DYNAMIC

ANALYSIS
Design Online Group
1
Series of sessions about virtual
prototyping and simulation
approaches.

[email protected]
PERSONAL INFORMATION

•B.Sc in mechanical engineering, design and production

engineering department, faculty of engineering, Ain Shams
University (year 2007).
•M.sc in the CAD/CAM/CNC field /design and production
engineering department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain
Shams University (Oct2007-Oct2010).
•PhD in the virtual simulation field/design and production
engineering department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain
Shams University (May2011-May2015).
•Course instructor for many courses at various course
centers and academic institutions.
•Currently, Assistant Professor in ASU.
•Email: [email protected].

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DESIGN PROCESS

DESIGN PROCESS PROBLEM DEFINITION Specifications

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN Concepts

EMBODIMENT DESIGN Layouts

DETAIL DESIGN Analysis

CAD/CAM/CNC/CAE
MANUFACTURE Product

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1D ELEMENT 2D ELEMENT 3D ELEMENT
FORCE BASED
ELEMENT TYPE SOLVING TECHNIQUES

Mathematical Formulation DISPLACEMENT BASED

ሶ
[M]{Ẍ}+[C]{X}+[K]{X}={F}

Mass Matrix Damping Matrix Stiffness Matrix Load Matrix

Acceleration Matrix Velocity Matrix Displacement Matrix

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ANALYSIS TYPES

STATIC ANALSYS

•Static analysis studies the effects of, steady

[K]{X}={F} loading (static force or moment) while inertia
load and damping effects are neglected.
•The term “structural loop stiffness”
characterizes the system's overall static
performance.
{X}: Displacement matrix, [K]: Stiffness matrix,
and {F}: Static load matrix.

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ANALYSIS TYPES

MODAL ANALSYS

•The eigenvalues ω2 yield the natural frequencies ω of the system.

[K][X] =ω2[M][X] •The eigenvectors [X] define the mode shapes.
•The first frequency is usually called the fundamental frequency.
•An essential dynamic analysis to evaluate the dynamic behavior
of the system. It also a prerequisite for frequency response and
transient analyses.

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ANALYSIS TYPES
FREQUENCY RESPONCE

The harmonic analyses are helpful to verify whether or

F= Fo sinωt not the design will successfully overcome resonance and
harmful effects of forced vibrations.
Two theoretical methods can be applied to generate the
FRF:
•The full method: gives an exact solution
•The mode superposition method: which is employed in
this work. It uses linear iterations to converge the exact
values, which takes less computational time. In order to
increase the accuracy of the results, a sufficient number
of natural frequencies are included.
•ω: the exciting frequency.
•Fo : amplitude of the exiting load.

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ANALYSIS TYPES TRANSIENT ANALSYS

ሶ
[M]{Ẍ}+[C]{X}+[K]{X}={F} •The values of the time-varied loads
are transferred to perform transient
F= F(t) analysis at which they are subjected
to the entity in a table form.
•Like all previous analysis types, it is
an implicit analysis. Which means it
use implicit time integration. Solver
solve for displacement which
requires iterations to achieve the
matrix inversion. Although it requires
few iterations, each iteration is time
expensive.
•It depends on the initial, min and
max time step to compromise the
time cost and the convergence.
•The general mathematical
formulation is used.

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ANALYSIS TYPES

EXPLICIT ANALSYS

ሶ
[M]{Ẍ}+[C]{X}+[K]{X}={F}

•High change in physics occurs in short time interval.

(Ex: Can crush).
•Unlike all previous analysis types, it is an explicit
analysis. Which means explicit time integration.
Solver solve for acceleration directly which requires
no matrix inversion.
•It requires a relatively too small time step that
depends on the load curve and the time step of the
smallest element in the system. Hence, many
iterations are required; however, each iterations
needs less time compared to that in implicit.

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 General Mathematical Formulation For Dynamic Analysis

ሶ
[M]{Ẍ(t)} + [C]{X(t)} + [K]{X(t)} = {F(t)}

Time varied load Matrix

Inertia load Stiffness Load Normal mode Analysis: The term
F(t)=0, it usually called free
vibration.

Frequency Response Analysis:

Damping Load The term F(t) is sinusoidal,
This term is eliminated for undamped systems. F(t)=Fsinωt.
ሶ
𝑿(t): Velocity F: Amplitude load.
C: coefficient of viscous damping ω: Exciting frequency.

Transient Analysis: The term F(t)

is general function on time.

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 Free undamped SDOF system

M Ẍ(t) + K X(t) = 0
X(t)=Asin(ωnt-β) or aSin ωn t + bCos ωn t

By solving the above DE, the natural frequency is

found to be:

• As the system is SDOF, there exists only one natural frequency, and one mode shape.
• By substituting on the original equation, {x} can be obtained.
• K: Stiffness or equivalent stiffness (N/mm).

ሶ
X(t) = (X(0)/ωn )Sin ωn t + X(0)Cos ωn t

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 ሶ
X(t) = (X(0)/ωn )Sin ωn t + X(0)Cos ωn t

• ሶ
X(0)=0, X(0)=0 (No response)
• ሶ
X(0)=0, X(0)=Value (Response is Sine function)
• ሶ
X(0)=Value, X(0)=0 (Response is Cosine function(180 phase change))
• ሶ
X(0)=Value, X(0)=Value (Phase and amplitude dependent on initial values)

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Application For Free undamped SDOF system

• By considering the pedestrian bridge as a simple beam, it can be modelled as a

simple mass-stiffness SDOF problem.
• By knowing the Young’s modulus (E) and dimensions (Length and cross-section),
Stiffness (K) can be obtained, and consequently, the natural frequency.
• By substituting on the original equation, {x} can be obtained; which is the
deformation, or by other words, the mode shape.

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Equivalent stiffness

M Ẍ(t) + K X(t) = 0

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Free undamped Two-DOF system

Eigen Values Eigen Vectors

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Free vibration multi-DOF system

ሶ
[M]{Ẍ(t)} + [C]{X(t)} + [K]{X(t)} = {F(t)}

• As usual, the mesh size decides the number of degree

freedom, which decides the number of mode shapes exist of
the system.
• {фi}: mode shape {i}, usually called “Eigen vectors”
• ω: Natural frequency
• ω2: Eigen values

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Concept

Mode shape1 Mode shape2 Mode shape3 Mode shape4

•First four mode shapes:

1-First bending 1.3Hz -Intuitively, mode shape 1 is the dominant mode.
2-Second bending 3.6Hz -How can mode shape 2 and 4 get excited?
-Is mode shape 3 of practical interest?
3-Side shear 14.5Hz
-Physical and theoretical approaches to obtain
4-First torsion 19.1Hz mode shapes.

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 Design Online Academy

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