Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Exercise 2.1
1. Write the following in scientific notation.
(i) 0.00053407

Sol: 5.3407 × 10−4 (move decimal point four places to right)

(ii) 53400000

Sol: 5.34 × 107 (move decimal point seven places to left)

(iii) 0.000000000012

Sol: 1.2 × 10−11 (move decimal point eleven places to right)

(iv) 2.5326

Sol: 2.5326 × 100 (move decimal point zero places)

2. Write the following in standard notation.

(i) 9.067 × 10−5

Sol: 0.00009067 (move decimal point five places to left)

(ii) 5.64 × 100

Sol: 5.64 (move decimal point zero places)

(iii) 6.53 × 10−6

Sol: 0.00000653 (move decimal point six places to left)

(iv) 3.1415 × 109

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Sol: 3141500000 (move decimal point nine places to right)

3. Simplify the following by converting into the form indicated.

(i) 563.71 × 10−3 × 2.54 × 104 scientific notation

Sol: 1431.8234 × 10−3+4

= 1431.8234 × 101

= 1.4318234 × 103 × 101

= 1.4318234 × 103+1

= 1.4318234 × 104
0.023 ×105
(ii) standard notation
10−3

Sol: 0.023 × 105+3

= 0.023 × 108

= 2.3 × 10−2 × 108

= 2.3 × 10−2+8

= 2.3 × 106

= 23,00,000
2.549 × 5067 ×10−3
(iii) scientific notation
103

Sol: 12,915.783 × 10−3−3

= 12,915.783 × 10−6

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

= 1.2915783 × 104 × 10−6

= 1.2915783 × 104−6

= 1.2915783 × 10−2

(iv) 0.0009988 × 1010 standard notation

Sol: 9.988 × 10−4 × 1010

= 9.988 × 10−4+10

= 9.988 × 106

= 99,88,000

4. If it takes 5 sec to recite ‘Kalma Pak’ once, how many hours will it take to
recite ‘Kalma Pak’ one million times? Convert hours into days and write
the answer in standard form.

Sol: One time recitation time taking = 5 sec

One million time recitation time taking = 10,00,000 × 5 sec

= 50,00,000 sec

As 1 hour = 60 min & 1 min = 60 sec, so

1 hour = (60×60) sec = 3600 sec

50,00,000 sec
taking time in hours = × 3600 sec
3600 sec

50,000
= hours
36

taking time in hours = 1388.88 hours

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

taking time in hours = 1389 hours

As 1 day = 24 hours, so
1389 hours
Converting time in days = × 24 hours
24 hours

Converting time in days = 57.875 days

One million time recitation time taking in days = 58 days

5. Distance between Earth and Sun is 9.3225600 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 miles. If speed of

light is approximately 1.86,000 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 miles per second, how long does it
take for light to reach the Earth. Convert the answer in minutes writing in
standard form.

Sol: Distance = 9.3225600 × 107 miles

Speed of light = 1.86,000 × 105 miles/sec

Distance
Required time =
Speed of light

9.3225600 ×107 miles

=
1.86,000 ×105 miles/sec

9.3225600 ×107 ×10−5 miles

=
1.86,000 miles/sec

9.3225600 ×102 miles

=
1.86,000 miles/sec

501.21 sec ×60 sec

Converting time into minutes =
60sec

501.21 sec
= min
60sec

Required time = 8.3535 min

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Exercise 2.2
1. Check whether 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (𝟕 − 𝒙) is defined for.
(i) 𝑥=0

Sol: Let suppose log 𝑥 (7 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑦

⟹ 𝑥 𝑦 = (7 − 𝑥 )

⟹ 0𝑦 = (7 − 0)

⟹ 0𝑦 ≠ 7

For 𝑥 = 0 it is not true.

(ii) 𝑥=1

Sol: Let suppose log 𝑥 (7 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑦

⟹ 𝑥 𝑦 = (7 − 𝑥 )

⟹ 1𝑦 = (7 − 1)

⟹ 1𝑦 ≠ 6

For 𝑥 = 1 it is not true.

(iii) 𝑥=6

Sol: Let suppose log 𝑥 (7 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑦

⟹ 𝑥 𝑦 = (7 − 𝑥 )

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

⟹ 6𝑦 = (7 − 6)

⟹ 6𝑦 = 1

⟹ 60 = 1

⟹ 1=1

For 𝑥 = 6 it is true only if 𝑦 = 0.

