environment. They put their litters on the proper places. But some are not diligent enough to find
the dust bins. The numbers of dust binds in our schools are not enough. Ore dust bins should be put
beside each of steps, outside of the classrooms, and some more also the corridors. Probably one dust
bin should be in every ten meters. So when students want to throw away their litters, they can find
the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, we do not have problems of freak and
discomfort any more. Our school will be very clean and become a nice place to study.
1. What is the writer’s intention? To a) They can prevent litters
….. readers to do something good. b) They can save janitor’s energy
c) Students are asked to clean
a) inform
them
b) explain
d) They make school environment
c) describe
neat
d) entertain
e) Students can throw garbage
e) persuade
away easily
2. According to the writer, more dust
4. What is the writer’s suggestion?
bins….. in every ten meters.
a) To buy more dustbins
a) should be decorated
b) To hire more gardeners
b) should be painted
c) To use dustbins efficiently
c) should be placed
d) To ask parents to give more
d) are unnecessary
dustbins
e) are not required
e) To ask students to clean the
school yard
3. What is the writer’s argument on a
sufficient number of dust bins?
Learning English
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Learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with
learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some
underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning.
Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we
heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes
unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long
term memory.
Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition,
which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them
many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite
complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other
literary sample.
Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and
probably many other types don’t have precise people, place or time reference.
In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within
oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion,
patriotism and yeas, even revolution.
Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying
grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary,
spelling and culture.
From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning
English can be enjoyable and fun.
5. The type of the text above is … a) Thesis – arguments –
recommendation
a) Analytical exposition
b) General statement – sequential
b) Hortatory exposition
explanation
c) Narrative
c) Newsworthy events –
d) Discussion
background events – sources
e) Explanation
d) Thesis – arguments – reiteration
6. What is the communicative purpose e) General statement – arguments
of the text?
8. What is the text about ….
a) To tell the reader about the
a) Learning songs
songs
b) Very enjoyable music
b) To entertain the reader with the
c) The phenomenon
songs
d) Music listeners
c) To show the reader the use of
e) Using songs in language learning
songs
d) To explain above the songs 9. Based on the text, there are ……
e) To persuade the reader to use reason for using songs in learning
songs in learning language language
7. The generic structures of the text a) 6
are …. b) 4
c) 5
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d) 3 The underlined word refers to ….
e) 2
a) Groups
10.“They provide variety and fun, and
b) Learners
encourage harmony within oneself
c) People
and within one group.”
d) Songs
e) Activities
Smoking in Restaurant
Smoking in restaurants is just not on. It must not be allowed because it is rude, harmful to
others and dangerous for the smokers.
Firstly, smoking in a restaurant is impolite. The smell of the smoke affects all people and can
turn them off their food. People pay to taste good food and not to be put off by foul smelling smoke.
Another reason smoking should not be allowed in restaurant is the harm it can do to others.
Passive smoking that is breathing in smoke made by a smoker can lead to asthma attacks and even
cancer.
Finally, smoking is dangerous and a health risk to the smokers. Cigarettes cause heart and lung
disease and people should not smoke anywhere, not just in restaurants.
Therefore, smoking in restaurants is impolite, harmful to others and a health risk to the smokers
and should not be allowed in any restaurants.
11.Smoking in the restaurants must be c) anecdote
avoided because…… d) procedure
e) analytical exposition
a) It is harmful to others
b) It is impolite 14.What is the purpose of the text?
c) It’s dangerous to the smokers
a) To inform the readers to the
d) It can cause hearth and lung
readers
disease
b) To persuade to the readers
e) All answers are correct
c) To describe to the readers
12.We have many reasons to say that d) To tell a story to the readers
smoking must be avoided. The e) To argue about smoking to the
word reasons mean….. readers
a) conclusion 15.The synonym of the word
b) point of view dangerous in the text is……
c) argument
a) rude
d) reinforcement
b) impolite
e) statement
c) health risk
13.Since we can find a thesis, d) harmful
arguments and reiteration in the e) disease
text, so we can conclude that this
16.Smoking in restaurants is just not
text belongs to…..
on. It must not be allowed because
a) description it is rude, harmful to others and
b) narration dangerous for the smokers.
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The sentence above characterize a) people should do smoking in
as….. of the text. restaurant
b) people should not do smoking in
a) thesis restaurant
b) arguments c) people must not smoking in
c) reiteration restaurant
d) topic sentence d) people must not smoke in
e) supporting details restaurant
e) people should smoke in
17.Smoking in restaurant should not be
restaurant
allowed. It means that…..
The Importance of Reading

I personally think that reading is a very important activity in our life. Why do I say so? Firstly, by
reading we can get a lot of knowledge about many things in the world such as Science, technology.
Sports, arts, culture, etc written in either books, magazine, newspaper, etc.
Secondly, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about something happening in
any parts of the world which can we see directly.
Another reason, reading can give us pleasure too. When we are tired, we read books,
newspaper or magazine on the entertainment coloumn such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc. To
make us relaxed.
The last, reading can also take us to other parts of the world. By reading a book about Irian Jaya
we may feel we’re really sitting in the jungles not at home in our rooms.
From the facts above, it’s obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge, information
and also entertainment. Or in summary we can say reading is truly important in our life.
18.Why is reading very important in c) look for newspaper and
our life? Because….. magazine
d) sell and buy many expensive
a) By reading, we can get a lot of
books
friends, relatives, experience,
e) Read a lot of books and other
etc.
printed materials.
b) By reading, we can get little
knowledge but a lot of 20.What does the text tell us about?
entertainment.
a) The description of reading
c) By reading, we are always
b) The function of reading
relaxed.
c) The importance of reading
d) By reading, we are always
d) The disadvantages of reading
happy.
e) The purpose of reading
e) By reading we can get a lot of
knowledge, news, information 21.What is the social function of the
and entertainment text?
19.If we want to get knowledge, what a) To tell a story
should we do? b) To describe the reader
c) To entertain the reader
a) buy a lot of books
d) To give information
b) borrow a lot of books
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e) To persuade the reader b) 2
c) 3
22.Paragraph…. In the text is the
d) 4
thesis.
e) 5
a) 1

33. Discussion
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FUNCTIONAL SKILL
1. Offering Help
There are a number of formulas used when offering help in English. Here are some of the
most common:
 May I help you?  How can I be of help to you?
 Can I help you?
 What can I help you - What can I do
 Are you looking for something? for you?
 Would you like some help?  How can I assist you?
 Do you need some help?  How can I help you?
 What can I do for you today?  Let me help you?
 Could I help you?  Do you want me to help you?
 How can I be of assistance to you?  Shall I …?
Respond offering help

Receiving Refusing
 Yes please, Sure,  No, thanks,
 Why not,  Please don’t bother,
 Ofcourse,  I’d love to but…,
 Certainly,  That’s great but…
 I’d love to,
 It’s a good idea,
 That’s great.
Some ways to offering help for meals and drinks:
 Would you like…?,
 Would you care for …?,
 Why don’t you have…?,
 How about having …?
 May I offer you …?
Example:
Offering Responses
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- Would you like some bread? Yes, please.
- Would you care for some coffee? No, thanks. I don’t drink coffee.
- Why don’t you have some biscuit, please? Thanks, I’d love to.
2. Introducing your self and other people
Introducing your self Introducing people

 I’d like to introduce myself.  I’d like you to meet … (name)
 My I introduce myself?  This is my friend/boss/etc…(name)
 Let me introduce myself!  Have you met…(name)?
 I want to introduce myself  May I introduce you to
…(name/occupation)
 Let me introduce you to ….
 I want to introduce you to ….
1. This is my friend, Jack. Hi Jack. I'm Linda
my brother, Bob.
my sister, Cindy.
my father, Mr. Harris.
my mother, Mrs. Harris.
my teacher, Ms. Watson.
my student, Carrie.
my friend, Mary Jones.
my boss, Mr. Ritter.
my co-worker, Penny Pitcher.
2. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you too.

