EET ENGINEERING EDUCATION & TRAINING Chapter 1 FE-Environmental Mathematics Karandev Singh [email protected] Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Number of Questions: 5-8 1. Mathematics FE Ref. v10.0.1 p. 34-62 A. Analytic geometry and trigonometry Vv B. Algebraic equations and roots Vv C. Calculus ¥ + Differential + Integral * Differential equations D. Numerical methods v + Numerical integration + Approximations * Precision Limits + Error Propagation EET FE-Environmental: MathematicsA. Analytic Geometry + Straight Line * General Form + Standard Form + Point-slope Form + Slope + Angle between two lines + Distance between two points * Quadratic Equation * Conic Sections + Area and Volumes Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics (B Algebraic equations and roots Straight Line | Equations of a straight line: + General form: Ax + By + C = 0 + Standard (slope-intercept) form: y = mx + b + Point-siope form: (y — y,) = m(x = x,) +m = 2% Acute angle between two lines: tan « = | mam | fimzm;| Two lines are parallel lines if m, =m Two lines are perpendicular lines if m, = Straightline distance between two points: d = (G2 > mm, = FE Ref. v10.0.1 p. 35 ‘Straight Line emo ean moh The pale oe | royemtemn) Lox ait ts— at a)? + (2 = 1)? In 3-D, distance between two points: d = (x2 — x1)? + (2 — yi)? + (23 — 27) x : x ya mxter Last updated 1/10/2021 eer FE a=p-y a ane = Ty ram| EXAMPLE 01 The slope of ane that connects two points with coordinates (-1,2) and (3,-1) is most “nearly | (A) 43, (B) -3/4 (C) -2 (D) 3/2 | | SOLUTION | Take (x1, y1) to be (-1,2) and (x2, yz) to be (3,—1). | lim ae 2 8 gaa m Given two points: slope, "The correct answer is B. m= (yy Meq—%) Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics “EXAMPLE 02 The slope of a line that is perpendicular to the line that connects two points with coordinates (~1,2) and (3,-1) is most nearly: (a) 34 (8) 413 (ce) -1/2 (D) 2/3 SOLUTION Let line 1 be the line connecting (—1,2) and (3,—1) and line 2 be the perpendicular line. From previous problem, we know that the slope of line connecting (~1,2) and (3,—1) is —2. 3 am =-* 4 Slopes of two perpendicular lines have the relationship m1 + m2 = —1 ‘Two lines are perpendicular if m,=—Vm, The correct answer is B. eT MathematicsEXAMPLE 03 The slope of a line whose equation is given by x+y = 2s: (A) -1 (B) 1 (C) -2 (D) 2 SOLUTION First write the equation in the standard form of a straight line: y = mx + b. yorxt2 + Slope: m = —1 and y ~ intercept: b = ‘The general form of the equation is Ax + By +C=0 The standard form of the equation is yom+b, which is also known as the slope-intercept form. The correct answer is A. Last updated 4/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics "EXAMPLE 04 | The standard form of the equation for a straight line of slope = 2 that intercepts the y- | axis at 3 is: (A) y = 2x +3 ((B)y = -2 +3 (C) y = 2x-3 (D) y = -2x - 3 SOLUTION y=mx+b m=2,b=3 sy =2x+3 The general form of the equation is Ax + By +C=0 The standard form of the equation is y= met b, which is also known as the s/ope-intercept form. The correct answer is A. The general form is as follows: y — 2x — 3 Last 1-4"EXAMPLE 05 | The radius of a sphere centered on the origin that reaches the point (2,3,4) is most nearly: | (A) 2 (ea (C) v29 (D) 9 SOLUTION | e3. as of the sphere is simply the distance between the two points: (0,0,0) and (234). ——<— d= VG = 1)"+02—1)?+@ — 41) V@=OPFB—O)F+E— OZ —_Inathvce-dimensional spac, the distance between two points is £V29 d= (m— x) + (2-4) + (aa) +r = £V29, however given that radius is reported in +, we select V29 The correct answer is C. | ast update 02021 ET FE-Emirnmental: Mathematics | Quadratic Equation FE Ref. v10.0.1 p. 35 Polynomial Equation is an equation that has multiple terms made up of numbers and variables. A polynomial equation of n'* degree is generalized as follows a,x” + Gy—1X""! + wu. + Qgx? + a4x +a,x° where a; are the coefficient assigned the indeterminate variable (x) raised to power i. The degree is the highest exponent in the polynomial equation which tells us the number of roots associated with the polynomial equation. For example, if the highest exponent is 3, then the equation has three roots. The roots of the polynomial equation are the values of x where y = 0 (where the curve given by the polynomial equation crosses the x-axis). Quadratic Equation I Quadratic equation is a 2"¢ degree polynomial equation. ae+br+e=0 General form: ax? + bx +c = 0. = vib aac Roots of a quadratic equation: x - Tila two real roots: x, = —2tVE=tee >0 2a and xz = =0 identical roots: x = x2 =- = 0 woimaginaryroots——_———_—| us Last updated 171072001 EET FE-Environmental: MathematicsEXAMPLE 06 The roots of the quadratic equation —9x + x? = —18 are: (A) -9 and 1 (B) -9 and -18 (C) 6and3 (D) Gand 18 Quadratic Equation attbxto=0 SOLUTION = Roots = — Put into form: ax? + by +c =0 we moos 1 CoE aMaH ” \ / 20) The correct answer is C. Note, can factor as: (x — 6)(x — 3) = 0. Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Conic Sections _ FE Ref. v10.0.1 p. 4: Shapes formed by passing a plane through a cone. EEK ELT Parabola Circle Ellipse Hyperbola General Form: Ax? + Bxy + Cy” + Dx + Ey + F = 0 where not both A and C are zero. Conic Section Equation + Parabola: B? - 44C =0 ‘The general form of the conic section equation is : : B2 det Bey + Ged De + Et F=0 Ellipse: 8 44C <0 where not both 4 and C are zero. + Hyperbola: B? - 4AC > 0 If? 44C< 0, an ellipse is defined + Circle: CandB=0 ry 44C> 0, a hyperbola is defined, os An? + Ay? = 1rB°=A4C=0, te cone para . . Ax? + Ay? +Dx + Ey +F=0 If A= Cand B= 0, a circle is defined. + Straight Line: 4 = B = C =0 Was B=C- 0,4 sigh in died > Dxt+Ey+F=0 EET FE-Environmental:EXAMPLE 07 The conic section described by the following equation is: 2x? — 2y? + 6x + 3: (A) Circle (B) Ellipse (C) Hyperbola (D) Parabola SOLUTION 2x? — 2y? + 6x +3y = 10 ‘Compare with the general form: Ce =10 Conic Section Equation ‘The general form of the conic section equation is Ax’ By + C+ Det By + F=0 ‘where not both 4 and C are zero, 1fB°—44C<0, an ellipse is defined. 1f*— 44C> 0, a hyperbola is defined, c 2 Ax? + Bry + Cy? + Dx + Ey + F = If 44C=0, the conic is parabola. + Bry + Cy! + Da Ey + D If A= Cand 8 ~0,a circle is defined. E iA "= 0, a straight line is defined. F =-10 | > A#C #0 and B? —4AC = (0)? — 4(2)(—2) = 16 > 0 «. Hyperbola The correct answer is C. Last updated 1/1012021 Conic Sections Normal Form: x? + y? + 2ax + 2by + c = 0 if the principal axis of a conic section is parallel to the coordinate axis centered at (i, k) where h = —a and k = —b. EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Case 3. Hyperbolne> 1: (=n _ = AP Normal form of the conic section equation, if that conic section has @ principal axis paral! to a coordinate axis. y+ 2art 2byte=0 havake-b + . rel@+¥ oe ‘ * If a? + B~ cis positive, a circle, center (—a, ~b). Ifa +c equals 270, a point at ~~). If + Bc is negative, locus is imaginary. oS Length of the tangent line from a point on a circle to a point (2, y’) wes (P+ Of WFP SH controa | ATK ati, : eA nN Paty ‘e= eccentricity = cos Afcos) © * 3} * 17 EET FE-Environmentat: Mathematics [Last updatoa 1072024| EXAMPLE 08 | Determine the (xy) coordinates of the center of the circle defined by the following equation? = 8x + y? -10y +25 (A) (3,2) | (B) (3,4) | (C) (4,5) (D) (6,4) Case 4. Circle e = 0 | @-WP+ hPa? | SOLUTION rs [ahs (y= kP | Convert x? — 8x + y? — 10y + 25 = 0 into the following | form (x —h)? + (y—k)? =r? by completing the squares. GP-200 + (HF + OF—2V5) +P = 25 + (4)? + (5)? (x? — Bx + (4)*) + (y? — 10y + (5)?) = -25 + 16 + 25 (= H7+(7-5)*= (4)? Completing the Squares ? + 2ab + b? —2ab +b? | Therefore, the center of the circle is (4,5) and radius is 4. TBR. SemPshapawer!S C. cer pe-envronmenta: Mathematics Trigonometry FE Ref. v10.0.1 p. 37-38 For right triangles, SOH-CAH-TOA ‘Tiemomel ioe eed wing an [+ sing = ,2PPese = + esc = 2 tn = yc 29 | esc = rh, 506 0 rie adjacent _ x o * 6080 = iypotenuse ~ 7 ~ SCC8 = Gos ravPay Stang = mbaHt orga tan 0 = cajacent = x cod = ae + tang = 28 cota = S88 a Special Right Triangles Dar ages Sarin Radians-to-degrees: 1 rad = 180° Positive Convention: counter-clockwise—— sennye | from x-axis hb wi . 