(iv) 𝑥≥7

Sol: for 𝑥 = 7,8,9,10………

Let suppose log 𝑥 (7 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑦

⟹ 𝑥 𝑦 = (7 − 𝑥 )

⟹ 7𝑦 = (7 − 7)

⟹ 7𝑦 ≠ 0

For 𝑥 ≥ 7 it is not true.

2. Convert the form of following equations i.e. from exponential form to

logarithmic form and vice versa.
(i) log 6 216 = 3

Sol: 63 = 216

(ii) 74 = 2401

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Sol: log 7 2401 = 4

(iii) log 5 𝑥 = 5

Sol: 55 = 𝑥

3
1
(iv) b −4 =
27

1 3
Sol: log b =−
27 4

𝑥
(v) 1253 = 25
𝑥
Sol: log125 25 =
3

(vi) log10 1012 = 𝑦

Sol: 10𝑦 = 1012

𝑥
1
(vii) (256)4 =
64

1 𝑥
Sol: log 256 =
64 4

(viii) log 3(𝑥 3 + 1) = 2

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Sol: 𝑥 3 + 1 = 32

(ix) log 5(2𝑥 − 3) = 1

Sol: 51 = (2𝑥 − 3)

(x) 2𝑥 + 1 = 23

Sol: log 2 2𝑥 + 1 = 3

3. Find the value of 𝒙 in the following questions.

(i) log 𝑥 3 = 1

Sol: 𝑥1 = 3

⟹ 𝑥=3

(ii) log 𝑥+1 9 = 2

Sol: (𝑥 + 1)2 = 9

⟹ (𝑥 + 1)2 = 32

⟹ 𝑥+1 = 3

⟹ 𝑥 = 3−1

⟹ 𝑥=2

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

(iii) log 3 81 = 𝑥

Sol: 3𝑥 = 81

⟹ 3𝑥 = 34

⟹ 𝑥=4

(iv) log 2 64 = 𝑥 + 1

Sol: 2𝑥+1 = 64

⟹ 2𝑥+1 = 26

⟹ 𝑥+1 = 6

⟹ 𝑥 = 6−1

⟹ 𝑥=5

(v) log 2 𝑥 = 4

Sol: 𝑥 = 24

⟹ 𝑥 = 2×2×2×2

⟹ 𝑥 = 16

(vi) log 2(𝑥 2 − 1) = 3

Sol: (𝑥 2 − 1) = 23

⟹ (𝑥 2 − 1) = 8

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

⟹ 𝑥2 = 1 + 8

⟹ 𝑥2 = 9

⟹ 𝑥 2 = 32

⟹ 𝑥 = ±3

4. Find the unknowns appeared in the question 2.

(i) log 5 𝑥 = 5

Sol: 𝑥 = 55

⟹ 𝑥 = 5×5×5×5×5

⟹ 𝑥 = 3125

3
1
(ii) b −4 =
27
3
1
Sol: b −4 =
33

1 −3
⟹ (b 4 ) = 3−3
1
⟹ b4 = 3
1 4
⟹ (b ) = (3)4
4

⟹ b= 3×3×3×3

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

⟹ b = 81

𝑥
(iii) 1253 = 25
𝑥
Sol: (53 )3 = 52

⟹ 5𝑥 = 52

⟹ 𝑥=2

(iv) log10 1012 = 𝑦

Sol: 10𝑦 = 1012

⟹ 𝑦 = 12

𝑥
1
(v) (256)4 =
64
𝑥
1
Sol: (28 )4 =
26

⟹ 22𝑥 = 2−6

⟹ 2𝑥 = −6

⟹ 𝑥 = −3

(vi) log 3(𝑥 3 + 1) = 2

Sol: 𝑥 3 + 1 = 32

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

⟹ 𝑥3 + 1 = 9

⟹ 𝑥3 = 9 − 1

⟹ 𝑥3 = 8

⟹ 𝑥 3 = 23
1 1
⟹ (𝑥 3)3 = (23 )3

⟹ 𝑥=2

(vii) log 5(2𝑥 − 3) = 1

Sol: (2𝑥 − 3) = 51

⟹ 2𝑥 − 3 = 5

⟹ 2𝑥 = 3 + 5

⟹ 2𝑥 = 8

⟹ 𝑥=4

(viii) 2𝑥 + 1 = 23

Sol: 2𝑥 + 1 = 8

⟹ 2𝑥 = 8 − 1

⟹ 2𝑥 = 7
7
⟹ 𝑥=
2

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Exercise 2.3
Find the logarithms of the following numbers if possible.