Pleased to meet you. Likewise.
Very nice to meet you. And you.
It's a pleasure to meet you.
How to introduce people (in formal situations)

Introducing yourself
I just wanted to introduce myself,

my name is...
I don't believe we've met before,
I'm...
I don't think we've actually met formally yet,
Introducing someone else
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I'd like to introduce you to…
There's someone I'd like you to meet, this is…
Have you met…?
Exercises:
Complete the following conversation with the correct expressions in the box.
Hi, Retno. My name is Adib.
this is Retno. I’m Arnys.
Situation: Adib, Arnys, and Retno are new students. They meet at the students’
orientation course.
Adib : Hi, Are you a new student?
Arnys : Yes, I am. By the way, are you a new student, too?
Adib : I’m a new student too. 1) ______________________
Arnys : 2) _________________ Well, Adib, 3) __________________
She was my classmate in the Junior High School.
Adib : 4) ________________ Nice to meet you?
Retno : Nice to meet you too.
Adib : Anyway, we still have half an hour before the class starts. Shall we go to the
canteen?, Arnys?
Retno : Okay.
3. Greeting (memberi salam)
Greetings Language in the programme

morning
sir How are you?
madam It's lovely to see you again!
Good afternoon Mr Jones It's been a long time, hasn't it?
evening Mrs Smith How are things with you?
Examples of situations where you might use formal greetings

Working in the service industry, e.g. a restaurant, hotel, travel agent
Greeting someone older than you
At work, when speaking to your superiors
Meeting a VIP e.g. a politician
Being polite to someone you don't know very well
Expressions Functions
66
 Good morning/afternoon/evening.  Greeting someone
(formal)
 Hi!/Hello! (informal)
 How are you, Den?  Asking how someone is
 How are you doing
 I’m fi ne, thanks.  Saying how you are
 Very well, thanks.
 Not so bad, thanks.
 See you.  Saying good bye
 Good bye.
 Bye.
 See you soon /later /tomorrow.
Exercises: Cultural Tips

Complete the dialogues below with correct Meeting and Greeting in
expressions. Australia
1) Arnys :… • Shake hands with everyone
Ruben : Very well, thank you. present upon meeting and
2) Ayu : Good evening. before leaving.
Denias : … Allow women to offer their
3) Andi : How are you doing? hands fi rst.
Retno :… • Women generally do not
4) Adib : See you tomorrow. shake hands with other
Virga :… women.
5) Anita : Hi!
Marcell : …
4. Inviting (mengundang/mengajak)
Here are some phrases and expressions for inviting in English.
 Do you want to . . .
 Do you wanna . . . (informal)
 Would you like to . . . (more polite)
 How about (V+ing) ?
 How would you like to . . .
 let’s + V1
 Why don’t we …?
 I’d like to invite you to…
 I wonder if you’d like to
Some responds of inviting.
67
Refusing Receiving
- I’m sorry I can’t - I’d love to
- I’d like to but… - I’d like very much
- I’m afraid I can’t - I’d be happy/glad to
- No, let’s not. accept
- Yes, I’d be delighted to.
- That’s good ide
Polite invitations
Checking someone is not busy
Are you free on Friday?
Are you busy on Friday?
What are you doing on Friday?
Would you like...?
Would you like ...a chocolate bar?
...to come to my house for dinner?
I wondered / was wondering
I wondered
...if you'd like to come to my house for dinner
I was wondering
Other expressions
I would very much like it if you could come along
Shall I bring a bottle?
5. Expressing Thanks (terimakasih)

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for expressing thanks.
Expressing Responses
Thank you You are welcome.
Thank you very much That’s all right
Thanks. Not at all
Thank you very much for… (kata benda) Don’t mention it
I’m grateful for…(kata benda/noun) Thet’s all right
I appreciate it. Any time
Exercise
How would you express thanks in the following situations?
68
a) Someone just gave you a gift for your birthday.
(What do you say?)
Example: "Thank you so much. I really like it!"
b) Someone has just bought dinner for you.
c) Someone returned your lost wallet.
d) Someone helped carry your grocery bags.
e) Someone complimented you on your necktie.
6. Congratulations (ucapan selamat)
Ungkapan Respon
Congratulations Thank you
Congratulations on … Thank you and the same to you
I’d like to congratulate you. Thank you. I need it.
I’d like to congratulate you on… Thank you very much.
It was great to hear…
It was to hear about….
Happy birthday to you.
Happy new year.
Good luck!
Have a nice holiday
Expression Function
 You look cute with that hat. Complimenting
 Congratulations! Congratulating
 Thank you for saying so. Responding to compliments and
 Thank you. congratulations
Other expression
Expression Function
 What a …! Complimenting
 That’s a very nice …
 I like your …
 Congratulations on winning … Congratulating
 I’d like to congratulate you on …
 I must congratulate you on your …
69
 Well done.
 Thanks. Responding to compliments and
 Oh, not really. congratulations
 It’s nice of you to say so.
 How kind of you to say so.
Special Days - Social Language

It is common to use a special greeting used just for that occasion on special days,
holidays and other special occasions. Here are some of the most common:
Birthdays
 Happy birthday!
 Best wishes / Good luck on your thirtieth (age - use an ordinal number) birthday!
 Many happy returns!
Wedding / Anniversary
 Congratulations!
 Best wishes / good luck on your tenth (number - use an ordinal number) anniversary!
 Here's to many more happy years together (used when making a toast)
Special Holidays
 Merry Christmas!
 Happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
 All the best for a happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
 When making special greetings to children on their birthday and at Christmas, it is also
common to ask them what they received:
 Merry Christmas! What did you get from Santa Claus?
 Happy Birthday! What did your Daddy get for you?
Special Occasions
 Congratulations on your promotion!
 All the best for your ...
 I'm so proud of you!
7. Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati)

A. Expressing of sympathy on minor
a. What’s shame
b. What’s pity
c. That’s a nuisance
d. That’s too bad
e. That’s pity
f. Oh dear
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B. Expressing of sympathy on serious accident
a. Goodness!
b. How terrible!
c. How Awful!
d. How dreadful!
C. Expressing of sympathy on personal circumstances
a. I’m sorry to hear that
b. I’m sorry about that
c. I’m really sorry for them
d. Please accept my deepest sympathy
e. Send my deepest condolence!
f. Please accept my condolences!
8. Pleasure, Displeasure (senang & tidak senang)
Pleasure/senang Displeasure/tidak senang

 It’s really delightful/Iam delighted  I’m dissatisfied
 I’m satisfied  We are fed up with…
 That’s great  I feel dosappointed
 That’s wonderful  She is extremely displeased
 It’s really a great pleasure
Other expressions
Expression Pleasure Expression Displeasure

a. I’m so happy …. a. I feel …
b. I feel …. b. I’m really sad to …
c. How happy to … c. ….. feel unpleased with ….
d. I’m very pleasure with … d. I feel disappointed.
e. It’s a pleasure to …
f. Pleasure
g. Great!
h. Terrific!
i. I’m pleased.
j. I enjoyed it
k. I love it.
l. It was terrifi c.
m. I’m delighted.
9. Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan, ketidakpuasan)

