Material Science and Technology

Date:12/02/2023 Examination No.: N/A Version:15/9/2022 Start: 12/02/2023

Module Name - Code Material science and Technology - 3108
Module Language: English
Responsible: DR. Mohammedtaher Mulapeer
Lecture (s): Dr. Mohammedtaher Mulapeer
College: College of Engineering – Salahaddin University
Duration: 15 week – 1 semester
Course outcomes: Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to; Explain alloys and phase diagram, Iron-Iron carbon
diagram and steel classification. Explain isothermal transformation, continuous cooling diagrams and different heat
treatment processes. Clarify the effect of alloying elements on ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Summarize the
properties and applications of non metallic materials. Explain the testing of mechanical properties.
Course Content: Prospective history of materials, Material classification, Branches of material science, Properties and applications of
different materials. Material testing Technologies DT and NDT , Ferrous and non-ferrous metals, Steel and cast iron,
Phase diagrams and Iron -Carbon Phase diagram, Plastic deformation of metals, heat treatments of steel alloys, Non-
ferrous alloys, Al-alloys, Supper alloys, Copper alloys.
Literature: William D Callister " material science and engineering"-2015
R A Higgins " engineering metallurgy" 1998
Type of Teaching: Weekly : 4hrs in lectures
Weekly: 2 hrs laboratory working.
Pre-requisites: Background in physical chemistry is recommended
Frequency: Yearly in fall semester- Spring semester upon request
Requirements for For the award of credit points it is necessary to pass the module exam.
credit points: The module exam contains:
Written exam – Med term : 20% quizzes : 5% Lab reports and discussions: 15%
Written exam- Final exam: 50% Lab Exam –Final discussion: 10%
Student's attendance is required in all classes.
Students with more than 10% absent records and/or grade record in continuous exams of less than 20% are not
allowed to enter the final exam. Lab attendant and lab work is a must.

Credit point: 5
Grade Distribution: Written exam – Med term : 20% quizzes : 5% Lab reports and discussions: 15%
Historical Perspective
Stone → Bronze → Iron → Advanced materials (composite and electronic)
Material Evolution
 MODERN CLASSES OF MATERIALS

1 • metals
2 • Ceramics
3 • Polymers
4 • Composite Materials
5 • Semiconductors
6 • Biomaterials
7 • Smart materials
8 • Nanomaterials
Metals:
Native metals (found naturally in a chemically uncombined state)

Au, Pt, Ag, Cu, Sn, Fe, Ni, Co, Pb, Bi, Ir, Hg, Os, Pd, Ru, Rh.

Meteoric iron
(Fe-Ni alloys with some nonmetallics)

3 common types Hexahedrites (4-6% Ni)

Octahedrites (6-12% Ni)
Ataxites (12+% Ni)

Metallic ores
(metals found naturally in nonmetallic state)

Common Types of Ores Example

Oxides Fe3O4
Carbonates CaCO3
Sulfides Cu2S
Silicates (Ni,Mg)6Si4O10(OH)80
 The approximate composition of
the Earth’s Crust

Source: engineering metallurgy by Raymond A. Higgins

Extraction [Process]Metallurgy – Example (Fe)
Some specific and unique Properties of Metals:

• Metals are extremely good conductors of

electricity and heat and;
• are not transparent to visible light;
• a polished metal surface has a lustrous
appearance.
• Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet
deformable, which accounts for their
extensive use in structural applications.
 Metals

Ferrous Metals Non-Ferrous

Iron, Steel, Cast Iron, Stainless Al, Ti, Cu, Ni, Au…etc
…..etc
 Ferrous alloys

Iron Steel Cast iron

C% < 0.005% 0.005%< C% <2.1% 2.1% < C% <6.7%

Plain carbon steel alloy steel White

Low carbon steel cast iron
0.07% ≤ C% < 0.15% Low alloy steel High alloy steel
Grey
Alloying elements Alloying elements
Mild carbon steel <10% ≥10% cast iron
0.15% ≤ C% < 0.25%
High speed steel Super alloys
Medium carbon steel
0.25% ≤ C% < 0.55% Stainless steels