(i) 5313

Sol: log 5313

log 5.313 × 103

Characteristic = 3

Mantissa = 0.7253

Hence, log 5313 = 3.7253

(ii) 4580

Sol: log 4580

log 4.580 × 103

Characteristic = 3

Mantissa = 0.6609

Hence, log 4580 = 3.6609

(iii) 9.613

Sol: log 9.613

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

log 9.613 × 100

Characteristic = 0

Mantissa = 0.9828

Hence, log 9.613 = 0.9828

(iv) 110.9

Sol: log 110.9

log 1.109 × 102

Characteristic = 2

Mantissa = 0.0448

Hence, log 110.9 = 2.0448

(v) 52.39

Sol: log 52.39

log 5.239 × 101

Characteristic = 1

Mantissa = 0.7192

Hence, log 52.39 = 1.7192

(vi) 0.01207

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Sol: log 0.01207

log 1.207 × 10−2

Characteristic = 2̅

Mantissa = 0.0817

Hence, log 0.01207 = 2̅.0817

(vii) 0.0093

Sol: log 0.0093

log 9.3 × 10−3

Characteristic = 3̅

Mantissa = 0.9685

Hence, log 0.0093 = 3̅.9685

(viii) 1 Trillion

Sol: 1 Trillion = 1000000000000

log 1 Trillion

log 1 × 1012

Characteristic = 12

Mantissa = 0.0000

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Hence, log 1 Trillian = 12.0000

(ix) 0.00004

Sol: log 0.00004

log 4 × 10−5

Characteristic = 5̅

Mantissa = 0.6021

Hence, log 0.00004 = 5̅.6021

(x) 4

Sol: log 4

log 4 × 100

Characteristic = 0

Mantissa = 0.6021

Hence, log 4 = 0.6021

(xi) 4000

Sol: log 4000

log 4 × 103

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Characteristic = 3

Mantissa = 0.6021

Hence, log 4000 = 3.6021

(xii) 54

Sol: log 54

log 5.4 × 101

Characteristic = 1

Mantissa = 0.7324

Hence, log 54 = 1.7324

(xiii) 1.009

Sol: log 1.009

log 1.009 × 100

Characteristic = 0

Mantissa = 0.0039

Hence, log 1.009 = 0.0039

(xiv) 0.1009

Sol: log 0.1009

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

log 1.009 × 10−1

Characteristic = 1̅

Mantissa = 0.0039

Hence, log 1.009 = 1̅.0039

(xv) −4

Sol: log −4

Taking log of any negative number is not possible

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Exercise 2.4
Find the antilog of the following numbers.

(i) 2.4324

Sol: log 𝑥 = 2.4324

Characteristic = 2

Mantissa = 0.4324

Hence, antilog 2.4324 = 270.6

(ii) 1.5890

Sol: log 𝑥 = 1.5890

Characteristic = 1

Mantissa = 0.5890

Hence, antilog 1.5890 = 38.82

(iii) 0.2425

Sol: log 𝑥 = 0.2425

Characteristic = 0

Mantissa = 0.2425

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Hence, antilog 0.2425 = 1.748