90 | “ | Nes | 6 we bw by ww | oO oO mw iy 3 i 4 345 Tangle ue 1 Pst 28 > Go ceenvronmenta Mathematics ul Bon an2(Trigonometry Basics) Trigonometric Functions tan pay fy ter v CALCULATOR TIP — en prose eer ED estates remnce Eon cs pacrenecintes Sarasa ae dad Stor gingenene cation | anlage ee # —ROoRaI | | =p oe Beioes | “& Tap this key to access | | wt constants: 1, e, and i By me Beene | To convert from degrees mode to radians mode To convert between fraction and decimal approximate EET FE-Environmental: MathematicsEXAMPLE 09 If the sine of angle Ais given as K, what is the tangent of angle A? (A) /o (B) **/, h (C) /q o (D) "/, SOLUTION Trigonometric functions are defined using a right triangle. sin(A) = Yr, 608 8 = xi o=hK /x, cot 0 = x/v /y, sec @ = née | tan(4) | The correct answer is D. Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Trigonometry 1a be Law of Sines: sind sinB sin Law of Cosines: a? = b? +c? — 2be cos A b? = a? +c? — 2ac cos B c? = a? +b? — 2ab cos C & | For shapes with three or more sides (n > 3) 60° + Sum of interior angles: (n ~ 2) » 180 + Interior angles for equilateral shapes: °=2"¥°° A 2 A6o° 60°) A } Equilateral Triangle O8d0@ / y Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics 1-10EXAMPLE 10 An observer surveys a building and observes the vertical angle to its top to be 40°. He then walks 50m away and observes its vertical angle to be 30°. The height of the | building is most nearly: c (A) 75m (B) 85m (c) 93m (D) 98m SOLUTION Given BA = 50 m. Find the angle @ in triangle ADC: 40°+90°+ © = 180 > © = 50° Find the angle@ in triangle BDC: 30°+90°+ (@ + @) = 180 p = 10° , . BA 2 AC, gg = S0C8iN 309) _ Now use law of sines on triangle ABC: nie ringer C= a 144m a Now use the right triangle ADC: si + DC = AC sin 40° = 144sin 40° = 92.6m The correct answer is C. Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environ EXAMPLE 11 Write out the equations for sum of forces in x-direction and y-direction acting on the spherical ball for the following figure: | | SOLUTION Last updated 1140120: EET FE-Envjronmental: MathematicsTr igonometry Trigonometric Identities in (0 + n/2) = -sin (0 — n/2) | sin @=cos (0 ~ 1/2) =-cos (0 + x/2) “ (areraro=) fy tan?@ +1 = sec? cot’ +1 =csc76 sin (a +B) cos (a + B) = cos a cos B— sin a sin B in a. cos f+ cos a sin B sin 2a= 2 sin a.cos a cos 2a.= cosa ~ sina = 1-2 sin?a=2 cosa 1 tan 2a. =(2 tan a)/(I ~ tan? a) cot 2a. = (cota —1)/(2 cot a) tan (a+) = (tan a + tan BY(1 ~ tan 0. tan B) cot (a+ B) = (cot a cot P ~ 1)/(cot a+ cot B) sin (o.— B) = sin o. cos B— cos a sin B cos (a-~ B)= cos a c0s f+ sin e sin B tan (a B) = (tan a ~tan BY/(1 + tan tan 8) cot (a. f)= (cot a cot B+ 1)(cot B—cot a) At cos a2 MO cos aya Jit = cosa)/it + cosa) cot (0/2)= +/Mt + cosa)/I = cosa) sin @. sin B = (1/2)[cos (a ~ B) —cos (a + B)) £08 «608 f= (1/2)fe0s (a —B) + c0s (a+ B)] sin 6 cos B= (1/2)[sin (a+ B) + sin (cB) sin a + sin B = 2 sin {(1/2)(cx + B)] cos ((1/2)(-B)) sin a ~ sin B = 2.605 (1/2)(a. + B)] sin (1/2(e.—B)] cos a + cos B= 2 cos {(1/2)(a + B)] cos {(1/2)(a- B)) £08 o.~ cos =~2 sin [(1/2)(a-+ B)] sin (1/2(0.—B)] Last updated 114072024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics EXAMPLE 42 The expression csc(x) cos*(x) tan(x) is equivalent to which of the following? (A) sinx (B) cosx | (C) 1-sin?(x) (D) 1+ sin2(x) | SOLUTION First, write out the trigonometric function in terms of sin(x) and cos(zx). a sin(x) e300) = 5 tan(x) = 222 |“ esc(x) cos3(x) tan(x) = = n(x) | |The correct answer is C. | = cos%(x) = = cos3(x) * sin(x) cos(x) csc = I/sin 8 sin?(x) sec = I/cos 8 tan 0=sin @/cos 0 cot @ = I/tan 8 sin? @ + cos?@=1 Mathematics (112'Mensuration Areas and Volumes FE Ref. v10.0.1 p. 39-42 Parabola Ellipse Circular Segment Circular Sector Sphere | | Nomenclature A= tora surface area Parallelogram Regular Polygon (n equal sides) Prismoid Po peineter ’ hh {it Ja? + B+ 2ableos6) ~ ded ae) Pans V = (Wi6)(4, + da+ 44) ae Kant) 5= 2rftan(62)] =}, the parallgn sa hobs Lastupdated 1072021 Ax toonia thematios | 7 | Mensuration Areas and Volumes " Circular Cone Paraboloid of Revolution a "| ‘Trapezoid ct anette | b ve (wn « | 4 side area base area = wor VV ey | Right Circular Cylinder Triangle: A =4bh aA 7 AN ‘A= side area + end areas = 2ar(h +r) P b Venth= 113 Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Envronmenta: MathematicsEXAMPLE 13 The shaded circular segment is bounded by the chord of a circle of radius r = 2.0 m and has an arc length s = 1.0 m. Its area is nearly: (A) 0.025 m? (B) 0.025 m? (C) 0.032 m? (D) 0.040 m2 SOLUTION = 2leos* (=) Circular Segment CNS) 4-[e(o-sino)f2 psir= 2fencnl(e—d)rl} The correct answer is D. | Last updated 4/10/2024 EET FE-Environmentat: Mathematics c. Calculus + Differentiation | + Derivatives of polynomials, rational, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions + LHospital’s Rule + Partial Derivatives + Derivative Tests + Integration | * Indefinite Integrals + Definite integrals + Differential Equations 114Differentiation FE Ref. v10.0.1 p. 45-48 Derivative of a function is the local slope or instantaneous rate of change of the curve. y For any function y= f(x), the derivative = Dsy = dy/dx = y' limit [(y)/(Ax) | = jimit [fx + Ax) — x) /(x)} y’ = the slope of the curve /(x). f@) Select derivatives from the FE Reference Manual. 4. de/dx = 0 € Derivative of a constant is zero. 2, dx/dx = 1 € Derivative of x with respect to x is 1. 3. deu/dx =c du/dx Constant can be moved outside of the derivative, 4. d(u+v—w)/dx = du/dx + dv/dx — dw/dx € Derivatives are distributive. 5. d(uv)/dx = udv/dx + vdu/dx € Product Rule 6. d(uvw)/dx = uv dw/dx + uw dv/dx + vw du/dx € Product Rule 7. d(u/v)/dx = (v du/dx —udv/dx)/v? € Quotient Rule 8. d(u")/dx = nu"? du/dx € Power Rule 9. d[f(u)]/dx = {dlf(u)]/du} + du/dx € Chain Rule PISSED sees | 42, d(Inu)/dx = (1/u) du/dx € Derivative of natural log f(y) = ubsu(x) = 5x43 44, d(e")/dx = e" du/dx €Derivative of e (Napier Constant) See the table for derivatives of common trigonometric functions. Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathomatics | Differentiation In these formulas, u, v, and w represent functions of x. Also, a, c, and n represent constants. All arguments of the trigonometric functions are in radians. 15, dyes = vat dts + (la) a die See the Supplemental Handouts section atthe 7 ijit=1 end of the lecture for practice with derivatives. 