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Ketika kita akan mengungkapkan kepuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat gunakan
ungkapan:
 Well done!
 Great! Good work
 I am satisfied with your work
 You did well
 Your job is satisfactory
 I am so happy about this
 I’m glad to what you’ve done
 It’s really satisfying
Katika kita akan mengungkapkan ketidakpuasan atas kerja seseorang, kita dapat
gunakan:
 I’m not satisfied with work
 You haven’t done well enough
 I am really dissappointed
 Sorry, but your work is not satisfactory
 Oh, no!
 It’s not very nice
 It’s really not good enough
Informal situation
Satisfaction Dissatisfaction
… very pleased with … … displeased with …
… content with … … discontented with …
… satisfi ed with … … dissatisfi ed with …
… very delighted with … … disappointed with …
Formal situation
Satisfaction Dissatisfaction
Super! Horrible!
Great! Very sad!
Terrifi c! Annoying!
Fantastic! Disappointing!
Smashing! Frustrating!
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10. Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi
pendapat)
Asking Opinion Giving opinion

How was the trip? I think (that)….
How do you like your new house? In my opinion….
How do you think of Rina’s idea? As I see, …
How do you feel about this dicition? If you ask me, I feel…
What is your opinions of the movie?
What are your feelings about it?
Other examples
Those expressions are used to ask for opinions.
 What do you think of this refrigerator?
 So, do you think I should buy those florescent light bulbs?
Those expressions are used to give opinions.

 I think the other one’s better.
 In my opinion, you should buy the florescent light bulbs.
Here are other expressions that you can also use:

Asking Opinion Giving opinion
 What is your opinion? I think …
 What do you think of...? I believe …
 How do you feel about…? I feel …
 How do you see …? It seems to me …
11. Agreement/approval, Disagreement/disapproval (setuju, tidak

setuju)
Ketika kita merasa sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:
 So do I  You’re absolutely right!
 Yes, I agree with you  I’m of exactly the same opinion
 It is certainly  I think so
 Exactly  I go along that line
 That’s what I want to say  I agree completely
 I am with you  That's true.
 I am on your side  Absolutely.
 Yes, I agree  Definitely.
 That’s quite true  I couldn't agree more.
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 I know what you mean.  I suppose you’re right
Ketika kita merasa tidak sependapat dengan opini orang lain, kita bisa mengatakan:
 Well, I don’t think so  I can’t agree
 I don’t think that is true
 I disagree with …  I don’t think it’s very good
 I wouldn’t say that  Surely not
 Exactly not
 I can’t say so  I am sorry, but I have to disagree
 On contrary
 I don’t buy that idea  I couldn’t agree less
 I’m afraid I entirely disagree
 I’m not sure I can agree
Other expression of disagreeing
Useful vocabulary for disagreeing

no Note: 'no' is usually followed by a statement (see below)
I don't agree
that's not true (quite direct)
I don't accept that (quite formal)
Examples:
No, I don't think that's what happened.
No, that's not a good idea.
12. Fear, Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan)
Fear Respon
I am afraid Don’t be afraid
I am feared There is nothing to be afraid of
I am scared It is nothing
I am terrified
The sound is horrifying
Anciety Respon
I am worried about… Take is easy
I am anxious to know about… Calm down
I wondered if… I know you are worried but…
That made me worried It is not a big deal
I have been thinking about …. Don’t worry
I am afraid if… Stay cool
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13. Pain, Relief (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)
Pain Relief
Ouch! I’m very relieved to hear…
That was hurt Finally, it was over
It is painful I feel relieved
It hurts me I feel much better
I’ve got a backache/toothache/stomachache I’m glad it’s over
I feel sore all over That’s a great relief
My eyes hurt I’m extremely glad to hear…
Thank goodness for that
Marvellous
What a relief!
Other expressions
1. Expressions of Pain
• I am suffering from a relapse.
• I feel sick./I feel ill.
• I’m sick.
• Ugh, it’s very painful!
• Oh, it’s killing me!
2. Expressions of Relief
• It’s a relief to know that ....
• Thank God for ....
• I’m glad it was done.
• Thank goodness!
• Thank heavens!
• I’m glad about …!
• It’s a great relief!
• Whew
14. Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci)
Like Dislike
I love it I don’t really like it
I like it I dislike it
I am keen on it I am not really interested in…
I am crazy about it I can’t enjoy…
We all enjoy (benda/noun/gerund)…is not my cup of tea
(benda/noun/gerund)…is my cup of I can’t stand
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tea I hate it
Language for expressing likes
Subject Adverb Verb Noun
I (really) don't like it

can't stand them
ice cream
Chinese food
playing football
watching TV
About the adverb 'really'.

This adverb as we have seen is very useful in making what you say stronger. When
talking about things you don't like though it can have a different meaning depending
on where you put it in the sentence.
For example:
"I really don't like it!"
This means you have a strong dislike of something.
BUT
"I don't really like it."
This is not very strong. It means that you do not like something, but it is not a very
strong dislike.
Language for expressing likes

Subject Adverb Verb Noun Extra
I (really) like it a lot
love them
ice cream
Chinese food
playing football
watching TV
15. Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa malu,

kejengkelan)
Embarrassment Annoyance
I am embarrassed I am annoyed
I feel ashamed I had enough with it
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Oh my God I can’t bear it any longer
Shame on me You made me annoyed
I don’t feel comfortable You are such a pain in the neck
I feel awkward You made me sick
There are some other expressions you can use to show your annoyance.
Formal Situations Informal Situations
I’m extremely displeased with … … really makes me mad.

… is very irritating. I cannot stand …
I’m extremely unhappy about this. Why on earth he didn’t …?
There are some other expressions to show embarrassment, such as:

In Formal Situations In Informal Situations
Formal Situations Informal Situations
What an embarrassment! What a shame!
I must say that it’s an embarrassment. It’s my embarrassment to ...
That’s a real embarrassment. I was so ashamed.
16. Request (permintaan)
Request Acceptance Refusal

Would it be possible for you I should be delighted to I regret to say that we find
to come ourselves unable to go
Would you be so kind as to By all means I’m afraid it’s not possible
Would you…,please? I have no objection I’m afraid not
Would you mind …? I’d be happy to Sorry
Any chance of… Sure No, I won’t
Can you…? Yeah Not likely
OK You must be joking
No problem
Mmm
Granting Request
In the dialogue between Ayu and Palupi you fi nd the following expressions:
Ayu : Will you tell me about it?
Palupi : Sure, I will.
Ayu : Let’s try to make lepat sometimes.
Palupi : OK.
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Sure, I will and OK are expressions to grant a request.
Here are other expressions that you can use:
 Alright.
 Certainly.
 Right away.
 Of course.
17. Complaint, Blame (keluhan,menyalahkan)
Complaint Blame
I’m not at all satisfied with the service You’re the one to blame
I really do/must objec to the service It’s your fault!
I take great exception to… It’s your mistake!
I want to complain about… You’re wrong
This is crazy! I think you're the only person who could
have done it.
It's your fault for (doing something).
There are a number of formulas used when complaining in English. It's important to
remember that a direct complaint or criticism in English can sound rude or aggressive.
It's best to mention a problem in an indirect manner. Here are some of the most
common:
 I'm sorry to have to say this but...