(iv) 3.5636

Sol: log 𝑥 = 3.5636

Characteristic = 3

Mantissa = 0.5636

Hence, antilog 3.5636 = 3661

(v) 4

Sol: log 𝑥 = 4

Characteristic = 4

Mantissa = 0.0000

Hence, antilog 4.0000 = 10000

(vi) 0.0038

Sol: log 𝑥 = 0.0038

Characteristic = 0

Mantissa = 0.0038

Hence, antilog 0.0038 = 1.009

(vii) 1̅.2429

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Sol: log 𝑥 = 1̅.2429

Characteristic = 1̅

Mantissa = 0.2429

Hence, antilog 1̅.2429 = 0.1749

(viii) 2̅.9281

Sol: log 𝑥 = 2̅.9281

Characteristic = 2̅

Mantissa = 0.9281

Hence, antilog 2̅.9281 = 0.08474

(ix) 3̅.5219

Sol: log 𝑥 = 3̅.5219

Characteristic = 3̅

Mantissa = 0.5219

Hence, antilog 3̅.5219 = 0.003326

(x) 0.0000

Sol: log 𝑥 = 0.0000

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Characteristic = 0

Mantissa = 0.0000

Hence, antilog 0.0000 = 1.000

(xi) −3

Sol: log 𝑥 = −3

Characteristic = 3̅

Mantissa = 0.0000

Hence, antilog 3̅.0000 = 0.001000

Hence, antilog 3̅.0000 = 0.0010

(xii) 5.9990

Sol: log 𝑥 = 5.9990

Characteristic = 5

Mantissa = 0.9990

Hence, antilog 5.9990 = 997700

(xiii) 2.4900

Sol: log 𝑥 = 2.4900

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Characteristic = 2

Mantissa = 0.4900

Hence, antilog 2.4900 = 309.0

(xiv) 0.4900

Sol: log 𝑥 = 0.4900

Characteristic = 0

Mantissa = 0.4900

Hence, antilog 0.4900 = 3.090

(xv) 2.34

Sol: log 𝑥 = 2.34

Characteristic = 2

Mantissa = 0.3400

Hence, antilog 2.3400 = 218.8

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Exercise 2.5
1. Use laws of logarithms to expand the following.
(i) log 9𝑡

Sol: log 9 + log 𝑡

59
(ii) log
𝑠

Sol: log 59 − log 𝑠

(5𝑝𝑞2 )
(iii) log (𝑥𝑦 3 )

Sol: log(5𝑝𝑞2 ) − log(𝑥𝑦 3 )

= (log 5 + log 𝑝 + log 𝑞2 ) − (log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 3 )

= (log 5 + log 𝑝 + 2 log 𝑞) − (log 𝑥 + 3 log 𝑦)

= log 5 + log 𝑝 + 2 log 𝑞 − log 𝑥 − 3 log 𝑦

53.3
(iv) log √
46.4

1
53.3 2
Sol: log ( )
46.4

1 53.3
= log ( )
2 46.4

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

1
= [log 53.3 − log 46.4]
2

1
52 t5 a3
(v) log( 3 )
√4.4tb3
1
3
Sol: log (52 t 5 a3 ) − log( √4.4tb3)
1 1
= (log 5 + log t + log a ) − log ((4.4t)3 b3)
2 5 3

1
1
= (2 log 5 + 5 log t + log a) − (log(4.4t)3 + log b3 )
3

1 1
= (2 log 5 + 5 log t + log a) − ( log(4.4t) + 3 log b)
3 3

1 1
= (2 log 5 + 5 log t + log a) − ( [log 4.4 + log t] + 3 log b)
3 3

1 1 1
= (2 log 5 + 5 log t + log a) − ( log 4.4 + log t + 3 log b)
3 3 3

1 1 1
= 2 log 5 + 5 log t + log a − log 4.4 − log t − 3 log b
3 3 3

5 72 t3 p
(vi) log √
d6 b2

1
72 t3 p 5
Sol: log ( )
d6 b2

1 72 t3 p
= log ( )
5 d6 b2

1
= [log(72 t 3 p) − log(d6 b2 )]
5

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

1
= [(log 72 + log t 3 + log p) − (log d6 + log b2)]
5

1
= [(2 log 7 + 3 log t + log p) − (6 log d + 2 log b)]
5

1
= [2 log 7 + 3 log t + log p − 6 log d − 2 log b]
5

2 3 1 6 2
= log 7 + log t + log p − log d − log b
5 5 5 5 5

1 t
3
√5.512pm2
(vii) log ( 4 )
√5.91a2 b

1
3
√5.512pm2
Sol: t log ( 4 )
√5.91a2 b

1
3 4
= t [log ( √5.512pm2 ) − log( √5.91a2 b)]
1 1 1
= t [log ((5.512)3 pm2 ) − log ((5.91)4 a2 b)]
1 1 1
= t [(log(5.512)3 + log p + log(m)2 ) − (log(5.91)4 + log a2 + log b)]

1 1 1
= t [( log 5.512 + log p + log m) − ( log 5.91 + 2 log a + log b)]
3 2 4

1 1 1
= t [ log 5.512 + log p + log m − log 5.91 − 2 log a − log b]
3 2 4

t t t
= log 5.512 + t log p + log m − log 5.91 − 2𝑡 log a − t log b
3 2 4

2. Use laws of logarithms to combine the followings into single logarithmic

terms.
(i) 3 log 𝑥 − 5 log 𝑦

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

𝑥3
Sol: log
𝑦5

1 1 1
(ii) log t + log r − log s
2 3 5
1 1 1
Sol: log t 2 + log r 3 − log s 5
1 1
t2 ×r3
= log ( 1 )
s5