1. delax=0 16, asin upd = cos due 2. dds 1 17. dleos nd -sin ds 3. dleupide= edulée 18, dan wy = se? duit 4. dtu t v= wy dale dle — dele 19. dot nbs = ese? duds 5. dunylte~ n dvlde + duds 20. asec way ~ ae w tan w did 6 eunnde= d+ die 8 we dls | 2 ee pee a cot dts duly) _ y duldx — wdvidv ap, sin tw) de md 0 ‘Slope | ‘Slope decreasing ata | Increasing at an creasing rate | increasing rate fa<0 | fi@>o F@>0% pr@>o ~ MNO f(a) =0 £"G@)>0 NOTE: Derivative tests do not distinguish between local and global maxima and minima. Always, evaluate the function at the boundary conditions in addition to the _ derivative test to determine global maxima eRe UND Aue EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Test fora Maximum y=f() is a maximum for x= a, iff'(a) =0 and f"(a) <0. ‘Test fora Minimum =f (2) is a minimum for a, iff'(a) = 0 and f"(a) > 0 © y=f(a)has.a point of inflection at x —a, it/"(@)= 0, and if/"(a) changes sign asx increases through rr 7 “global maximum. local maximum inflection point local minimum N ‘global minimum - Last updated 1/10/2021 EXAMPLE 17 Match the curve properties to the correct locations on the curve shown below: =f (0) is a maximum for x= a, iff(a)= and /"(a) <0. ‘Test for a Minimum y=) is a minimum for x= a,iff'(a)=0andf*(a)>0. Points Properties (a) fs [| fv =0 (c) f" <0 (0) fu>o SOLUTION Point | Property Significance A. f'=0,f" >0 Local Min B. f° =0 Inflection Point c. f'=0,f" <0 Local Max Dif =o Inflection Point The correct answers are shown above. EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Test for a Point of Infection y= F(3) has a point of inflection at iff"(a) =0, and if") changes sign as x increases through 118 |Differentiation Tes foraMaimum ye fla)isa maximum for | EXAMPLE 18 x a.iff'@)= end /%a) <0 What is the maximum and minimum value of function Zaufxasiiwm dando) >0 f(x) = x3 + 6x? + 9x between -3.5 0 -@x Local Min aa f'"(-3) = 6(-3) +12 = -6 <0 > @x=-3: Local Max 1 16 (FG) = 6x +12 = 6(x +2) Quadratic Equation | atthe te | Solve for local maximum and minimum points (i.e. fi) =Owhenx+3=0 +x =-3andx+1 | Lastly, determine the value of f(x) at the boundary and at the roots = | of f'(x). Therefore, the maximum and minimum values of f(x) are 45 and -4 at x = 1 and x = —1, respectively. Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Integration FE Ref. v10.0.1 p. 47,49 Integration is the inverse operation of differentiation. There are two types of integration (1) definite integrals (i.e., area under the curve), which are restricted to a specific range of the independent variable and (2) indefinite integrals (also referred to as anti- derivatives), which are unrestricted. FE Reference Manual include list of indefinite integrals. These solutions can be used along with the following methods of integration: (1) integration by parts, (2) integration by Substitution, and (3) separation of rational fractions into partial fractions Here are a selected indefinite integrals: 4. fdf(x) = f(x) + C € integral of a derivative gives the function fix = x+C € integral of a constant faf(x)dx = af f(x)dx € constants can be moved outside the integral Sue + v(x) dx = f u(x) dx + f v(x) dx € distributive property Jxmdx ==" 4c form # -1 € Power Rule for Integration JSG/x) dx = In|x| + C € Special case for m 1 (7. f(A/ax + b) dx = (1/a) In fax +b) + 6. fu(x)dv(x) = u(x)v(x) — f v@)du(x) € Integration by Parts | 22. fe™ dx = (1/a)e™ +E + uy, and w = g(x) + a,c,andn = constants + C=constant of integration seen 119 Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: MathematicIntegration In these formulas, u, v, and w represent functions of x. Also, a, c, and n represent constants. All arguments of the trigonometric functions are in radians. A constant of integration should be added to the integrals. Note: integrals are antiderivatives. 1 fapen=soo 14, fr sin v= sins cosx 2 fens 15. fxcossde= costs | 3. Tonnar=a fferas 16, fsinx cons dr~ (sis) 2 | 4 Fways venide= Suyare foedd 17. /cinavcon costa — Bx costa + Bx (2e59 | ne J sinaazcos be de=— $0506 — As eva ATE (ah 40) 8 fetu=d (m#-0) to Tote xl cos x | cs [ta fans aT 18, & fren -nore)- [ro 19. : Liglar i 20, fans de—tans—> 2 mtr s > en 23, [aes = (@eMax—1) | 24. flaxde=x{n@)-1] 0) 25 foxy has lo #0) | 12, [sin xe = $ SNE 26. J = (a> de> 0) 13, food xde= 5082 sue ee re (4ac~# > 0) See the Supplemental m * ween oe Handouts section at the 2 aoe aE] Wace) end of the lecture for me , . Practice with integrals. eens (o- sac= EXAMPLE 19 - What is the result of the following indefinite integral? 1 J (se — Bx 4 ot rae (A) 3x5 — 2x4 + Inlxl + 7x + (B) 60x3 — 24x? - x2 +€ ((C) 60x* — 24x3 — x7? + 7K 4 | (0) (2)x5 — @)xt- «2 + 7x4 “SOLUTION 1 sarah fase BxP +o + 7 dx Taree 1 = 15+ fxtax—o- fxtars [Zar+ [rae 5. Taf) dr=a [Ax a | 5 ‘ a wnt =15(=)-9(F) +n 7 +c 5. fxd = (m #-1) = 3x5 — 2x4 +In|x| +7x+C BEF =z Inlax +o] The correct answer is A. (7 on C = 12 12e~* Finally, solve for x(2) by substituting t = 2 | x = 12e~*2) = 120-8 = x = 0.00403 = x = 4.03 x 107% The correct answer is B. | | | cast updated 1110/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics I : Differential Equation | Second order Linear Homogenous Differential Equation | 2 | Second order = highest derivative term is second order derivative (S- = y"") | Linear = expression is written as the sum of the function and its derivative | Homogeneous = forcing function is set to zero (f(t) = 0) ti a ‘ @y ay Differential Equation: y" + ay’ + by = Oor Te tate + b+ y(t) | Characteristic Equation: 7? + ar-+b = 03 7 = MEE | Discriminant Roots General Solution Solution Form ly 2 ‘two real roots: eh 4 Cohe® | la Oa nan rp y= Ce + Ce’ ‘overdamped 2 one real root: _ re critically | #2 = |n=ner y=Gt Gwe damped y =e (C; cos Bx + Co sin Bx) 2 two complex #8 a <4b roots: r, andr We underdamped Solve for C using the intial conditions. 1-23 sr10y2021 eerDifferential Equation Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients ‘An equation ofthe form y"* ay'=by=0 can be solved by the method of undetermined coefficients where a solution ofthe form v= Cé"is sought. Substitution of this solution gives (P+ art B)Ce=0 and since Ce cannot be zero, the characteristic equation must vanish oF Prarth=0 ‘The roots ofthe characteristic equation are asva—4b | | 2 and can be real and distinct for a> 4, real and equal for a?= 4, and complex for @< 4b If.a!> 46, the solution is ofthe form (overdamped) ve Cet Ge If = 4b, the Solution is ofthe form (critically damped) 2= (C+ Caer | If < 4b, the solution is ofthe form (underdamped) &" (C,c0s fr Cysin Br), where Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE Environmental: Mathematics EXAMPLE 22 The general solution for the following differential equation is, yl" +4y! +4y =0 y(0) = Ly’(0) =0 (Cy + Cyx)e** | (B) y = (C, + Cox)e™* (C) y= (1+ 2x)e* (D) y= (1+ 2x)e"* | (A) | SOLUTION |The characteristic equation for the second-order, homogeneous linear equation is: r? + 4r + 4 = 0 where a = 4and b = 4. ‘An equation of the form The roots are 7,2 = -a + Va2—=b eee cpracreezat — Par b= 0 € charecersc maton 312 = 24 V2? ‘The roots of the characteristic equation are | 37r = 2,7; -at/a'—4b | eV | Since a? = 4h = (4)? = 4(4) = 16 = 16, If @?= 4b the solutions ofthe form (ritcally damped) the general solution is y = (C, + Cx)e™™ > (C+ Gx)e™ v=(G+ ener |The correct answer is B. 4-24 Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: MathematicsEXAMPLE 23 The following equation describes a second-order system: y" +4y' +4y =0 y(0) = 1,y'(0) =0 The system may be described as: (A) nonlinear (B) overdamped {C) critically damped (D) underdamped SOLUTION The characteristic equation for the second-order, homogeneous linear equation is: r? + 4r + 4 = 0 where a = 4 and b = 4. Since a? = 4b = (4)? = 4(4) > 16 = 16, the second order system can be described as critically damped system. ‘Ifa’ = 46, the solution is of the form (critically damped) The correct answer is C. cw cae Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmentat: Mathematics EXAMPLE 24 The solution for the following differential equation is yl" +4y' +4y=0 y(0) = 1,y'(0) = 0 (A) y = (1 2x)e* (B) y= (2- xe (C) y=(2+xJe™* (D) y = (1 + 2x)e"2* SOLUTION The characteristic equation for the second-order, homogeneous linear equation is: r? + 4r +4 = 0 where a = 4.and b = 4. The roots are 73.2 4a? —b=-2+ 27-45 1, = —2,r2 = —2. The general solution is y = (C, + C.x)e"™*. Evaluate the equation at the initial conditions. yO) = 19 (C, + C(O) EPO = 15 (Je? =15(G)1=1> Cy =1 | Differentiate the expression for y to obtain y’. yet Gane 22) ‘. (Coe y 5. duv/de = u dvide + v du/de y'(0) = 0 > —2e-DO(C, + €,(0)) + CeO 14. dle"Wde = e duldx => —269(1 +0) + Cre® = 0 > (-2)14+ 0 =0 . AAcuy/dx = ¢ du/dx >, =2 ny = (Lt 2xe* The correct answer is D. 1-25 | Last updated 1110/2021 EET FE-Environmental: MathematicsD. Numerical Methods + Numerical Integration | + Forward Rectangular Rule * Trapezoidal Rule + Simpson's Rule/ Parabolic Rule + Approximations + Newton's Method for Root Extraction + Euler’s Method for Numerical Solutions to Ordinary Differential Equations + Precision Limits & Error Propagation Last updated 11072024 EET FE-Envionmenta: Mathematics | Numerical Integration FE Ref. v10.0.1 p. 61-62 ‘Numerical integration ‘Thee ofthe more common numerical integration algorithms usd io evahat the integral Eide Numerical integration methods are used to - approximate numerical value of a definite integral err Fev cpr ae (ie. area under a curve). [ffshte = ar la KOs) Trapt Re oS yf) foen=1 (pare = ae 2340) area forn>1 Bak XH oe He | ‘Simpson's Rul/Paraolc Rule (n mast be an even integer) » ee = (2 a|[n0 9054) +10) Area = [ fe) = Dae «f%n) [riale2, slowed) P sonee= Ae fonds F_slvsas0} = numer of intervals etwoon da points Last updated 4/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: MathematicsEXAMPLE 25 The boundary and traverse line of an irregular area are shown. Using the forward | rectangular rule, the total area between the irregular boundary and the transverse line is most nearly: (A) 1400ft? (B) 1500f¢? (C) 1590f¢? (D) 1630f¢? terse eR eR eR eR SOLUTION tine The irregular shape is divided into 4 sections, therefore n = 4. By the Euler's or Forward Rectangular Rule, the area is Euler's or Forward Rectangular Rule | mt ax) f(a + ka) Li foxdde = O25 fla + be) | ‘k=0 — a first term through second-to-last term Area = 16(14 + 26 + 22 + 25) = 1392ft? The correct answer is A. Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics [EXAMPLE 26 |The boundary and traverse line of an irregular area are shown. Using the trapezoidal tule, the total area between the irregular boundary and the transverse line is most “nearly: | A) 1500ft? (B) 1500ft? (Cc) 1590ft? |(D) 1630f¢? | | SOLUTION |The irregular shape is divided into 4 sections, therefore n = 4. For n > 1, By the trapezoidal rule, the area is ‘peso! Roe form Adar = sors 0] nt | Ax F[p@+2Y a+ kax) +7 1 oo . a aac Spee first term every internal —_ last term ‘em 16 Area = (14 + 2(26 + 22 + 25) + 27) = 1496 ft? | The correct answer is A. Lastupdated 4/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics (+ ks) + #0) 1-27| EXAMPLE 27 The boundary and traverse line of an irregular area are shown. Using the Simpson's “tule, the total area between the irregular boundary and the transverse line is most nearly: (A) 1400f¢? (B) 1450f¢? (C) 1500ft? (D) 1550ft? SOLUTION The irregular shape is divided into 4 sections, therefore n = 4. For n > 4, by the Simpson's rule, the area is ‘Simpsons Rule/Parabolic Rule (n mst bean even integer) | | forn=2 m2 et ¥(r0 +2) farkan+s Y fas eso) Lan = (Pe)[ 0+ 4) +10] 3s we evoyional === savayhtaral at [rosa tesa term even term ‘odd term term LP folae= be ae, sha kdx)+/(] 16 - Area = oe + 2(22) + 4(26 + 25) + 27) = 1541ft? Tha,raceshapswer is A. EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Approximations FE Ref, v10.0.1 p. 60, 62 ‘Numerical approximations refer to iterative methods used to evaluate equations. There are numerous methods; let's focus on the two included in the FE Reference Handbook. Newton's Method for Root Extraction which is an iterative technique used to evaluate root of an equation (i.e. f(x) = 0) provided that f'(x) is a continuous function and an initial estimate of the | root (ag) is close to the actual root. For each iteration, j, evaluate the following expression for revised estimate of the root, a;,;, using the previous estimate of the root, ay | Fa yo = 4) Fg Fors = 0A. ‘Successive iterations are typically run until the difference between the revised estimate and the previous estimate is within a defined tolerance threshold Newton's Method for Root Extraction Given funetion lx} which has a simple root of fs) = 0 et ' = aan important computational as would be to find that oot. Is) has a continuous fist derivative then the Tis estimate ofthe root is jin war ‘de ‘The iil estimate ofthe rot a must be near enough othe aca root to cause the algorithm ro converge to the root 1-28 Mathematics| EXAMPLE 28 Newton’s method is being used to find the roots of the equation f(x) = x? — 2x-7 Using two iterations approximate the root of the function f(x). Assume xo = 2 SOLUTION (j +Dst estimate of the root is Step 1. Evaluate the first derivative, f’(x) f(x) =x3 -2x-7 > f'(@) =3x?-2 Step 2. Apply two iterations of the Newton's Method ion | Initial 1) F(x) Revised Estimate | Difference Previous | Estimate | jo=2 | fUo) FG) = @)-2@)-7 =3@)?-2 =-3 =10 23 1 | A=23 | FG) PG) fa=h- lin Al =(23)9-2@3)-7 |=3@3)-2 Ly? = [2.259- 231 | = 0567 1387 =23-%%= 2259 | oot The estimated root of f(x) is 2.259 using two iterations of the Newion’s method. Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Approximations Euler’s Approximation is an iterative method used to approximate solution to a first- order ordinary differential equation provided that the slope (f'(¢) or dx/dt), an initial | condition (x;), and step size (At) are given. For each iteration, i, use the following equation to approximate the numerical solution for the next step, k-+1: +ar(& Kee = _ fern dt lr=ty, NOTE: The Repeat iterations until the desired t, value is reached. equations are written for ‘Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations dependent Eulets Approximation variable, x, as Given a differential equation a function of del = fx, ) with MO)=x, independent Atsome general ime kA variable, t. (k++ 1p] = ka) + Agatha), kM] | which canbe used with starting condition , to solve recursively for x(), (280, «x(n ‘The method can be extended tot onder eifferentil equations by recasting them as irst-order equations In particular, when arf) (+ 1)M) =k) + ft ‘which an be expressed the recursive eguation Naor =m AU dy) pny #0) Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics| EXAMPLE 29 | Euler's Method is used to approximate (0.3) given step size of 0.1, initial conditions (0) = 1, and 2 = x + y. Whats most nearly the value of y(0.3)? In particular, when dx/dt = f(x) aC Dad] = xtkAd) + Arf [XK] hich canbe expressed asthe recursive equation | een Tet AL (dy fa) sag yt AEA), CV] | SOLUTION Given the step size Ax = 0.1, we know that we will have to run three iterations to get to x = 0.3 starting with x = Iteration (k) | xe | ye =yCts) | yGnea) = Cay) + Ax(Zlemm) = yen + OG + yd | | hea Oar OD NDS On a1 : | ken yeaa) = 11 OD 0 Gay 2903) = 122 kes 102) 10 ee ee ep=132 | 2 (0.3) = 1.362 Co a egg dependentvarale, 28 Lestupdted sha a Precision Limits & Error Propagation ~—-FERef. v10.0.1 p.50 Error propagation in a mathematical function can be estimated using Taylor's series provided that the error (or the precision limit) in the dependent variable(s) is given. ‘Taylor's Series ‘(ah a) La); foa= flo) Ma ade Ocal +. Geol + is ale Taylor's series, andthe funtion fis sud to be expanded abou! he pat ina Taylor’ sees. Ifa~0,the Tylor series equation becomes Macaw sre. Let f(z) be a function dependent on a single variable x. To estimate error propagation in f(x) for a given error (or precision limit) in the dependent variable, Ax, drop the second- and higher-order terms in the Taylor's series and rearrange terms: d, f@) -f@ & f'@)@— a) & AF) f | Resulting Error in the error in the independent function variable For a multi-variable function with n independent variables x1, x2, ...