 I'm sorry to bother you, but...
 Maybe you forgot to...
 I think you might have forgotten to...
 Excuse me if I'm out of line, but...
 There may have been a misunderstanding about...
 Don't get me wrong, but I think we should...
Expressing shocked disagreement
But that's ridiculous!
unfair!
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unreasonable!
A negative structure
It's just not fair to charge us for the
starters!
simply
18. Regret, Apology (penyesalan, meminta maaf)
Regret Apology
Much to my regret Please accept my apologies for what I
Sadly, I …. did
Unfortunately Please forgive me for what I did
I’m terribly sorry I am extremely sorry
I honestly regret that I … I really must apologies
Sorry, I … May I offer you my sincerest apologies?
Language for saying sorry

To emphasise how you Examples
feel
I'm really sorry... I'm really sorry, Pete, I didn't mean to lose your
book.
I'm so sorry... I'm so sorry I forgot your birthday, Oliver!
To say why you're sorry Examples
Sorry about... Sorry about the mess. I'll clear up later.
Sorry for... Sorry for taking your DVD.
To say sorry without using the words 'I'm sorry'!
I'd like to apologise for... I'd like to apologise for the way I spoke to you
earlier.
Vocabulary around saying sorry
to apologise
to say sorry, to ask for forgiveness, to express regret
an exclamation
a word, phrase or sentence that is shouted out suddenly, often through
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surprise or anger
to hurt someone's feelings

to make someone feel upset or unhappy
a misunderstanding
this can mean 'a small disagreement'
trouble
unhappiness, distress, worry or danger
a hard time
a difficult time
to be out of order (informal)

to be impolite or rude
19. Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan)
Menyatakan Kemungkinan Menanyakan Kemungkinan

I think there is possibility to … Do you think he/it could…?
I sassume/believe… Would you say we’re capable of…?
In all probability,… Are you capable of…?
it is going to be possible for me to… Are you able to…?
that will probably … Do you have any experience of…?
it’s quite possible … Can you…?
Do you know how to…?
Do you think you can…?
Expressions for Discussing Possibilities

• Would there be any possibility of …?
• Do you think we are capable of …?
• Would it be possible for (somebody) to …?
• I think that would be possible ....
• Is it possible to …?
• Yes, there is a possibility ....
NOTE :
1. Several ways of indicating possibility are:  It’s possible that he’ll win the game.
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 There’s a possibility of his winning the  Is it possible for me to …?
game/ that he will win the game.  Are we capable enough to …?
 possibly he hasn’t heard the news yet. 3. Expressions to show capability are :
 There is a good chance that …..
 There is a little chance that …..  I’m capable of doing it
 It is impossible  I can do it
 Probably She is on the way  There is a chance that I can do it.
 May be he needs more time  I’m able to do it
 She might not be at home  I have the ability to do it.
4. Expressions to show incapability are:
2. Expressions used to ask possibility or
 I can’t do it
capability of doing something are:
 I’m not sure I’m capable of doing it.
 Would there be any possibility of …..?  I don’t think I have the ability
 Do you think we are capable of ….?  I don’t feel capable of doing it
 I don’t know how to do it.
II. LANGUAGE USAGE

A. TENSES
TENSES POLA KET. WAKTU
Present Tense V= (+) S+V¹ (-s/es utk S he,she,it) Every…
(Menyatakan (-) S+Do/Does not + V¹ Usyally
kebiasaan hingga Do utk S= I,you,they,we Always dll
sekarang masih Does utk S= he,she,it
dilakukan) She goes to school everyday
She does not go to school everyday
N= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are) + adj/n/adv
She is beautiful
Present Continuous V= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are)+V-ing Now
(Menyatakan aktivitas She is not going to school everyday At present
yang sedang At this moment
berlangsung pada To day
waktu bicara)
Present Perfect V= (+) S + have/has + V3 Lately
(Menyatakan Have utk S= I,you,they,we Recently
perbuatan/tindakan Has utk S= he,she,it For
yang terjadi pada Father has gone to work for 12 hours Since
waktu yang tidak N= (+) S + have/has+Been + adj/n/adv already
tertentu di masa Father has been at his office since 12 yet
lampau dan pada saat hours ago. lately
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berbicara just
perbuatan/tindakan
tsb telah selesai/baru
aja selesai dilakukan)
Past Tense V= (+) S + V2 Yesterday
(Menyatakan kegiatan (-) S + did not + V¹ Last…
yang dilakukan pada Did utk semua Subjek …ago
waktu lampau) N= (+) S + Be (was/were) + adj/n/adv
Was utk S= I,he,she,it
Were utk S= you,they,we
Past Perfect Tense V= (+) S + had + V3 Before/when + S +
(Menyatakan aktivitas Had utk semua Sabjek (S) V2
yang telah selesai N= (+) S + had been + adj/n/adv
dilakukan ketika
aktivitas lain terjadi
pada waktu lampau)
Past Perfect V= (+) S + had been + V-ing For + periode
Continuous waktu + when/
(Menyatakan aktivitas before + S + V2
yang telah berlangsung
selama periode waktu
tertentu ketika
diwaktu lampau,
aktivitas tsb masih
berlangsung)
Future tense
(Menyatakan aktivitas V= (+) S + will/shall + V¹ Tomorrow
yang akan dilakukan di Will utk semua Sabjek (S) Next…
waktu yang akan Shall utk S = I,we
datang) N= (+) S + will/shall +be + adj/n/adv
Future Continuous
(Menyatakan aktivitas V= (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing At this time
yang akan sedang tomorrow
berlangsung di waktu At ten tomorrow
yang akan datang)
Future Perfect
(Menyatakan aktivitas V= (+) S + will/shall + have + V3 By + ket.waktu
yang akan telah selesai N= (+) S + will/shall +have +been +adj/n/
dilakukan ketika
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diwaktu yang akan
datang)
Future Perfect
Continuous
(Menyatakan aktivitas V= (+) S + will/shall +have+been + V-ing By + ket.waktu
yang akan telah sedang
berlangsung selama
waktu tertentu ketika
aktivitas lain terjadi di
waktu yang akan
datang)
Past Future Tense
(Menyatakan V= (+) S + would/should + V¹ Yesterday
perbuatan/keadaan N= (+) S + would/should + be + adj/n/adv Last…
yang akan datang Just now
dilakukan/terjadi If + simple past
diwaktu lampau.
Perbuatan tsb sudah
direncanakan tapi
tidak terlaksana)
Past Future Perfect
Tense V= (+) S + would/should + have +V3 If + past perfect
(menyatakan suatu N= (+) S + would/should + have been
pengandaian pada + adj/n/adv
masa lampau, sesuatu
seharusnya akan telah
terjadi pada saat suatu
syarat terpenuhi)
Past Perfect
Continuous V= (+) S + would/should + have been By + ket.waktu
(Menyatakan + V-ing
perbuatan yang
seharusnya sudah
sedang berlangsung di
suatu waktu di masa
lampau tetapi
kenyataanya gagal
berlangsung)
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Kita bisa mengenali setiap tensis dengan mengetahui ciri-ciri khusus yang dimiliki setiap
tensis:
Simple Present V¹/do,does/am,is,are
Simple past V2/did/was,were
Perfect have/has/had + V3/been
Future/modal (present) will/shall/may/can/must + V¹/be
Future/modal (past) would/sould/might/could/had to + V¹/be
Continuous Tobe + v-ing
TO BE
Present Am, is, are
Past Was, were
Perfect Been
Future/modal be
Contoh soal
1. Fred : Juda, the telephone rang twelve times. What were you doing?
Juda: I____ Javanese dancing, “Srimpi”.
a. practised d. have been practising
b. was parctising e. will be practising
c. have practised
Jawaban : B (Past Continuous Tense)
2. Dian : The Public Health Centre ____ there for more than twenty years.
The doctors and paramedis work hard to improve the people’s health especially
children.
Iwan : Yes, they are succesful. The infant/death rate has decreased remarkably.
a. works d. has been working
b. worked e. will have worked
c. is working
Jawaban : D (Present Perfect Continuous = peristiwa yang terjadi/dimulai pada waktu
lampau dan sekarang masih berlangsung. Ada tanda waktu for yang
bisa dijadikan ciri)
3. Devi : So you have finished washing the dished. When did you do it?
Sri : I did while you ____ the yard.
a. clean d. were cleaning
b. cleaned e. have been cleaning
c. had cleaned
Jawaban : D (Past Continuous tense = menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang
berlangsung ketika kegiatan lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Kata while bisa dijadikan ciri)
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4. Retno : Why don’t you reply my letter?
Hadi : Oh sorry. I forget to tell you that I ___ in Bali since last year.
a. am living d. will have lived
b. was living e. have been living
c. have to live
Jawaban : E (Present Perfect Continuous. Tanda waktu since dapat dijadikan ciri)
5. Vina : When did you get the letter?