High carbon steel Ferritic Stainless steel

0.55% ≤ C% < 0.8% Austenitic Stainless steel

Tool carbon steel Martensitic Stainless steel

0.8% ≤ C% < 1.7% Duplex Stainless steel
PH Stainless steel
Ceramics:
Ceramics are the oldest material known to human and are
usually compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements; they are most frequently oxides, silicate, nitrides,
and carbides. The wide range of materials that falls within
this classification includes ceramics that are composed of
clay minerals, cement, and glass.
 Properties of Ceramics:
• Ceramics are typically insulative to the
passage of electricity and heat;
• and are more resistant to high
temperatures and harsh environments
than metals and polymers.
• With regard to mechanical behavior,
ceramics are hard but very brittle.
 Ceramics

Traditional Ceramics; Modern Ceramics;

Clay and Silica Carbides and Nitrides

Used for pottery Used mainly in

and glasses cutting tools
Hardness of Some Cutting Material
Composition base classification of ceramic materials
Polymers:
Polymers are said to be the most versatile materials on earth. Almost all of
the products we use in our daily lives contain polymers. Polymers are often
used to replace other common materials such as metals and wood because
of;
1. low weight.
2. low cost.
3. Durable
4. flexible
5. Ease of shaping.
6. Weathering resistance.
7. Chemical resistance.
8. Insulating properties.
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of
them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon,
hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; furthermore, they have very
large molecular structures. These materials typically have low densities
and may be extremely flexible.
 Classes of
Polymers

Natural Polymers;
Synthetic Polymer
Cotton, silk, Wool, Protein ,DNA,..etc

Inorganic Polymer:
Silicon Rubber

Organic
Polymer: PVC,
PE
 Types of Polymers

Thermoplastics; Thermoset; Elastomers;

Nylon, PE, PVC, Epoxies and Rubber, Silicon
PS….etc Phenolics and Polyurethane
World plastic production

2021: >400Mt

1.51.5Mt
PLASTICS IN OUR DAILY LIFE
World Plastics Materials Demand by Types
Recycling Symbols for Polymers:
Composite Materials:
A composite is designed to display a combination of the
best characteristics of each of the component materials.
Fiberglass acquires strength from the glass and flexibility
from the polymer.
The oldest Man-Made Composites materials
were straw and mud combined to form
bricks for building construction

This town in Mali is built almost completely out of mud

Advantages and disadvantages of composites:
-The advantage of composites as structural materials is to obtain a material of a higher
strength, toughness, stiffness, but also a higher resistance to creep, corrosion, wear or
fatigue compared to conventional materials.
-In addition, with a suitable combination of components we can also obtain a composite
of specific properties (thermal, electrical, optical).
-Lighter and more durable structures can be made from composites.
- Composites can be utilized in the manufacture of smart structures.

The disadvantage of composite materials, in comparison with traditional

materials, is its difficult workability and relatively higher price.
SEMICONDUCTORS
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the
electrical conductors and insulators. Good examples of semiconductor materials
are germanium, selenium, and silicon. Furthermore, the electrical
characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of
minor concentrations of impurity atoms, which concentrations may be
controlled over very small spatial regions. The semiconductors have made
possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the
electronics and computer industries over the past two decades.
Types of Semiconducting materials
Ranking of materials according to their electrical
conductivity:
BIOMATERIALS
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for
replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce
toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause
adverse biological reactions). All of the above mentioned materials; metals, ceramics,
polymers, composites, and semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials.
 Smart Material
Smart materials are materials that have one or
more properties that can be significantly altered
in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such
as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or
magnetic fields.
 Applications of Shape memory alloys:
SMA’s opens a door to a whole new world of
Technology. Currently we are using these alloys in
many industrial, space, and medicine applications.

Industrial applications;
1. Aircraft such as in smart wings Medical applications’
2. Robotics such in robotics muscles 1. Bone plates
3. Mobile phones [antenna] 1. Vascular stents
4. Force sensors (angioplasty)
5. Actuators 2. Coronary Probe
6. Eyeglass frame [flexonTM]
7. Clothing 2. Dentistry