3
√t × √r
= log ( 5 )
√s

1
(iii) [log 57.7 − 3 log 9.24 + 4 log 36.6 − 2 log 23.3]
7

1
Sol: [log 57.7 − log 9.243 + log 36.64 − log 23.32 ]
7

1
= [log 57.7 + log 36.64 − log 9.243 − log 23.32 ]
7

1
= [log(57.7 × 36.64 ) − log(9.243 × 23.32 )]
7

1 57.7×(36.6)4
= log ((9.24)3 )
7 ×(23.3)2

1
57.7×(36.6)4 7
= log ((9.24)3 )
×(23.3)2

7 57.7×(36.6)4
= log √((9.24)3 )
×(23.3)2

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

1 1 2
(iv) 5 log 6 − 7 log 9.42 + log t − log 32.2 + log a
3 2 3
1 1 2
Sol: log 65 − log 9.427 + log t 3 − log 32.22 + log a3
1 2 1
= log 65 + log t 3 + log a3 − log 32.22 − log 9.427
1 2 1
= log (6 × t × a ) − log (32.2 × 9.427 )
5 3 3 2

1 2
65 ×t3 ×a3
= log ( 1 )
32.22 × 9.427

3
65 × 3√𝑡 × √𝑎2
= log ( 3 )
√32.2 ×(9.42)7

5 1 1
(v) log 37.74 − log 53.71 + log 28.83
4 4 4
5 1 1
Sol: log(37.74)4 − log(53.71)4 + log(28.83)4
5 1 1
= log(37.74)4 + log(28.83)4 − log(53.71)4
5 1
(37.74)4 ×(28.83)4
= log ( 1 )
(53.71)4

4 √(37.74)5 ×28.83
= log √
53.71

3. Use laws of logarithms to evaluate the followings.

(i) log 2 15

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

log 15
Sol:
log 2

1.1760
=
0.3010

= 3.9069

3
(ii) log 9 √9
log 3√9
Sol:
log 9

1
log (9)3
=
log 9

1
log 9
3
=
log 9

1
=
3

(iii) log 3 65
log 65
Sol:
log 3

1.8129
=
0.4771

= 3.7997

(iv) log √3 72.34

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

log 72.34
Sol:
log √3

log 72.34
= 1
log(3)2

log 72.34
= 1
log 3
2

1.85937
=1
(0.4771)
2

1.85937
=
0.23855

= 7.7944

(v) log √7 343

log 343
Sol:
log √7

log(7)3
= 1
log(7)2

3 log 7
= 1
2
log 7

3
=1
2

=3×2

=6

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

4. If 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝟎, 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟏, 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟗𝟎 then evaluate

the followings with laws of logarithms.
6
(i) log b
5

Sol: log b 6 − log b 5

= log b (3 × 2) − log b 5

= log b 3 + log b 2 − log b 5

= 0.4771 + 0.3010 − 0.6990

= 0.7781 − 0.6990

= 0.0791

100
(ii) log b
9

Sol: log b 100 − log b 9

= log b (2 × 2 × 5 × 5) − log b (3 × 3)

= log b (22 × 52 ) − log b 32

= log b 22 + log b 52 − log b 32

= 2 log b 2 + 2 log b 5 − 2 log b 3

= 2(0.3010) + 2(0.6990) − 2(0.4771)

= 0.6020 + 1.3980 − 0.9542

= 2.0000 − 0.9542

= 1.0458

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

3
√450
(iii) log b
√27
3
Sol: log b √450 − log b √27
1 1
= log b (450)3 − log b (27)2
1 1
= [log b 450] − [log b 27]
3 2

1 1
= [log b (2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5)] − [log b (3 × 3 × 3)]
3 2

