codes

Non-verbal communication oral communication, written communication and sign language

Textbooks, books, newspapers, television

Time management, plans, schedules, tables, charts

project management

Task management

project planning and project scheduling

schedule

scheduling

work, social life, family, hobbies, skill, training, knowledge, effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity.

planning and exercising conscious

Priority Order" – set goals

goals, Goal setting and Order

project, an action plan,

tasks

Goal

Goal

Goal setting
Goal setting involves the development of an action plan designed in order to motivate and guide a
person or group toward a goal. Goals are more deliberate than desires and momentary intentions.
Therefore, setting goals means that a person has committed thought, emotion, and behavior towards
attaining the goal in doing so, the goal setter has established a desired future state which differs
from their current state thus creating a mismatch which in turn spurs future actions. Goal setting can
be guided by goal-setting criteria (or rules) such as SMART criteria. Goal setting is a major
component of personal-development and management literature. Studies by Edwin A. Locke and his
colleagues, most notably Gary Latham, have shown that more specific and ambitious goals lead to
more performance improvement than easy or general goals. The goals should be specific, time
constrained and difficult. Difficult goals should be set ideally at the 90th percentile of performance
assuming that motivation and not ability is limiting attainment of that level of performance. As long as
the person accepts the goal, has the ability to attain it, and does not have conflicting goals, there is a
positive linear relationship between goal difficulty and task performance.
The theory of Locke and colleagues states that the simplest most direct motivational explanation of
why some people perform better than others is because they have different performance goals. The
essence of the theory is:

1. Difficult specific goals lead to significantly higher performance than easy goals, no goals, or
even the setting of an abstract goal such as urging people to do their best.
2. Holding ability constant, and given that there is goal commitment, the higher the goal the
higher the performance.
3. Variables such as praise, feedback, or the participation of people in decision-making about
the goal only influence behavior to the extent that they lead to the setting of and subsequent
commitment to a specific difficult goal.
Setting goals can affect outcomes in four ways:
Choice
Goals may narrow someone's attention and direct their efforts toward goal-relevant activities
and away from goal-irrelevant actions.
Effort
Goals may make someone more effortful. For example, if someone usually produces 4
widgets per hour but wants to produce 6 widgets per hour, then they may work harder to
produce more widgets than without that goal.
Persistence
Goals may make someone more willing to work through setbacks.
Cognition
Goals may cause someone to develop and change their behavior.

Goal setting

Goal setting and planning ("goal work") promotes long-term vision, intermediate mission and
short-term motivation. It focuses intention, desire, acquisition of knowledge, and helps to
organize resources.

Objectives and Key Results (OKR)

Set personal goals

(SMART) objectives and SMART criteria

Subjective well-being (well-being ) life satisfaction

Plans purpose or aim

Plan object, either a physical object or an abstract object

Feedback

Plans questionnaires

Communication
Communication and Original research
Outline of communication

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to communication:

Communication – purposeful activity of exchanging information and meaning across space and
time using various technical or natural means, whichever is available or preferred.
Communication requires a sender, a message, a medium and a recipient, although the receiver
does not have to be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of
communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space.

Contents
 1 Essence of communication
 2 Branches of communication
 3 Theories, schools, and approaches
 4 History of communication
 5 General communication concepts
 6 Communication scholars

Communication

Communication and communicative reason

Communication (from Latin communicare, meaning "to share “or "to be in relation with") is difficult
to define in a consistent manner, because it is commonly used to refer to a wide range of different
behaviors (broadly: "the transfer of information"), or to limit what can be included in the category of
communication (for example, requiring a "conscious intent" to persuade). John Peters argues the
difficulty of defining communication emerges from the fact that communication is both a universal
phenomenon (because everyone communicates), and a specific discipline of institutional academic
study.

Communication is the act of developing meaning among entities or groups through the use of
sufficiently mutually understood signs, symbols, and semiotic conventions.

In Claude Shannon's and Warren Weaver's influential model, human communication was
imagined to function like a telephone or telegraph. Accordingly, they conceptualized
communication as involving discrete steps:

1. The formation of communicative motivation or reason.

2. Message composition (further internal or technical elaboration on what exactly to
express).
3. Message encoding (for example, into digital data, written text, speech, pictures, gestures
and so on).
4. Transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a specific channel or
medium.
5. Noise sources such as natural forces and in some cases human activity (both intentional
and accidental) begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to
one or more receivers.
6. Reception of signals and reassembling of the encoded message from a sequence of
received signals.
7. Decoding of the reassembled encoded message.
8. Interpretation and making sense of the presumed original message.

These elements are now understood to be substantially overlapping and recursive activities rather
than steps in a sequence. For example, communicative actions can commence before a
communicator formulates a conscious attempt to do so, as in the case of phatics; likewise,
communicators modify their intentions and formulations of a message in response to real-time
feedback (e.g., a change in facial expression). Practices of decoding and interpretation are
culturally enacted, not just by individuals (genre conventions, for instance, trigger anticipatory
expectations for how a message is to be received), and receivers of any message operationalize
their own frames of reference in interpretation.

The scientific study of communication can be divided into:

 Information theory which studies the quantification, storage, and communication of

information in general;
 Communication studies which concerns human communication;
 Biosemiotics which examines communication in and between living organisms in
general.
 Biocommunication which exemplifies sign-mediated interactions in and between
organisms of all domains of life, including viruses.