Fani : Yesterday. My family ____ when the postman arrived.
a. have lunch d. will have had lunch
b. will have lunch e. have been having lunch
c. were having lunch
Jawaban : C (Past Continuous tense biasa juga dipakai untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang
sedang dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain terjadi pada waktu lampau.
When + simple past dapat dijadikan ciri)
Soal-Soal Latihan
1. If we don”t hurry, the meeting ___ by the time we get there.
a. would have started d. will start
b. will have started e. starts
c. will be started
2. The librarian suddenly heard a noise.

Librarian : What was the noise?
Student : I dropped some books while I ____ them to the table.
a. carry d. am carrying
b. carried e. have carried
c. was carrying
3. Ann has been looking for a job for six month.

This sentence means that Ann ___.
a. has got a new job d. has stopped looking for a job
b. has worked for six months e. started to work 6 months a go
c. is still looking for a job
4. When airport are located in the center of citied, they ___ noise pollution and distrub
people’s life.
a. caused d. were causing
b. causes e. have caused
c. will cause
5. Agam : Where will we go next holiday?
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Joko : What about Bali?
Agam : That’s OK, but I ____ there many times.
a. am d. will be
b. was e. will have been
c. have been
6. My father is still in Bali. He ____ there for three weeks.

a. is d. has been
b. was e. have been
c. had been
7. Anto : I’m sorry Ary. I forget to bring your book.

Ary : What did he say Lina?
Lina : Anto said that he ___ to bring your book.
a. has forgotten d. forgets
b. had forgotten e. forgot
c. would forget
8. Teacher : I”ve heard that Benny is ill. Is it right?

Student : Yes, sir. He ____ ill for a week.
a. was d. would be
b. has been e. will have been
c. had been
9. Teacher : You will be ready for a test next week. Learn all these.
Student : All right, sir. I ____ them by then.
a. learn d. will be learning
b. have learnt e. will have learnt
c. am learning
10. Reni goes to her university every morning. She studies business. You can’t meet her at
her house at 10.00 tomorrow. She ___ the lectures.
a. will be attending d. has attended
b. has been attending e. attended
c. would be attended
B. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Reported Speech)
Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa
hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan tenses, struktur kalimat,
pronoun (kata ganti orang), Possessive (kata ganti kepemilikan), keterangan waktu, dan
tempat.
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Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang
dipakai di kalimat langsung/tidak langsung.
Jika kalimat langsung adalah kalimat tanya maka ketika kalimat itu diulang (kalimat
tidak langsung) tidak membentuk kata tanya lagi tetapi menjadi kalimat berita. Kata
penghubungnya adalah if/whether dan what, why, where, when, who, how. Begitu pula
jika kalimat langsung adalah kalimat perintah maka di kalimat tidak langsung menjadi
kalimat berita. Kata penghubungnya adalah (+) to infinitive/V1, (-) not to infinitive/V1
Contoh Kalimat
Kalimat langsung/direct Kalimat tidak langsung/indirect
(+) He said, “ I have a present for you in my (+) He said that he had a present for me in
bag.” his bag.
(-) He said, “I do not have a present for you in (-) He said that he did not have a present
my bag” for me in his bag.
(?) He asked, “Do I have a present for you in (?) He asked me if/whether he had a
my bag?” present for me in his bag.
(?) He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a (?) He asked me why he had to have a
present for you in my bag? present for me in his bag.
(!) He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag (!) He ordered/commanded me to bring his
here now!” bag there then.
(!) He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag (!) He ordered me not to bring my bag
here!” there.
Perubahan Tenses
Direct (kalimat langsung) Indirect (kalimat tidak langsung)
Simple Present Simple Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Future Past Future
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Past Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Lebih singkatnya perubahan tenses tersebut adalah:

Direct Indirect
V1 (eat) V2 (ate)
V2 (ate) Had + V3 (had eaten)
Am/is/are Was/were
Do/does Did
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Do/does not Did not
Did not Had not + V3
Was/were Had been
Am/is/are + V-ing Was/were + V-ing
Was/were +V-ing Had been + V-ing
Has/have + V3 Had + V3
Will/shall/can/may/must Would/should/could/might/had to
Could/might/should/would + V1/be could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been
Perubahan Keterangan Waktu dan Tempat

Direct Indirect
Now Then
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day
The day after
The following day
Next… A day later
Last… The… after
The following…
…ago The…before
Yesterday The previous …
The preceeding
The day before yesterday …before
Here …earlier
This The day before
These The previous day
The preceeding day
Two day before
There
That
those
Contoh Soal
1. Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?

Raul : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
a. had gone to his country d. he went to his country
b. he has gone to his country e. he goes to his country
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c. he will go to his country
Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung harus
past perfect)
2. Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?

Jenifer : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy : he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent d. that Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent e. why Mary had been absent
c. why was Mary absent
Jawaban : E (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk
past perfect)
3. Mother : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.

Herman : Okay, mom.
Rudy : What did your mother just told you?
Herman : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
a. I wasn’t so noisy d. I am very noisy
b. not to be so noisy e. to be not so noisy
c. don’t be noisy
Jawaban : B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)
4. Doctor : Open your mouth!

Mother : What did the doctor tell you?
Son : The doctor told me ___
a. that I open his mouth d. to open my mouth
b. if I opened my mouth e. opened my mouth
c. to open my mouth
Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)
5. Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?

Mother asked me ____
a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
e. if I want meatball or fried chicken
Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)
Soal-Soal Latihan
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1. Head master : Why didn”t you clean this room this morning?
Jani : I am sorry. I got a headache.
The headmaster asked her why ___ the room this morning.
a. I hadn’t cleaned d. he headn’t cleaned
b. he does not clean e. he would not clean
c. he hasn’t cleaned
2. Anto : I am sorry Lina. I forgot to bring your book.