1 1
= [log b (2 × 32 × 52 )] − [log b 33 ]
3 2

1 1
= [log b 2 + log b 32 + log b 52 ] − [log b 33 ]
3 2

1 1
= [log b 2 + 2 log b 3 + 2 log b 5] − [3 log b 3]
3 2

1 2 2 3
= [log b 2] + [log b 3] + [log b 5] − [log b 3]
3 3 3 2

1 2 2 3
= (0.3010) + (0.4771) + (0.6990) − (0.4771)
3 3 3 2

= 0.1004 + 0.3184 + 0.4660 − 0.7158

= 0.8848 − 0.7158

= 0.1690

(iv) log b 0.024

24
Sol: log b
1000

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

= log b 24 − log b 1000

= log b (2 × 2 × 2 × 3) − log b (2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5)

= log b (23 × 3) − log b (23 × 53 )

= ( log b 23 + log b 3) − ( log b 23 + log b 53 )

= (3 log b 2 + log b 3) − (3 log b 2 + 3 log b 5)

= [3(0.3010) + 0.4771] − [3(0.3010) + 3(0.6990)]

= [0.9030 + 0.4771] − [0.9030 + 2.0970]

= 1.3801 − 3.0000

= −1.6199

= −1.6199 + 2 − 2

= 0.3801 − 2

= 2̅. 3801

7 2
(v) log b √5
5

7 27
Sol: log b √
5

1
27 7
= log b ( )
5

1 27
= log b ( )
7 5

1
= [log b 27 − log b 5]
7

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

1
= [log b 33 − log b 5]
7

1
= [3 log b 3 − log b 5]
7

1
= [3(0.4771) − 0.6990]
7

1
= [1.4313 − 0.6990]
7

1
= [0.7323]
7

= 0.1046

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Exercise 2.6
1. Find the number of digits in.
(i) 330

Sol: log 330

= 30 log 3

= 30 × (0.4771)

= 14.31

Characteristic = 14

Number of digits in 330 = Characteristic +1 = 14 + 1 = 15

(ii) 100100

Sol: log 100100

= 100 log 100

= 100 × 2

= 200.0

Characteristic = 200

Number of digits in 100100 = Characteristic +1 = 200 + 1 = 201

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

(iii) 210

Sol: log 210

= 10 log 2

= 10 × (0.3010)

= 3.010

Characteristic = 3

Number of digits in 210 = Characteristic +1 = 3 + 1 = 4

(iv) 537

Sol: log 537

= 37 log 5

= 37 × (0.6990)

= 25.86

Characteristic = 25

Number of digits in 537 = Characteristic +1 = 25 + 1 = 26

(v) 52930

Sol: log 52930

= 30 log 529

= 30 × (2.7235)

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

= 81.71

Characteristic = 81

Number of digits in 52930 = Characteristic +1 = 81 + 1 = 82

(vi) 2315

Sol: log 2315

= 15 log 23

= 15 × (1.3617)

= 20.43

Characteristic = 20

Number of digits in 2315 = Characteristic +1 = 20 + 1 = 21

2. Evaluate applying laws of logarithms.

(i) 23.57 × 5.967

Sol: Let 𝑥 = 23.57 × 5.967

Taking Common log on both sides

log 𝑥 = log(23.57 × 5.967)

= log 23.57 + log 5.967

= 1.3724 + 0.7758

Log 𝑥 = 2.1482

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Characteristic = 2

Mantissa = 0.1482

𝑥 = antilog (2.1482) = 140.6

65.89
(ii)
7.392

65.89
Sol: Let 𝑥 =
7.392

Taking Common log on both sides

65.89
log 𝑥 = log ( )
7.392

= log 65.89 − log 7.392

= 1.8189 − 0.8688

Log 𝑥 = 0.9501

Characteristic = 0

Mantissa = 0.9501

𝑥 = antilog (0.9501) = 8.914

47.27×5.321
(iii)
9.712×4.171

47.27×5.321
Sol: Let 𝑥 =
9.712×4.171

Taking Common log on both sides

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

47.27×5.321
log 𝑥 = log ( )
9.712×4.171

= log(47.27 × 5.321) − log(9.712 × 4.171)

= (log 47.27 + log 5.321) − (log 9.712 + log 4.171)

= (1.6746 + 0.7260) − (0.9873 + 0.6202)

= 2.4006 − 1.6075

= 0.7931

Log 𝑥 = 0.7931

Characteristic = 0

Mantissa = 0.7931

𝑥 = antilog (0.7931) = 6.209

3
√27.98
(iv) 2
√28.73
3
√27.98
Sol: Let 𝑥 = 2
√28.73

Taking Common log on both sides

3
√27.98
log 𝑥 = log ( 2 )
√28.73

3 2
= log √27.98 − log √28.73
1 1
= log(27.98)3 − log(28.73)2
1 1
= [log 27.98] − [log 28.73]
3 2