The channel of communication can be visual, auditory, tactile/haptic (e.g. Braille or other
physical means), olfactory, electromagnetic, or biochemical. Human communication is unique
for its extensive use of abstract language. Development of civilization has been closely linked
with progress in telecommunication.

Communication theory
Communication theory

Body language (Gestures) a type of nonverbal communication

Augmentative and alternative communication

Human communication

Human communication can be subdivided into a variety of types:

 Intrapersonal communication
 Interpersonal communication
 Nonverbal communication
 Speech
 Conversation
 Visual communication
 Writing
 Mail
 Mass communication
 Proactive communications
 Mass media
 Telecommunication
 Organizational communication
 Group dynamics (communication within groups)
 Cross-cultural communication

 Listening
 Speaking
 Reading
 Writing
  Attitude
 Body language (approachable)
 Humor
 Social skills
 Jargon

Writing and Writing system

Symbols

Symbolic communication

Mass communication

Proactive communications

Sign language vs. Body language

Written language vs. Spoken language

Native language (first language or L1) vs. Second language

Writing instrument

Natural language vs. Computer languages

Meaning

 Analogy

Analogy is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject (the
analog, or source) to another (the target), or a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process.
In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an argument from one particular to another
particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction, in which at least one of the premises,
or the conclusion, is general rather than particular in nature. The term analogy can also refer to the
relation between the source and the target themselves, which is often (though not always)
a similarity, as in the biological notion of analogy.

Analogy plays a significant role in problem solving, as well as decision

making, argumentation, perception, generalization, memory, creativity, invention,
predictes, emotion, explanation, conceptualization and communication. It lies behind basic tasks
such as the identification of places, objects and people, for example, in face perception and facial
recognition systems. It has been argued that analogy is "the core of cognition". Specific analogical
language comprises exemplification, comparisons, metaphors, similes, allegories, and parables,
but not metonymy. Phrases like and so on, and the like, as if, and the very word like also rely on an
analogical understanding by the receiver of a message including them. Analogy is important not only
in ordinary language and common sense (where proverbs and idioms give many examples of its
application) but also in science, philosophy, law and the humanities. The concepts of association,
comparison, correspondence, mathematical and morphological
homology, homomorphism, iconicity, isomorphism, metaphor, resemblance, and similarity are
closely related to analogy. In cognitive linguistics, the notion of conceptual metaphor may be
equivalent to that of analogy. Analogy is also a basis for any comparative arguments as well as
experiments whose results are transmitted to objects that have been not under examination (e.g.,
experiments on rats when results are applied to humans).
Analogy has been studied and discussed since classical antiquity by philosophers, scientists,
theologists and lawyers. The last few decades have shown a renewed interest in analogy, most
notably in cognitive science.

Communication studies
Communication studies or communication science is an academic discipline that deals with
processes of human communication and behavior, patterns of communication in interpersonal
relationships, social interactions and communication in different cultures. Communication is
commonly defined as giving, receiving or exchanging ideas, information, signals or messages
through appropriate media, enabling individuals or groups to persuade, to seek information, to
give information or to express emotions effectively. Communication studies is a social science
that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of
knowledge that encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation at a level of
individual agency and interaction to social and cultural communication systems at a macro level.

Communication programs include: journalism, film criticism, theatre, public relations, political science
(e.g., political campaign strategies, public speaking, effects of media on elections), as well as radio,
television, computer-mediated communication, film production, and new media. communication
programs include journalism, film criticism, theatre, public relations, political science (e.g., political
campaign strategies, public speaking, effects of media on elections), as well as radio, television,
computer-mediated communication, film production, and new media.

Communication is applied to journalism, business, mass media, public relations, marketing,

news and television broadcasting, interpersonal and intercultural communication, education, public
administration, health, medicine, economy, military and penal institutions, the Internet, social capital,
and the role of communicative activity in the development of scientific knowledge.

Communication research informs politicians and policy makers, educators, strategists,

legislators, business magnates, managers, social workers, non-governmental organizations, non-profit
organizations, and people interested in resolving communication issues in general. There is often a great
deal of crossover between social research, cultural research, market research, and other statistical
fields.
 Asemic writing
 Author
 Boustrophedon text
 Calligraphy
 Collaborative writing
 Communication
 Composition (language)
 Composition studies
 Copyright Clause
 Creative writing
 Decipherment
 Dyslexia
 Essay
 Fiction writing
 Foreign language writing aid
 Graphonomics
 Handwriting
 Interactive fiction
 Journalism
 Kishōtenketsu
 Linguistics
 List of writers' conferences
 Literacy
 Literary award
 Literary criticism
 Literary festival
 Literature
 Manuscript
 Mechanical pencil
 Orthography
 Peer critique
 Pencil
 Printing
 Publishing
 Reading
 Creation of the Sequoyah syllabary
 Scriptorium
 Story bible
 Speech communication
 Teaching Writing in the United States
 Textual scholarship
 Typography
 White papers
 Word processing
 Writer
 Writer's block
 Writing bump
 Writing circle
 Writing in space
 Writing slate
 Writing style
 Writing systems
 Writer's voice