Ari : What did he say, Lina?
Lina : Anto said to me that he ___ to bring my book.
a. has forgotten d. forgets
b. had forgotten e. forgot
c. would forget
3. Mother asked Mira to close the windows because it was windy outside.
Mother said, “ ___________”
a. Mira closed the window. It is windy outside.
b. Closed the window, Mira. It is windy outside.
c. Mira closed the window. It was windy outside.
d. Does Mira close the window. It was windy outside.
e. To close the window Mira! It is windy outside.
4. “What are you doing now?”, he asked.

He asked me ____
a. what are you were doing now d. what I was doing then.
b. what were you doing now. e. what I am doing now.
c. what I was doing then
5. “Is John coming to the party tonight?”

“yes, he asked me ____”.
a. If he could go with us d. going with us
b. can he go with us e. wether he goes with us
c. he went with us
6. My parents advised my sister ____ too much money on clothes.

a. do not spend d. not spending
b. not to spend e. not spend
c. did not spend
7. The secretary asked me ___ with Mr. Slamet.

a. did I have an appointment d. when is my appointment
b. how was my appointment e. that I had an appointment
c. whether I had appointment
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8. “don’t make noise, children”, she said.
a. She told the children don’t make noise
b. She said the children didn’t make noise
c. She didn’t say the children should noise
d. She told the children not to make noise.
e. She didn’t tell the children to make noise
9. My friend said to me, “Can I find you a hotel?”. Mean____

a. My friend asked me if I could help him find a hotel.
b. I wondered if my friend could help me find a hotel.
c. My friend said that I could help him find a hotel.
d. My friend asked me to find a hotel for him.
e. My friend asked me whether he could help me find a hotel.
10. Father said, “Finish your work!”

The indirect form is: Father told me ____
a. finish your work d. to finish your work
b. finished your work e. to finish my work
c. that I finish my work
C. PASSIVE VOICE (kalimat pasif)
Kalimat passif adalah kalimat dimana subjek dikenai tindakan/pekerjaan,

sedangkan kalimat aktif subjeklah yang melakukan tindakan/pekerjaan.
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam merubah aktif ke pasif adalah:

 Yang dapat dijadikan kalimat passive adalah Verbal Sentence (kalimat yang
predikatnya kata kerja/V)
 Verbal sentence yang dapat dirubah ke Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat
yang memiliki objek penderita.
 Perubahan aktif ke pasif atau sebaliknya tidak merubah makna kalimat. Perubahan iti
terjadi hanya pada struktur kalimatnya saja.
 Ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice adalah to be + V3 dan kata by (kata ini bukan
merupakan syarat yang harus ada dalam kalimat pasif )
Contoh : (Aktive) Bajuri loves Oneng
S P/V1 O
(Passive) Oneng is loved by Bajuri.
S P/V3
(Active) I bought a new motorcycle last week.
(passive) A new motorcycle was bought by me last week
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Rumus Pola aktif-pasif untuk semua tenses
Tenses Active Passive
Simple Present S + V1 S + am/is/are + V3
Simple Past S + V2 S + was/were + V3
Present Continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing S + am/is/are + being + V3
Present perfect continuous S + have/has + been + V-ing S + have/has +been + being +V3
Past Continuous S + was/were + V-ing S + was/were + being + V3
Past Perfect Continuous S + had + been + V-ing S + had + been + being + V3
Future Continuous S + will/shall + be + V-ing S + will/shall + be + being + V3
Future Perfect Continuous S + will + have + V-ing S + will +have+been+ being +V3
Past Futurre Continuous S + would + be + V-ing+ S + would + be + being + V3
Past Future Perfect Continu S +would +have+been+V-ing S +would+have+been+ being+V3
Simple Perfect S + have/has + V3 S + have/has + been + V3
Past Perfect S + had + V3 S + had + been + V3
Simple Future S + will/shall + V1 S + will/shall + be + V3
Past Future S + would/should + V1 S + would/should + be + V3
Modal (present) S + may/can/must + V1 S + may/can/must + be + V3
Modal (past) S + might/could/had to + V1 S + might/could/had to + be + V3
Jadi lebih singkatnya ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice selain by + O adalah

Present am/is/are + V3
Past was/were + V3
Perfect been + V3
Continuous being + V3
Future/modal be + V3
Contoh Soal
1. A : Look! The girl is crying. What happened to her just now?
B : While playing with her brother, she ____
a. kicks d. was kicking
b. kicked e. was kicked
c. will kick
Jawaban : E (simple past: S + was/were + V3)
2. A : Do you know the result of the test?

B : Not yet. The announcement ____ twice.
a. was postponed d. has to be postponed
b. was being postponed e. has been postponed
c. will be postponed
Jawaban : A (konteks kalimat adalah simple past)
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3. Mela : Why do you prefer Surya Depstore to others?
Noni : Because the items ____ at a reasonable price.
a. is sold d. were sold
b. are sold e. had been sold
c. was sold
Jawaban: B (konteks kalimat adalah simple present. Karena subjek items jamak maka
to be yang sesuai adalah are)
4. X : There’s no longer a rule for the youth to enter military service in Britain.
Y : Really, when….?
a. was it abolishing d. was it to abolish
b. did it abolish e. to be abolished
c. was it abolished
Jawaban: C (pola pasif introgative simple past: was/were + S + V3)
5. Dita : When did the accident happen?

Dini : When the goods ____ from the truck.
a. have been unloaded d. will be unloaded
b. were being unloaded e. are unloaded
c. are being unloaded
Jawabab: B (pola pasif past continuaou tense: S + was/were + being + V3)
Soal-Soal Latihan
1. R.A. Kartini ____ in Jepara in 1879.

a. is born d. would be born
b. was born e. has been born
c. will be born
2. The books in the library ___ in alphabetical order.

a. is arranged d. have arranged
b. was arranged e. has arranged
c. have been arranged
3. A big dam ___ in this area next year.

a. will build d. has been built
b. will be built e. is being built
c. would be built
4. We can’t swim in the swimming pool now because it ___.

a. was being cleaned d. will clean
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b. is being cleaned e. cleaned
c. has been cleaned
5. They had just been living in the house for two years when it ___ by the fire.
a. destroyed d. will be destroyed
b. had destroyed e. is being destroyed
c. was destroyed
6. She looks after the baby well.

The passive form is ____
a. the baby is well looked after
b. the baby was looked after well
c. the baby will be well looked after
d. the baby is being looked after well
e. the baby would be well looked after
7. Everybody knew that he had shown great loyalty to the company, therefore he ____ a big
sum of money at the anniversary of the company.
a. rewarded d. is being rewarded
b. was rewarded e. has been rewarded
c. will be rewarded
8. At the moment the old building ____ to make space dor a parking lot.
a. demolishing d. had been demilishing
b. is being demolished e. is demolishing
c. was being demolishing
9. Sita is waiting for her birthday party dress because she ____ a new one by her mother.
a. has promised d. has been promising
b. will be promised e. was being promised
c. will be promised
10. As the victem was badly hurt in the car accident, he ____ to the nearest hospital.
a. will be taken d. was taken
b. is being taken e. took
c. has been taken
D. DEGREES OF COMPARISON (tingkat perbandingan)
Terdiri dari 3 tingkatan, yaitu:

1. Positive (tingkat biasa)
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S + tobe + adjective/k.sifat
contoh: Jojon is handsome
Gogon is clever
2. Comparative (tingkat perbandingan)
S + tobe + more/-er + adjective + than
contoh: Jojon is more handsome than Aming
Bajuri is cleverer than Oneng
3. Superlative (tingkat palinga)
S + tobe + the most/-est + noun phrase
Contoh: Jojon is the most handsome
Bajuri is the cleverest person
Catatan
a. Adjective/kata-kata sifat yang bersuku kata dua/lebih harus diawali kata
“more” pada kalimat perbandingan/comparative dan “the most” pada kalimat
tingkat paling/superlative.
Contoh: beautiful more beaitiful the most beautiful
b. Beberapa kata harus dibentuk dengan cara tidak beraturan pada comparative
dan superlative.
Contoh: bad worse worst
good better best
much more most
c. Adjective/kata-kata sifat yang bersuku kata satu/dua yang berakhir dengan
akhiran “-er/-r” pada kalimat perbandingan/comparative dan “-est/-st” pada
kalimat tingkat paling/superlative adalah:
1. Kata yang berakhir dengan 2 konsonan / 1 konsonan yang didahului
dengan 2 vokal.
Contoh: rich richer richest
deep deeper deepest
2. Kata yang berakhir dengan 1 konsonan yang dudahului oleh 1 vokal.
Dalam perubahannya konsonan tersebut digandakan sebelum diberi
akhiran –er dan –est.
Contoh: big bigger biggest
3. Kata yang berakhir dengan –e dalam perubahannya hanya diberi
akhiran –r dan –st.
Contoh: large larger largest
4. Kata yang berakhir dengan –y yang didahului konsonan dalam
perubahannya huruf –y tersebut berubah menjadi –i. Tetapi jika –y tsb
didahului vokal maka aturan tersebut di atas tidak berlaku.
Contoh: easy easier easiest
coy coyer coyest
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5. Kata yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhiran –some, -ow, -le, -
er.
Contoh: clever cleverer cleverest
E. QUESTION TAGS
Merupakan bentuk pertanyaan berekor yang fungsinya untuk mempertegas suatu
pertanyaan.
Contoh : Pok Ati is a beautiful woman, isn’t she?
My husband didn’t go to Bandung last week, did he?
a) Jika statement adalah kalimat verbal maka question tag-nya dibentuk menurut
kaidah kalimat verbal yaitu ada kata kerja bantu/modal yang dipakai seperti:
do/does, did, have/has, had, will, shall, can, may, dll. Begitu pula jika statement
adalah kalimat nominal maka question tag-nya pun dibentuk menurut kaidah
kalimat nominal yaitu ada kata kerja to be yang dipakai seperti: am/is/are,
was/were, dll.
b) Jika statement (+) maka question tag (-) dan sebaliknya
F. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (kalimat pengandaian)
 Conditional sentence terdiri dari anak kalimat (sub clause) dan induk kalimat (mean
clause) dimana bentuk tenses yang di pakai pada keduanya berbada.
 Induk kalimat biasanya diawali dengan kata “if”. Jika anak kalimat mendahului induk
kalimat maka setelah anak kalimat ada koma (,).
 Ada 3 tipe conditional sentence :
1. Future Conditional (type 1)

Kalimat yang diucapkan dan kenyataan yang sebenarnya tidak bertolak belakang. Apa
yang diucapkan, itulah yang diharapkan. Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini
adalah ada (bukan imajinasi) tapi kalau syarat terpenuhi.
Contoh: If I have much money, I will buy a new car.
(jika saya punya uang, saya akan membeli mobil baru)
Pola : If + simple present + simple future/modal
S + V1 S + will/shall/can/must/may + V1
S + am/is/are S + will shall/can/must/may + be
2. Present Conditional (type 2)
Kalimat yang diucapkan bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya di masa
sekarang. Kalau kalimatnya (+), maka makna/meaning-nya (-) dan sebaliknya.
Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja).
Contoh : (+) If I had time, I would go to the beach with you.
(Saya sebenarnya tidak punya waktu sekarang ini sehingga tidak bisa pergi)
Pola: If + simple past + past future/modal
V2 would/should/could/had to/might + V1
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Was/were would/should/could/had to/might + be
Di tipe ini hanya were saja yang dipakai.
3. Past Conditional (type 3)

Kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kewajiban/kegiatan yang dilakukan dimasa
lampau, tetapi tidak dilakukan/ tidak terpenuhi. Kalimat ini diucapkan bertolak belakang
dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya di masa lalu. Kalau kalimatnya (+), maka
makna/meaning yang disampaikan (-) dan sebaliknya.
Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja)
Contoh : (+) If I had known you were there, I would have written you a letter.
( Jika saya tahu waktu dulu kamu berada di sana, saya sudah mengirim surat padamu- ini
bermakna saya tidak mengirim surat karena saya tidak tahu kamu berada di sana)
Pola: If + past perfect + past future perfect/modal perfect
Had + V3 would/should/could/had to/might + have + V3
Had been would/should/could/had to/might + have been
G. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (kata ganti penghubung)
Relative Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mengantikan salah satu pokok
kalimat/bagian kalimat lainnya yang menghubungkan dua buah kalimat menjadi satu
kalimat majemuk (complex sentence). Kata-kata yang digunakan sebagai penghubung
yaitu: who, whom, whose, which, of which.
Rumus Umum :
Jabatan dalam kalimat orang benda
Subjek Who/that Which/that
Objek Whom/that Which/that
Kepunyaan (possesseve) whose Of which
1. Who/that: “yang”
Digunakan utk pengganti orang sbg subjek
Contoh: We know a lot of people. They live in Jakarta
S O S
We know a lot of people who live in Jakarta
(They = a lot ao people, jabatan dalam kalimat subjek,)
2. Whom/that: “yang”
Digunakan untuk pengganti objek
Contoh: The girl feel in love with the man. I met him last week.
S O S O
The girl feel in love with the man whom I met last week.
(him = the man, jabatan sebagai objek)
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3. whose: “yang punya”
Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan: my, your, our, his, their, its, her.
Contoh: We saw the people. Their car has been stolen.
S O possessive
We saw the people whose car had been stolen.
(their car = mobilnya orang-orang. Orang yang dimaksud = the people)
4. which/that
Digunakan untuk mengganti kata benda/binatang sebagai subjek
Contoh: I don’t like the stories. They are printed in English.
S
I don’t like the stories that/which are printed in English.
(they = the stories/cerita adalah kata benda yg kedudukannya sebagai S)
My mother loves a red car very much. I bought it last year.
O O
My mother loves a red car which/that I bought last year very much
( it = a red car, sebuah benda, jabatan sebagai objek)
6. Of which
Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan/possessive untuk benda/binatang.
Contoh: I sent the table back to the store. Its surface is not smooth.
Possessive
I sent the table of which surface is not smooth back to the store.
(its surface/permukaannya meja. Meja yg dimaksud the table)
7. Where
8. When
H. SUBJUNCTIVE WISH
Subjunctive/angan-angan digunakan untuk menyatakan/mengungkapkan harapan
yang tidak dapat terpenuhi.
 Future
Rumus : S¹ + wish + S² + could/would + V¹/be
Contoh : I wish you would stop saying that.
(saya berharap kamu akan berhenti mengatakan itu)
I wish she would come to my party to night
(saya berharap dia akan dapat datang ke pesta saya minggu ini)
 Present
Rumus : S¹ + wish + S² + V2/were
Contoh : I wish you were old enough to marry me.
98
(saya berharap sekarang ini umurmu cukup tua untuk menikahi saya)
They wish they didn’t have to go to school today.
(mereka berharap sekarang ini mereka tidak harus pergi sekolah)
 Past
Rumus : S¹ + wished + S² + had V3/could have V3
Contoh : She wished she had had more time last night.
(saya berharap tadi malam dia punya banyak waktu)
I. CAUSATIVE HAVE/GET
Causative have dan get digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang
dilakukan orang lain untuk si Subjek. Causative have berarti
menyuruh/memerintahkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu, sedangkan causative get
berarti meminta (dengan persuasif) seseorang melakukan sesuatu.
Rumus Active
S + have/has/had + Object¹ + V1 + Object²
S + get/gets/got + Object¹ + to V1 + Object
Contoh :
(1). She has the shoemaker mend her shoes
S Someone/O¹ V1 something/O²
(Dia menyuruh Pembuat sepatu memperbaiki sepatunya)
O¹ V1 O²
(2). I had mechanic repair my car.
(saya menyuruh mekanis memperbaiki mobil saya
Contoh :
(1). She gets the shoemaker to mend her shoes.
(Dia meminta Pembuat sepatu memperbaiki sepatunya)
(2). I got the mechanic to repair my car.
(saya meminta mekanis memperbaiki mobil saya)
Rumus Passive
S + have/has/had + O + V3
S + get/gets/got + O + V3
Contoh
(1). The manager has the letter typed.
O V3
(Menejer menyuruh surat itu ditik)
(2). The manager gets the letter typed.
(Menejer meminta surat itu ditik)
99
J. GERUND
Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/ kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata
kerja yang diberi akhiran –ing (V-ing). Gerund digunakan bila:
1. Verb/kata kerja sebagai subjek.
Contoh: Swimming is a good sport.
Jogging makes us fresh.
2. Verb sebagai complement/pelengkap.
Contoh : My hobby is cycling.
3. Setelah kata depan/preposition seperti for, on, before dll.
Contoh : I am sorry for coming late.
Before leaving, he said nothing.
4. Setelah istilah khusus seperti no use, to be worth, to be busy, can’t help/can’t bear,to
be used to, get used to.
Contoh : It is no use studying without practicing.
5. Setelah possessive adjective (my,your, his,her,our,their,Amir’s, dll)
Contoh : His staring frigtens me.
6. Kata kerja/V setelah kata kerja tertentu
Admit Consider Enjoy Mind Recall

