Complex Numbers

01 02
Iota Conjugate Complex Number
1 a − ib for z =
z= a + ib
i 4n =
1, i 4 n +1 =
i, i 4 n + 2 = −i i 2 =
−1, i 4 n + 3 = −1, i 3 = 1 , i =
−i, i 4 = −
i
z + z = 2a, zz = a 2 + b 2

Properties

03 (i) (z ) = z
Modulus and Argument (ii) z= z ⇔ z is purely real
(iii) z =− z ⇔ z is purely imaginary
z = a + ib
a = r cos q, b = r sin q ( z ) Re (z ) z+z
(iv) Re
= =
b 2
|z|
= a 2 + b 2 , argument
= q tan −1 .0 ≤ q < 2p z−z
a (v) Im( z ) =
2i
principal values: –p < q ≤ p
(vi) z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
b  b 
1st quad q = tan −1 2nd quad q = p − tan −1   (vii) z1 − z2 = z1 − z2
a |a|
−1  b  |b| (viii) z1 z2 = z1 z2
3rd quad q = −p + tan   4th quad q = − tan −1  
a  a 
 z1  z1
Note (ix)  =
(i) Arg (0) is not defined.  z2  z2
(ii) If z1 = z2 ⇔ |z1| = |z2| & arg z1 = arg z2. (x) z1 z2 2 Re ( z=
z1 z2 += 1 z2 ) 2 Re ( z1 z2 )
(iii) If argz = p/2 or –p/2, z purely imaginary.
(iv)
(v)
If argz = 0 or p, z is purely real.
Any two arguments of a complex number differ by 2np.
(xi) ( z ) = (z ) ,
n n

( z1 ) , then z f ( z1 )
(xii) If z f=
=
 04 05
Properties of Modulus Properties of argument
(i ) | z | ≥ 0 ⇒= | z | 0 iff= z 0 & | z |> 0 of z ≠ 0 (i ) arg ( z1=
z2 ) arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z2 ) + 2k p
(ii ) − | z | ≤ Re( z ) ≤ | z | & − | z | ≤ lm( z ) ≤ | z |
(ii ) z n n arg z + 2k p
arg =
(iii ) | z | =| z | =−| z | =− | z|
 z1 
(iv) zz = z 2 (iii ) arg  =  arg ( z1 ) − arg ( z2 ) + 2k p
 z2 
(v ) z1 ± z2 ≥ || z1 | − | z2 || z z
(iv) arg 2 = q ⇒ arg 1 = 2k p − q. k ∈ I
(vi ) z1 z2 = z1 z2 z1 z2
(v ) arg z = − arg z
(vii ) z n = | z |n
(viii ) z1 ± z2 ≤ z1 + z2
z1 ± z2 = ( z1 ± z2 )( z1 ± z2 ) = z1 + z2 ± ( z1 z2 + z1 z2 ) .
2 2 2
(ix)
( x) z1 z2 + z1 z2 2 z1 z2 cos ( q1 − q2 ) q1 arg
= = ( z1 ) , q2 arg ( z2 ) .
( xi )
2 2
z1 + z2 + z1 − z2= 2 z1 + z2 { 2 2
} 07
Square Root of a Complex Number

06 • Square root of z = a + ib are

De Moivre’s Theorem  | z | +a | z | −a 
± +i  for b > 0
 2 2 
(a) If n is any rational number, then
 | z | +a | z | −a 
) n cos nq + i sin nq
(cos q + i sin q= ± −i  for b < 0
 2 2 
(b) If z = r(cos q + i sin q) then
  2k p + q   2k p + q   1+ i 
= z1/ n r1/ n cos   + sin n   • Square root of i → ± 
  n   n  
 2
k = 0, 1, 2, ... , (n – 1) 1− i 
• Square root of −i → ±  
 2
• Square root of w → ± w2
• Square root of w2 → ± w
08
Cube Roots of Unity

−1 + i 3 −1 − i 3
x= 3
1 = 1, , ⋅ = 1, w, w2
2 2
Properties
(i) 1 + w + w2 = 0 (ii) w3 = 1
2 2
(iii) w3n = 1, w3n + 1 = w, w3n + 2 = w2 (iv) w = w & (w) = w
(v) Cube roots of unity lies on vertices of an equilateral triangle
inscribed in a unit circle.
(vi) a + bw + cw2 = 0 ⇒ a = b = c if a, b, c are real (vii) wn + wn + 1 + wn + 2 =0

Geometry with Complex Numbers

09 10
Section Formula Distance Formula
If P(z) divides the line segment jointing A(z1) and B(z2) internally If z1 and z2 be the affixes of the two points P and Q respectively, the
in the ratio m : n, then distance between P and Q is |z1 – z2|
mz + nz1 )
z= 2 Y Q(z 2
m+n
)
P(z 1
A(z1) P(z) B(z2)
AP m
= X′ X
PB n O
If division is external, then
mz2 − nz1
z= Y′
m−n

A(z1) B(z2) P(z)

11
Equation of the Line Passing through the Points z1 and z2

Such equations are given by

z z1 1
z1 z1 1 = 0
z2 z2 1
or
z − z1 z1 − z2
=
z − z1 z1 − z2

12
Equation of a Circle

Consider a fixed complex number z0 and let z be any complex number

which moves in such a way that its distance from z0 is always 'r'. This
implies z. would lie on a circle whose centre is z0 and radius r. And its
equation would be
|z – z0| = r
⇒ |z – z0|2 = r2
⇒ ( z − z0 )( z − z0 ) = r2
⇒ zz − zz0 − zz0 + z0 z0 − r 2 = 0
2
Let= − a z0 and z= 0 z0 − r b . Then,
2
= − a z0 and z= z
0 0 − r b
It represents the general equation of a circle in the complex plane.
 Questions

1. What is arg (bi) where b > 0 ? z

6. If z = x + iy lies in the third quadrant, then also lies in the third
p z
(a) 0 (b) 2
quadrant if
3p (a) x > y > 0 (b) x < y < 0
(c) p (d) (c) y < x < 0 (d) y > x > 0
2

2. If w is a complex non-real cube root of unity, then w satisfies which 7. Let x, y ∈ R, then x + iy is a non real complex number if:
one of the following equations? (a) x = 0 (b) y = 0
(a) x2 – x + 1 = 0 (b) x2 + x + 1 = 0 (c) x ≠ 0 (d) y ≠ 0
(c) x2 + x – 1 = 0 (d) x2 – x – 1 = 0
8. If a + ib = c + id, then
3. For a positive integer n, what is the value of i4n + 1 ? (a) a2 + c2 = 0 (b) b2 + c2 = 0
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) b2 + d2 = 0 (d) a2 + b2 = c2 + d2
(c) i (d) –i

4. If w is a complex cube root of unity, then what is the value of 1 + 2i

1 1 9. What is the modulus of ?
1− − 1 − (1 − i ) 2
(1 + w) (1 + w2 ) ?
(a) 1 (b) 5
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) w (d) w2 (c) 3 (d) 5

n
1+ i 
1 − i sin a 10. What is the least positive integer n for which   =1 ?
5. The real value of a for which the expression is purely real 1− i 
1 + 2i sin a
(a) 16 (b) 12
is:
p p
(c) 8 (d) 4
(a) ( n + 1) (b) ( 2n + 1)
2 2
(c) np (d) None of these, where n ∈ N
 Answer Key

1. (b)

2. (b)

3. (c)

4. (b)

5. (c)

6. (c)

7. (d)

8. (d)

9. (a)

10. (d)