%n having errors Ax;,Ax2, .., Aq, the error in the function f (x, x2, ..,%n) an be estimated as of of of ax, axe ax, AF CX 2. Ax + Ax, tot AXn 1-30 Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: MathematicsEXAMPLE 30 Ifa = 3.5 +0.2, b = 2.0 + 0.1, and c = 5.2 + 0.3, and given the equation X = ab?c°S, the value of X is most nearly: (A) 3194021 (B)31940.6 (C)319+5.3 (D) 319459 SOLUTION We are given that X is a function of three independent variables: a, b, and i} First evaluate the value of the function for a = 3.5, b = 2.0, and c = 5.2 X = abc = (3.5)(2.0)(5.2)°* = 31.9 Next, evaluate partial first-order derivatives of X for a = 3.5, b = 2.0, and c = 5.2 = pAe05(1) = (2)*(6.2)9S(1) = 9.12 ©5(2b) = (3.5)(5.2)°5(2 + 2) = 31.92 & ac0S(2b) = @-S)(5.2)5(2 + 2) 3. dleuyax = ¢ duldx 2% = ab? (2c-5) = (8.5)(2)2(0.5 + 5.2°°5) = 3.07 ae Gee) 8. du" Vax = me" du/de Last, evaluate the error in the function resulting from error in the independent variables where | Aa = 0.2, Ab = 0.1, and Ac = 0.3 | ax a AX(a, b,c) = || Aa + [S| ab + || ac = 9.12(0.2) + 31.92(0.1) + 3.07(0.3) = 5.94 | The value of X = X + AX = 31.9 45.94. The correct answer is D. Last updated 4/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental Mathematics EXAMPLE 30 Continued... Ifa =3.5 0.2, b = 2.0 + 0.1, and c = 5.2 + 0.3, and given the equation X = ab*c°5, the value of X is most nearly: (A) 31.9401 (B)319+06 (C)319+53 (D)31945.9 ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION We are given that X is a function of three independent variables: a, b, and c. First evaluate the value of the function for a = 3.5, b = 2.0, and c = 5.2 X = ab*c°5 = (3.5)(2.0)?(5.2)°5 = 31.9 Next, evaluate the value of the function for the minimum values of the independent variables: a = 3.5 — 0.2 = 3.3,b=2.0-0.1=19, andc=5.2-03=4.9 Xmin = ab*cS = (3,3)(1.9)?(4.9)°S = 26.37 = + AX = 26.37 - 31.9 = -5.53 Next, evaluate the value of the function for the maximum values of the independent variables: a = 3.5 +0.2 = 3.7,b=2.0+0.1 = 21, andc=5.2+0.3=5.5 Xmax = abc = (3.7)(2.1)?(5.5)°5 = 38.27 = - AX = 38.27 — 31.9 37 Therefore, the value of the function is X = 31.9 and the range on error propagation is — 5.53 to +6.37. The correct answer is D. updated EET Mathematics |ENGINEERING EDUCATION & TRAINING FE-Environmental Supplemental Handouts Mathematics Karandev Singh [email protected] | Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics: Differentiation POE Evaluate the derivatives using the derivatives table and Chi a Sri d(5x+3)* Let f(u) = u* where u = Sx + 3. Using Chain Rule, | dx {df w)]/du) + du/dx = 4u3 «5 = 20u3 = 20(5x+3)3 | d(x?—3x)5 | Let f(u) = u5 where u = x? — 3x. Using Chain Rule, dx {d[f(u)]/du} * du/dx = Sut » (2x — 3) = 5 (x? — 3x) ‘(2x -3) | dv =7 Let f(u) = Vu = u’/? where u = x3 — 7. Using Chain Rule, a ce 3x? a (af )/ae) » dude = 5 ul2) « x2) = 7S 1 - d (qh) Let fu) = <= w"# where u = x? + 8, Using han Rule, dx — —6x {d[f(u)]/du} * du/dx = —3uC3- + (2x) = wre 1. defdx=0) [3. d(cuyax=c duldx| [4 dau +v—wydx = duldx + dvidx — dwidx 8. d(u"Vdx "l du/dx Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: MathematicsDifferentiation 9a enya a woe) aoe Evaluate the derivatives using the derivatives table and Chain Rule. Solution dsin(6x) Let f(u) = sinu where u = 6x. Using Chain Rule, de {dlf(u)]/du} * du/dx = cosu (6) = 6 cos(6x) dcos(x?) Let f(u) = cosu where u = x*. Using Chain Rule, dx {dlf(u)]/du} * du/dx = ~sinu + (2x) = -2xsin(x*) dtan(x3) Let f(u) = tanu where u = x9. Using Chain Rule, __ dx {d[f(u)]/du} * du/dx = sec? u + (3x?) = 3x? sec?(x*) | dsec(4x) Let f(u) = secu where u = 4x. Using Chain Rule, dx {d[f (w)]/du} « du/dx = secutanu * (4) = 4 sec(4x) tan(4x) d(inx)’ Let f(u) =u? where u = Inx. Using Chain Rule, dx {d[f (u)]/du} + du/dx = Tus * (1/x) = 70m x)6/x 3. d(cuydx = c du/dx 16. asin w)/dx = cos u du/dx | 8. dw" yd = mu dul 17. d(cos uy/dx = -sin u du/dx 18. d(tan u)/dx = sec“ u du/dx 12. a ude 20. d(sec uyadx = sec u tan u du/dx Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics | Differentiation Evaluate the derivatives using the derivatives table and Chain Rule. Ea ETc) | \{dsin(tan(x*)) | Let f(u) = sinu where u = tan(v) and v | —a ‘| =x*. Using Chain Rule twice, {dl f(u)]/du} « du/dv + dv/dx = cosu « (sec(v) * (4x) = 4x3 cos (tan(x*)) sect(x*) dx3(4x+5)* [Using Product Rule, d(uv)/dx = u dv/dx + v du/dx, where u = —__|and v = (4x + 5)* and Chain Rule, {d[f(u)]/du} + du/dx, where f(u) = ut and u = 4x +5. = x3[4(4x + 5) # (4)] + (4x + 5)*Gx?) 16x3(4x + 5)?] + [3x2(4x + 5)*] = x?(4x + 5)°(16x + 3(4x + 5)) 2(4x +5)3(16x + 12x + 15) = 22(4x + 5)3(28x + 15) 1. de/dx=0 8. dude = mi du/de 3._dleuyde = ¢ duldx T6. isin wy/dx = cos u du/de u duldx 4. dtu + v— wydx = duldx + dv/dx — dwidx 8. a(tan uy/dx 5. duvyde =u dv/dx + v duldx 1-33 |Genpee ET FE-Environmental: Mathematicsely First, apply Chain Rule, {d[f(u)]/du} » du/dx, where v = f(u) = and u = (2x — 3)/(4+5). Then apply the Quotient Rule, d(u/v)/dx = (v du/dx — udv/dx)/ v?, where u = 2x —3 and v = 4+ Sx. _ (2x-3) (445%) «(2 - 2x-3)6)) -(7e (4+ 5x)? ane 18) ( 23) _ 92(2x—3)% G+ =) (4+ 5x) 1. de/dx=0 duidx — u dvidx | adulde — udvide: d(cuyidx =e duldx 8. dude = nu duldx i} d(u + v —wy/dx = du/dx + dv/dx ~ dw/dx | vontat manemate Integration Evaluate the following indefinite integrals using the Integral table. Solve er S4dx =4x+C . J 8x3 dx = 8+ fxtdx=8+2~=8() : - =2xt+C eins |= ()fatr=@G)=546 We [asics [Nae = ft? ce = OR B_ fase d= a JRE) [5 ping (mn #-0) - m+ SOx —6) dx = fxdx —f6dx=7+ frdx— 6+ fdx=7( 5) 6x S(6x? + 4x —7) dx = [6x2 dx + faxdx—[7dx=6()+4(S)- 7 +6 = 2x3 42x?-7x+C€ Twa) dx |) 754 u(x) + v(x)] dx = f ulx) dx Last updated 4/10/2021 EET FE-Environme|Integrati n Evaluate the following indefinite integrals using the Integral table. Fara Bet focar =In|x+5|+C en dx =(-e | 5 +€ 7. (fp =Finlar+ ol 22. fede = (Wa) Remember integrals are antiderivatives; therefore, can use the derivatives table as well to evaluate common integral functions. | [Jaane Senne Becta | Ssinxdx —5 foosx dx +3 f sec? xdx =—4cosx—Ssinx+3tanx+C | [fo psmxde=—cosx] [I feosxde=sinx] [IS Aten wyide= sect u dla Last updated 1/10/2024 | Integration 1. Jaf@)=fe) EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Evaluate the following indefinite integrals using Integration by Substitution. fem dx 3. faftx)dx=a [fx) dx Let u(x) = 8x. Therefore, afer (MH) +(ferdusSec | ‘Substituting for u(x) and dx: Solve rr) faxe® dx Let u(x) = x*, Therefore, = 2x + dx = &. Substituting for u(x) and dx: =4fxe"(H) > (2) fetdu2ex+ C320" +6 fer dx Let u(x) = 3x ~ 5. Therefore, “= 3 + dx = ©. Substituting for u(x) and dx: = fet (3) > Qserau> 1-35Integration | Evaluate the following indefinite integrals using Integration by Substitution. Ba CaF t iu 4 dx Saae® Let u(x) = 4x ~3. Therefore, ax Substituting for u(x) and dx: = f4() = ()fetan> (G46 > zat Let u(x) = 5x — 3. Therefore, 2 = 5 + dx = 7 Say Substituting for u(x) and dx: = 7 $4 () = @sutaus (CG) +6 > sarge © fafs) dx=a | fla) dx EET FE-Environment fathomatics Sela) | Let u(x) Let dv(x) Jxe* dx x. Therefore, du/dx = 1— du = dx. dx» fdv(x) = f exdx > v =e = xe* — fe* dx > xe*—e* +C > e*(x-1) + fxsinxdx Let w(x) = x. Therefore, $= 1 > du = de. Let dv(x) = sinx dx — f dv(x) = f sinx dx 3 v= -cosx = x(-c0s2) - [ -cosxdx + —x00sx + [ cosx de > -xcosx + sinx + C = sinx—xcosx+C 23. | xe™ dx = (e*/a*)(ax — 1) 14. fx sin x dx =sin x—x cos x | Last updated 4/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: MathematicsIntegration Evaluate the following indefinite integrals using Integration by Parts. fa ete Jinx dx Let u(x) = Inx. Therefore, du/dx=+— du =. Let dv(x) = dx > fdv(x) = fdx ov =x = xInx— Jx(%) 9 xInx—x +0 x(Inx—1) +6 Sx? inxdx Let u(x) = Inx. Therefore, du/dx =++ du =. 3 Let dv(x) = x?dx > fdv(x) = fx2dx ov => 3. faf)dx=a | fx) dx re) Sdv(a) = fx%dx 3 m+ m+ i x? x3 (dx\ x®Inx 1 =inx(=)- [~(@)5 22 =inx(%) Ee : 3{* dx x8inx 1 (x? BO 1) ic 3. 