Appreciate Avoid Finish Miss Regret
Claim Delay Quit Postpone Report
Can’t help Deny Resist Practice Recent
Resume Risk Siggest Advise resist
Contoh : We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.
K. PREFERENCES (pilihan/kesukaan)
Menyukai A ketimbang B
1.
S + prefers + noun/V-ing + to + noun/V-ing
Contoh:
- Dona prefers dancing to singing.
(Dona lebih menyukai menari ketiumbang menyanyi)
- Juned prefers combro to deblo.
(Juned lebih menyukai combro ketimbang deblo)
2.
S + like + noun/V-ing + better than + noun/V-ing
Contoh:
- I like T.V better than radio.
- Kokom likes reading better than watching T.V.
3.
100
S + would rather + V1 + than + V1
Contoh:
- Dita would rather watch T.V . than plays a video game.
(Dita lebih menyukai nonton T.V ketimbang main video game)
4.
S + would prefer + to V1 + rather than + V1
Contoh:
- Ayu would prefer to phone me rather than send SMS.
(Ayu lebih menyukai menelpon saya ketimbang mengirim SMS)
L. CONNECTORS (Kata Penghubung)

Connectors digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat/lebih menjadi satu
kalimat. Connectors dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu:
1. Menunjukan waktu: before, after, as soon as, while, when.
a. We went home after the rain stopped.
b. I prepare my ticket and passport before I go on holiday to Paris.
c. I started to look for an apartment as soon as I arrived in this city.
d. While he was reading her novel, somebody knocked on the door.
e. I was really sad when I saw a drama movie.
2. Menunjukan sebab dan akibat: because/because of, since.
a. I went to the hospital because I had a serious accident.
b. I went to the hospital because of my serious accident.
c. Since I have no money, I can’t treat you.
3. Menunjukan tanda urutan: first, next, then, after that, finally.
a. first, we must prepare the ingredients.
b. Next, we cut the vegetables into small pieces.
c. After that, we put them into frying pan.
d. Finally, we put some sauce and salt.
M. CONJUNCTIONS (Kata Sambung)

Kata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menyambung dua kalimat/kata-
kata.
1. Kata sambung yang berdiri sendiri seperti: and, or, but, for, although/though, that, if,
dll.
Contoh: - You can read this book if you like.
(kamu dapat membaca buku ini jika kamu mau)
- I went to your house but you weren’t at home.
(saya pergi ke rumahmu tapi kamu tidak ada di rumah)
- Amir and I go to school everyday.
(Amir dan saya pergi ke sekolah setiap hari)
- Although it was raining, he come on time.
101
(walaupun hujan dia datang tepat waktu)
2. Kata sambung yang berpasangan seperti:
both…and… (…dan juga….)
not only…but also… (…tidak hanya…tetapi juga…)
either…or… (….maupun…)
neither…nor… (…tidak…dan tidak…)
Contoh: - He is both wise and good.
(dia bijaksana dan juga baik)
- He is not only active but also clever.
(dia tidak hanya aktif tetapi juga pintar)
- Factory pollutions have polluted either land or water in our environment.
(Polusi pabrik telah mencemari tanah maupun air di lingkungan kita)
- The research is neither intersting nor accurate
(Penelitian itu tidak menarik dan tidak akurat)
N. ELLIPTIC CONSTRUCTION
Kalimat elip merupakan pemendekan dari dua kalimat/lebih dengan cara
menghilagkan beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. Kalimat
elip digunakan untuk menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam suatu
kalimat.
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DISCUSSION MATERIALS

I. Understanding Types of Text..................................................................................................5

II. FUNCTIONAL SKILL...........................................................................................................56

1. Analytical Exposition Text

Cars should be banned in the city

Example of Analytical Exposition

NOTES ON Generic Structure:

First, modern schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge

Generic Structure Analysis

Snake in the Bath

Generic Structure Analysis

What is Descriptive Text?

Generic Structure Analysis

Analysis the Generic Structure

C. The Legend of Toba Lake

Notes on Generic Structure

E. The Smartest Animal.

Generic Structure Analysis

Language Feature Analysis

Tujuan How to Make a Cheese Omelet

Generic Structure Analysis

C. How to Make a Cheese Omelet

6. News Item Text

Generic Structure Analysis

Example of Discussion Text

 It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.

 It produces small amount of waste.

(Taken from: www.bbc.co.uk)

Generic Structure Analysis

Example of Explanation Text

B. How Day and Night Happen

9. Hortatory Exposition Text

What is Hortatory Exposition?

Example of Hortatory Exposition

Notes on the Generic Structure of this Hortatory Exposition example

C. Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text

THE PELICAN REPORT

Example of Report Text

Analyzing on the Text

(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:

(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure

(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:

 general nouns, seperti ‘Reptiles in Comodo Insland’, dsb.

 istilah teknis, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen, dsb.

 paragraf dengan topik sentence untuk menyusun sejumlah informasi.

11. Spoof Text

Penguin In The Park

Generic Structure Analysis

E. Penguin in the Park

Analyzing the Text

Our trip to the Blue Mountain

Example of Recount text

Generic Structure Analysis

E. My Grandpa’s Funeral in Toraja

13. Review Text

What is review text

Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix

Example of Review text

There is information about Variable Dimension

C. Recording Mommy Journey