3\a)73\"* 3 24. finxde=x [In (@)—1 =) Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics Intentionally lejt blank. 411012024 MathematicsENGINEERING EDUCATION & TRAINING FE-Environmental Practice Problems Mathematics Karandev Singh [email protected] | Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 01 The equation of a straight line passing through two points whose coordinates are (3,4) and (4,3) is: (A) 3y + 4x (B) y- x (C)y+x=7 (D) 4y + 3x =7 PROBLEM 02 What is the length of a line segment with a slope of 4/3, measured from the y-axis to a point (6,4)? (A) 10 (B) 25 (c) 50 (D) 75 1-38PROBLEM 03 | Whats the general form of the equation for a line whose x-intercept is 4 and y intersect is -6? (A) 2x-3y- 18 (B) 2x+3y+1 (C) 3x-2y-12=0 (D) 3x-2y+12=0 PROBLEM 04 The roots of the equation x* — 2x — 15 = Oare: (A) 5 and-3 (8) -Sand3 |(C) 2and 25 (D) 2and 15 | Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Enviconmental: Mathematics ‘PROBLEM 05 7 |The equation 9x? — 6xy + 6y? + 6x — 5y + 12 = 0 represents which of these shapes: | | |(A) Hyperbola “(B) Ellipse /(C) Parabola (D) Circle PROBLEM 06 For equation of a circle is the following, the center of the circle and its radius are most nearly: x? —8x+ y?-10y+25=0 (A) (4,5), r= 4 (B) (2.4), r= 4 (C) (4,5), F= 16 (D) (2,4), r= 16 1-39 Last sMo12021| PROBLEM 07 Asurvey measures this triangular plot. If angle A = 60°, angle B = 35°, and the length AB is 100 m. The perimeter of the plot is most nearly: (A) 245m (B) 145m (C) 345m (D) 235m PROBLEM 08 For some angle 0, csc(#) = ~2. What is cos(20)? (A) 7/32 (B) 1/4 (C) 3/8 (D) 5/8 Last updated 1/40/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 09 The length s of this circular segment is 1.0 m and its radius is 2.0 m. The area of the | shaded triangle is most nearly: $ (A) 0.85 m2 a (B) 0.96 m? (©) 1.12 m2 (D) 1.24 m2 PROBLEM 10 What is the slope of the curve y = x? — 3x + 10 atx= 4? (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) -3 (Os 1-40‘PROBLEM 11° The derivative of the function y = sin(2x) cos(x) is: (A) —sin(2x) sin(x) + 2 cos(x) cos(2x) (B) —sin(2x) sin(x) — 2cos(x) cos(2x) (C) sin(2x) sin(x) + 2cos(x) cos(2x) {D) sin(2x) sin(x) — 2 cos(x) cos(2x) | PROBLEM 12 | The second derivative of y = Vx? + x7? is: | | (A) 1- 2x73 |(B) 16x (0) 3 [(D) 6/x* | | Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 13 What is the value of the following limit? lim x0 | (A) 0 (B) 0.87 (c)1 | (D) 5 | PROBLEM 14 | The partial derivative with respect to x of the following function is most nearly: | f(x) = x2y3 + xy* + sinx + cos? x + sind y | (A) 2xy3 + y* + cos(x) — 2sin(x)cos(x) | (B) 2xy3 + y* + cos(x) — 2sin(x)cos(x) + sin*(y) (C) 2x + xy* — cos(x) + 2sin(x) + sin*(y) | (D) 2x + xy* — cos(x) + 2sin(x) eetPROBLEM 15 The minimum and maximum values of the function y = x? + 3x? — 1 in the interval -25 and x = 2n? (A) 1 (B) 2 (c) 3 (D) 4 PROBLEM 20 Which of the following is the general solution to the differential equation boundary conditions? dy ve Fe 57 = 9:90) =3 (a) - 36° (B) 3e5¢ (C) 5e~2" (0) 5e* Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 21 differential equation 2 + 2y = 0 has the boundary condition y = 2 at x = 0. The solution is: (A) -2e?* (B) -2e-* (C) 26% (D) 2e-2* PROBLEM 22 Whatis the general solution to the following differential equation? y" — By! + Ley =0 (A) y= Ge Cy + Cpx)e* eer Mathematics 1-43| PROBLEM 23 Whats the general solution to the following second-order differential equation if A and B are constants? yl" +9y=0 (A) y = Cye™* + Coxe* (B) y = Gye + Ge (C) y = Ge* — Gxe* ((D) y = Cy cos 3x + Cz sin 3x PROBLEM 24 The following equation describes a second-order system: y"+9y=0 The system may be described as: (A) nonlinear {B) overdamped {C) critically damped {D) underdamped Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 25 ay Which of these is a solution to the differential equation <2 + 2 = 0, with the boundary conditions y(0) = 0,y/(0) = 17 (A) (le) (B) (1 e7*)/2 (C) (A +e-)/2 (D) (A +e") PROBLEM 26 The following equation and initial conditions are used for this problem By = e-2* — 10y' — 2y" 3 y= Ly =F 2 What type of differential equation is shown? (A) nonlinear, second-order, nonhomogeneous (B) linear, second-order, homogeneous (C) linear, second-order, nonhomogeneous (D) linear, third-order, nonhomogeneousPROBLEM 27 The following equation and initial conditions are used for this problem. By = e7** — 10y’ — 2y” | 3 ¥'O) = Ly'O =—F Which of the following statements is true for the equation? (A) The system defined by the equation is unstable. (B) The complete solution to the equation will be the sum of a complementary solution "and a particular solution. (C) The equation may be solved by successive integrations. (D) An integrating factor must be used to solve the equation. Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmantal: Mathematics PROBLEM 28 A boundary and traverse line bordering an irregular area are shown. Using the forward rectangular rule, the total area between the boundary and the traverse line is most nearly: boundary. (A) 910f¢2 f t ' (B) 980ft? 1 t | ' (C) 1010ft? {P= 21% In, = ahem 20001 22ft (D) 1080f¢? t= 11 ft t I ! I averse 13 ft 13 ft 13 ft 13 ft line 1-45PROBLEM 29 Aboundary and traverse line bordering an irregular area are shown. Using the trapezoidal rule, the total area between the boundary and the traverse line is most nearly: (A) 910f¢? (B) 980ft? /(C) 1010f¢? (D) 1080f¢? Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 30 A boundary and traverse line bordering an irregular area are shown. Using Simpson's 41/3 rule, the total area between the boundary and the traverse line is most nearly: (A) o10fe2 boundary (8) 980/¢? { f | (C) 1010ft? |, oon the= 22" (D) 1080 ft? a a a traverse Mathematics LE _ = _ 1-46PROBLEM 31 Newton's method is being used to find the roots of the equation f(x) = x? — 2x —7. Assume xp = 2 and convergence criteria of 0.001. The root of f(x) is most nearly: (A) 2.300 (B) 2.260 (C) 2.259 (D) 2.258 PROBLEM 32 Newton's method is being used to find the roots of the equation f(x) = (x - 2)? —1. Whats the third approximation of the root if 9.33 is chosen as the first approximation? (A) 1.0 (B) 2.0 (c) 3.0 (D) 4.0 Last updated 11012024 EET FE-Enviconmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 33 Use Euler's approximation to determine x(1.5) given increments of time 0.25, x(1) = dand = 2x. (ao (B) 0.75 (c) 1.5 (D) 2.25 PROBLEM 34 Given a value of ¥ = 2.5 with an error of Az = 0.01, estimate the resulting error in the function f(x) = x°. (A) Af(@) = 0.1875 (B) Af(#) = 0.1735 (C) af(z) = 0.1920 {D) Af(z) = 0.1798 updated 4 FE-Environmental: Mathematics 1-47‘PROBLEM 35 The deflection y of the top of a sailboat mast can be calculated as y = ==. Estimate the error | in y given the following data | F = 750%,i = 9m,£ = 7.5 x 10°-%,1 = 0.0005m* | AF = 30%, AL = 0.03m,A8 = 5 x 107%, af 1.000005m* | (A) ay = 0.012321 | (B) ay = 0.011482 (C) ay = 0.011782 (D) ay = 0.012139 | | | | Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics | Intentionally lejt blank. | 1-48 | 4MEET ENGINEERING EDUCATION & TRAINING FE-Environmental Practice Problems Solutions Mathematics | Karandev Singh | [email protected] Last updated 11072024 EET FEEnronmenta: Mathematics | PROBLEM 01 |The equation of a straight line passing through two points whose coordinates are (3,4) and (4,3) is: (A) 3y + 4x = 7 (B)y-x=7 (C)ytx=7 (0) 4y + 3x =7 SOLUTION m= & —y) =mM&-—m) oy -3 =-1@-A oO y-3=—x+ 4 ytx=7 The correct solution is C. 1-49PROBLEM 02 What is the length of a line segment with a slope of 4/3, measured from the y-axis toa point (6,4)? (A) 10 (B) 25 \(C) 50 (0) 75 SOLUTION First to find the function of the line with m = £, passing point (6,4) @ - y) = m=) & -4) =7-6) & -4)=4x-8 sy = $x —4 The intersect with y axis = ~4 distance = (2 — 1)" + G2 —yi)® = (OO — 0) + 4— CY = VOF +B? = 10 The correct answer is (A). Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 03 What is the general form of the equation for a line whose x-intercept is 4 and y ifitersect is 6? (A) 2x-3y-18=0 (B) 2x +3y +1 (C) 3x-2y-12=0 (D) 3x-2y+12=0 SOLUTION The two points are (4,0) and (0,-6) = Wh 60 6S 2PROBLEM 04 The roots of the equation x? — 2x — 15 = O are: (A) 5 and -3 (B) -5 and 3 (C) 2and 25 ((D) -2and 15 SOLUTION b= -2; ~bavomaae 2a The correct answer is A. Last updated 1/40/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics | PROBLEM 05 The equation 9x? — 6xy + 6y* + 6x — Sy + 12 = 0 represents which of these shapes: (A) Hyperbola (B) Ellipse (C) Parabola (D) Circle SOULTION Compare with the general form: At 4 Bay + Cy + De + By + F = 0 A= ,E = -5;F = 12 — 4AC = 36-216 = ~180 < 0 = Ellipse The correct answer is B. 1-51 Last updated :/10/2021 EETPROBLEM 06 For equation of a circle is the following, the center of the circle and its radius are most nearly: x? —8x + y? —10y + 25 (A) (4,5), r= 4 (B) (2,4), r=4 (C) (4,5), r= 16 (D) (2,4), r= 16 | SOLUTION x? —8x + y? — 10y + 25 = 10 x2 ax + (2) +? — toy + (8) =-25 +16 +25 (x?-8x + 4?) + (y?—10x + 5?) = 16 | (x 4)?+0)—5)?= 16 | r? = 16 | |ra4jxehy=5 The correct answer is A. Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 07 Asurvey measures this triangular plot. If angle A = 60°, angle B = 35°, and the length AB “is 100 m. The perimeter of the plot is most nearly: B (A) 245m (B) 145m (Cc) 345m (D) 235m SOLUTION BC AC _ AB sind” Sing” sinc BC ac AB sin 60° sin 3 (80-60-35) « AC = 57.57; BC = 86.93; AB = 100 + Perimeter = 245 The correct answer is A.PROBLEM 08 For some angle 6, csc(#) = ~2. What is cos(20)? (A) 7/32 (B) 1/4 (c) 3/8 (D) 5/8 SOLUTION ese(8) = -2 TIP: Translate all trigonometric functions into sin @ and cos 8. The correct answer is A. Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 09 The length s of this circular segment is 1.0 m and its radius is 2.0 m. The area of the shaded triangle is most nearly: s (A) 0.85 m2 aS (B) 0.96 m? (C) 1.12 m2 {D) 1.24 m? SOLUTION § = Erads = 28.65° Area Circular Segment = ——2>"" serait) = 0.041 m? Area of the triangle = 1 — 0.0041 = 0.959 m” The correct answer is B. updatea 1110/2021 ‘Mathematics| PROBLEM 10 | What is the slope of the curve y = x? — 3x + 10 atx = 4? (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) -3 (D) 5 SOLUTION | The correct answer is D. Lastupdated 14072024 EET FE-Envronmenta: Mathematics PROBLEM 11 The derivative of the function y = sin(2x) cos(x) is: (A) ~sin(2x) sin(x) + 2 cos(x) cos(2x) (B) —sin(2x) sin) — 2cos(x) cos(2x) (C) sin(2x) sin(x) + 2cos(x) cos(2x) {D) sin(2x) sin(x) — 2 cos(x) cos(2x) SOLUTION d(uv) (dv) (dw ax “\ax) +? ax, a = sin(2x) (— sin(x)) + cos(x) (2cos(2x)) = —sin(2x) sin(x) + 2 cos(x) cos(2x) The correct answer is A. Mathematics 1-54PROBLEM 12 The second derivative of y = vx? + x~? (A) 1 2x-3 (B) 1 6x~* (c)3 | (D) 6/x* SOLUTION 6 vy” = 0—2(-3)x3-Y = 0 + 6x-* = 6x = < | The correct answer isD. | Last updated 4/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 13 Whatis the value of the following limit? in(Sx) x 4 (A) oO (B) 0.87 (c)1 (D)5 | SOLUTION 4 as] em meet) = dim | — —— x | ee) @ me im lim xa0 a) Scos(5x)} _ ,,, [5e0s(0) [ 1 | el 1 The correct answer is D. 1-55 eerPROBLEM 14 The partial derivative with respect to x of the following function is most nearly: f(x) = x?y3 + xy! + sinx + cos? x + sin? y A) 2xy? + y* + cos(x) — 2sin(x)cos(x) (B) 2xy? + y* + cos(x) — 2sin(x)cos(x) + sin3(y) (C) 2x + xy* — cos(x) + 2sin(x) + sin5(y) (D) 2x + xy* — cos(x) + 2sin(x) | SOLUTION a of L 2xy? + y4 + cos(x) — 2 sin(x)cos(x) + 0 | ox The correct answer is A. Lastupdated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 15 The minimum and maximum values of the function y = -25 6°) |Next, evaluate f(x) for x ()=4 1 to get the y-intercept: f(1) = 2(1)? +1=3 | Now, use the slope-intercept form to determine the equation of the tangent line. m Mg 4 = d(x 1) =y-3 4 4x43 aya 4x—443 ny s4x-1 The correct answer is B. NOTE: Equation of the tangent line is same as the linear approximation of the function. 1-57 Last updated 4/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics| PROBLEM 18 What is the result of the following indefinite integral? 1 J (19-90 +247) a (A) 3x5 — 2x4 + Inix| + 7x+C (B) 60x? — 24x? —x-? +€ | (C) 60x* — 24x3 — x? + 7x+C (0) (2)x5—(@)xt- x7 + 7x4 SOLUTION a 1 [stort ele rar=s+ fracas fears [Fart frac x5 x =15(E)—0(%) + inet ere ee = 398 — 254 + lal 4 tec | | | The correct answer is A. | Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics | “PROBLEM 19 What Is the total area of the region bounded by the x-axis and the curve y=sin(x) on the interval between x = > and x = 2n? (A) 1 (B) 2 (Cc) 3 (D) 4 SOLUTION Since, sin x oscillates across the x-axis, we need to divide the integral into areas above and below the x-axis to avoid canceling out the areas. ; Area = | fz" sinx| + [2 sinx Br / [cosxlt/2 + |-cosx! = |+Icosm — cos] + |-[cos2n — cosr]l =l-[-1- ol + ft - Cae =I + [21 = Note: could have solved by multiplying area between > and m by 3. 10 The correct answer is C. 1-58 Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmenta: Mathematics| PROBLEM 20 Which of the following is the general solution to the differential equation boundary conditions? dy _ : Fr 8Y = 0.9(0) = 3 (a) Se (B) 3e5 (C) 5e-8* (0) 5e™ SOLUTION Refer to the Differential Equations section in the Mathematics chapter of the FE Reference Handbook. This is a first-order linear homogenous differential equation. The general solution to y’ + ay = Ois y = Ce“ | For y’ +(-5)y =0,a=—-5 >y =Ce* Use initial condition, y(0) = 3, to solve for C = y(0) = Ce 5 3 =Ce® 9 C =3 ny = Beet The correct answer is B. | Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics | PROBLEM 21 7 | A differential equation & + 2y = 0 has the boundary condition y = 2 atx = 0. The solution is: (A) -2€* (B) ~2e-* (C) 26* /(D) 2e-%* SOLUTION Refer to the Differential Equations section in the Mathematics chapter of the FE Reference Handbook. This is a first-order linear homogenous differential equation. The general solution to y’ + ay = 0is y = Ce-™. s fory' +2y=0,a=2>y=Ce™* Use initial condition, y(0) = 2, to solve for ¢ y(0) = Ce~**° > 2=Ce® = C=2 ny =2e? The correct answer is D. Last eer 1-59PROBLEM 22 What is the general solution to the following differential equation? y" By! + 16y=0 (A) y = Ce* | (B) y= (C, + Gxde* | (C) y = Ce~** + Coe | (D) y = Cye** + Coe** SOLUTION |The characteristic equation for the second-order, homogeneous linear equation is r? — | 8r + 16 = 0 where a = 8 and b = 16, The roots are 71,2 = -a + Va? =b = ~(—4) + ((-4)? = 16 9 yy =, Since a* = 4b, the characteristic equation has one real root, and the general solution is y = (C, + Cox)e”* which describes a critically damped system. ay=(G+Cxe™ The correct answer is B. Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Environmentat: Mathematics PROBLEM 23 - What is the general solution to the following second-order differential equation if A and B are constants? y" +9y=0 (A) y = Cre + Coxe“* (B) y = Cye* + Ce (C) y = Cye* —Caxe* (D) y = C, cos 3x + Cz sin 3x SOLUTION ‘second-order, homogeneous equation of the form y"” + 2ay’ + by = 0 has a characteristic equation r? + ar + b = 0 and roots r,2 = —a + Va? ~b where a =Oand b=9 Since a? < 4b = (0)? < 4(9) = 0 < 36, the solution to the equation is of the form y =e™(C, cos Bx + C2 sin Bx) (We=@) _ (VIO=O®) _ vse rn a= —7=0,8= 2 2 y =e%(C, cos 3x + C sin3x) = C cos3x + C,sin3x The correct answer is D. 1-60 anPROBLEM 24 The following equation describes a second-order system: y" +9y=0 |The system may be described as: (A) nonlinear (B) overdamped (C) critically damped |(D) underdamped SOLUTION Asecond-order, homogeneous equation of the form y" + 2ay’ + by = 0 has a characteristic equation r? + ar + b = 0 and roots r,2 = —a + Va” —b where a = 0 and b=9. Since a? < 4b = (0)? < 4(9) = 0 < 36, the second order system can be described as underdamped system. The correct answer is D. Last updated 1/10/2021 EET FE-Enviconmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 25 Which of these is a solution to the differential equation £2 + 2 = 0, with the boundary | conditions y(0) = 0,y'(0) = 1? | (A) Qe?) (B) (1-e**)/2 (C)(AHe™*)/2 (DNA +e) SOLUTION Refer to the Differential Equations section in the Mathematics chapter of the FE Reference Handbook. This is a second-order linear homogenous differential equation. The general form of the characteristic equation is r + ar + b = 0 where a = 2 and b = 0. Since a? > 4b = (2)? > 4(0) > 4 > 0, the solution for this overdamped system is 2 FAO, ~~ nave! 2 C,(-2)e"** = -20,e°** y= Ce" + Coe" where 1; 27 = Ot 2 = CyeO* + Ce = y = Cy + Ce and y' Use the initial conditions, y(0) = 0 and y'(0) = 1, solve for C, and C, 1 y'(0) = -2C,e- > 1 = -20,e° > G = -5 L 1 yO) = C, + Ce? 3 0=C, +(e BQ=5 The correct answer is B. 1-61‘PROBLEM 26 The following equation and initial conditions are used for this problem. 8y = e~** — 10y' — 2y"” 3 ¥'@ =1Ly'@ =—-F What type of differential equation is shown? (A) nonlinear, second-order, nonhomogeneous (B) linear, second-order, homogeneous (C) linear, second-order, nonhomogeneous (0) linear, third-order, nonhomogeneous SOLUTION Rearrange the terms into the general form of a differential equation. 2y" + 10y’ + By =e? This is a linear, second-order, nonhomogeneous differential equation. The correct answer is C. | Last updated 11072001 EET FE-Environmental Mathomatics PROBLEM 27 The following equation and initial conditions are used for this problem. By =e7** — 10y' — 2y" yO) =1y'@ =-3 Which of the following statements is true for the equation? (A) The system defined by the equation is unstable. (B) The complete solution to the equation will be the sum of a complementary solution and a particular solution. (C) The equation may be solved by successive integrations. (D) An integrating factor must be used to solve the equation SOLUTION Choice (B) is always true for a non-homogenous differential equation. The other choices are either false or are special cases. The correct answer is B. Last 1 Mathematics| PROBLEM 28 A boundary and traverse line bordering an irregular area are shown. Using the forward rectangular rule, the total area between the boundary and the traverse line is most nearly: boundary 1 (A) 910f¢? f \ (B) 980f¢? | ' ! ! (C) 1010f¢7 f ihe 20H = ant fem 20 |" 2ate (D) 1080f¢? Inga titel | 1 \ te : {__t traverse SOLUTION 13 ft 13 ft 13 ft 13 ft line The irregular shape is divided into 4 sections, therefore n = 4. By the Euler's or Forward Rectangular Rule, the area is =i ax) flat kbx) Area = 13(11 +21 +418 +20) = 910ft7 The correct answer is A. Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics | PROBLEM 29 A boundary and traverse line bordering an irregular area are shown. Using the trapezoidal rule, the total area between the boundary and the traverse line is most | arly: nearly: boundary (A) 910ft? T | i 0 Nema dcalmeat (C) 1010f¢2 the 21 ing = rete Me™ 2OTE . (D) 1080f¢? [hy = 11 ft ; I 1 i i 1 ~ |! watarse SOLUTION Ba ak aR 13 ine The irregular shape is divided into 4 sections, therefore n = 4. For n > 1, By the trapezoidal rule, the area is mt ‘Ax (ro +2 De + kx) +10) 13, Area == (11 + 2(21 + 18 + 20) + 22) = 981.5ft? The correct answer is B. 1-63 Mathematics| PROBLEM 30 A boundary and traverse line bordering an irregular area are shown. Using Simpson's 1/3 rule, the total area between the boundary and the traverse line is most nearly: boundary (A) 910f¢? (B) 980f¢? i 1 (C) 1010f¢? ! ! i (D) 1080f¢? ! tha 21% ing = aese ihe= 20 ihy = 11 ft] 1 1 po} 4 pid. |_| traverse BR BR BR i \ Ug 224 1 ! 13 ft SOLUTION The irregular shape is divided into 4 sections, therefore n = 4. _Forn > 4, by the Simpson's rule, the area is (rea Y patmn+a Y fa+409-+/00) 13 Area == (11 +2(18) + 4(21 + 20) + 22) = 1010 ft? The correct answer is C. | Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 31 Newton's method is being used to find the roots of the equation f(x) = x3 — 2x ~7. Assume x, = 2 and convergence criteria of 0.001. The root of f(x) is most nearly: (A) 2.300 (B) 2.260 (C) 2.259 (D) 2.258 SOLUTION Step 1. Evaluate the first derivative, f"(x) f(x) =x3 -2x-7 > f(x) =3x?-2 ‘Step 2. Apply Newton's Method until the convergence criteria is met. _ Iteration | _ Initial 10) FX) Revised Estimate | Difference Previous Estimate Jo=2 | FUio) f'Go) la ~ fol = (2)? -2(2)-7 =3@)?-2 = 123-2) =-3 =10 =03 j A=23 | FG) f'G) la— fl = (@3)§~22.3)-7 | =3023)°-2 oe = [2.2591 - 2.3] = 0567 = 1387 = 23-5 = 22591 | = 0.041 Ja = 2.259 | fUz) £'Ga) fy — Lhd Us ~ Jal = (2.259)? = 3(2.59)*-2 "Don = 12.2583 — 22.259) = 13.309 ao = 0.0099 The convergence criteria is met in third iteration. = Root = 2.258 The correct answer is D. 1-64PROBLEM 32 Newton's method is being used to find the roots of the equation f(x) = (x ~ 2)? — 1. What is the third approximation of the root if 9.33 is chosen as the first approximation? (A) 1.0 (B) 2.0 (c) 3.0 (D) 4.0 SOLUTION Perform two iterations of Newton's method with an initial guess of 9.33. F(x) = (x- 2)? -1> f'(x) = 2-2) First Iteration Second Iteration f(x) = 9.33 - 2)? -1= 52.73 FQ) = (6.73 = 2)? -1 2(9.33 ~ 2) = 14.66 f' Gq) = 2* (5.73 — 2) = 7.46 _ fees) tg 2m — £22. Frm) ae CD os) ot = 9,33 - 223 = = 5,73 - £87). 25.73 — 2% = 9,33 - 22 = 5.73 = 5.73 — FER = 8.73 FE = 40 The correct answer is D. Last updated 1/10/2024 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics | "PROBLEM 33 Use Euler's approximation to determine x(1.5) given increments of ime 0.25, x(1) = 1, and — = 2x. a (ayo (B) 0.75 (c) 1.5 (D) 2.25 SOLUTION Euler's approximation is x;43 = x; + at Given At = 0.25, we have run two iterations to step from t = 1 tot = 1.5. First iteration: x(1 + 0.25) = x(1) +. Ae(2* x(1)) > x(1.25) =140.25*241=15 Second iteration: x(1.25 + 0.25) = x(1.25) + At(2 * x(1.25)) x(1.5) = 1.5 + (0.25)(2)(L5) = 2.25 The correct answer is D. 1-65 Mathematics| PROBLEM 34 Given a value of ¥ = 2.5 with an error of Az = 0.01, estimate the resulting error in the function f(x) = x (A) Af(%) = 0.1875 (B) 4f(@) = 0.1735 (C) af(%) = 0.1920 (D) Af(%) = 0.1798 SOLUTION Af (%) = |f'(@)|Az where f'(%) = 3x7 Af (%) = 3(2.5)?(0.01) = 0.1875 Because (2.5) = 15.625, we predict that (2.5) = 15.625 + 0.1875 Or that the true value lies between 15.4375 and 15.8125. In fact, if x were actually 2.49, the function could be evaluated as 15.4382, and if x were 2.51, it would be 15.8132. For this case, the first-order error analysis provides a fairly close estimate of the true error. |The correct answer is A. i} | Lastupdatea 1Horz021 EET FE-Environmental: Mathematics PROBLEM 35 |The deflection y of the top of a sailboat mast can be calculated as y error in y given the following data: F=750%,1 = 9m,£ =7.5 x 10°, = 0.0005m* Fut Estimate the AF = 30%, AL = 0.03m,AE = 5 x 10”, AT = 0.000005m* (C) Ay = 0.011782 (B) ay = 0.011482 (D) ay = 0.012139 SOLUTION RTE a 7 FB yg, Fit ye y(F,LE,1) F + Al + a AE + Gaal ‘Substituting the appropriate values gives: Ay = 0.006561 + 0.002187 + 0.001094 + 0.00164 = 0.11482. Therefore y = 0.164025 + 0.011482. In other words, y is between 0.152543 and 0.175507 m. The validity of these estimates can be verified by substituting the extreme values for the variables into the equation ___720(8.97)* * g(755%10°)0.000505 780(9.03)* (7 A5X10°}0.000495 0.152818 and ymax .275790 Ymin Thus, the first-order estimates are reasonably close to the exact values. The correct answer is B. | | 1-66