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

1 1
= (1.4469) − (1.4583)
3 2

= 0.4823 − 0.7292

= −0.2469

= −0.2469 + 1 − 1

= 0.7531 − 1

= 1̅. 7531

Log 𝑥 = 1̅. 7531

Characteristic = 1̅

Mantissa = 0.7531

𝑥 = antilog (1̅. 7531) = 0.5664

7
√129.4
(v) 3
√27.37
7
√129.4
Sol: Let 𝑥 = 3
√27.37

Taking Common log on both sides

7
√129.4
log 𝑥 = log ( 3 )
√27.37

7 3
= log √129.4 − log √27.37
1 1
= log(129.4)7 − log(27.37)3
1 1
= [log 129.4] − [log 27.37]
7 3

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

1 1
= (2.1119) − (1.4373)
7 3

= 0.3017 − 0.4791

= −0.1774

= −0.1774 + 1 − 1

= 0.8226 − 1

= 1̅. 8226

Log 𝑥 = 1̅. 8226

Characteristic = 1̅

Mantissa = 0.8226

𝑥 = antilog (1̅. 8226) = 0.6647

3
√39.24× √1.931
(vi) 4
√64.4×√23.91
3
√39.24× √1.931
Sol: Let 𝑥 = 4
√64.4×√23.91

Taking Common log on both sides

3
√39.24× √1.931
log 𝑥 = log ( 4 )
√64.4×√23.91

3 4
= log(√39.24 × √1.931) − log( √64.4 × √23.91)
1 1 1 1
= log ((39.24)2 × (1.931)3 ) − log ((64.4)4 × (23.91)2 )
1 1 1 1
= [log(39.24)2 + log(1.931)3 ] − [log(64.4)4 + log(23.91)2 ]

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

1 1 1
= [ (log 39.24) + log(log 1.931)] − [ (log 64.4) +
2 3 4
1
(log 23.91)]
2

1 1 1 1
= [ (1.5938) + (0.2858)] − [ (1.8089) + (1.3786)]
2 3 4 2

= [0.7969 + 0.0953] − [0.4522 + 0.6893]

= 0.8922 − 1.1415

= −0.2493

= −0.2493 + 1 − 1

= 0.7507 − 1

Log 𝑥 = 1̅. 7507

Characteristic = 1̅

Mantissa = 0.7507

𝑥 = antilog (1̅. 7507) = 0.5631

3
√16
4
(vii) 3
√53

67
√
4
Sol: 3
√53

67
√
4
Let 𝑥 = 3
√53

Taking Common log on both sides

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

67
√
4
log 𝑥 = log ( 3 )
√53

67 3
= log √ − log √53
4

1
1
67 2
= log ( ) − log(53)3
4

1 67 1
= [ log ( )] − [ log(53)]
2 4 3

1 1
= [ (log 67 − log 4)] − [ log(53)]
2 3

1 1 1
= [ (log 67) − (log 4)] − [ log(53)]
2 2 3

1 1 1
= [ (1.8261) − (0.4771)] − [ (1.7243) ]
2 2 3

= [0.9131 − 0.2239] − [0.5748]

= 0.6892 − 0.5748

Log 𝑥 = 0.1144

Characteristic = 0

Mantissa = 0.1144

𝑥 = antilog (0.1144) = 1.301

(27.98)2
(viii) (28.73)3

(27.98)2
Sol: Let 𝑥 = (28.73)3

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Taking Common log on both sides

(27.98)2
log 𝑥 = log ((28.73)3 )

= log(27.98)2 − log(28.73)3

= 2 log(27.98) − 3 log(28.73)

= 2(1.4468) − 3(1.4583)

= 2.8936 − 4.3749

= −1.4813

= −1.4813 + 2 − 2

= 0.5187 − 2

Log 𝑥 = 2̅. 5187

Characteristic = 2̅

Mantissa = 0.5187

𝑥 = antilog (2̅. 5187) = 0.03301

3.The kansu, China earthquake of 1920 was measured about 8.5 on Richter Scale
and the Tokyo, Japan earthquake of 1923 was measured 7.8 on that scale how
many times stronger was the 1920 earthquake than 1923 earthquake?

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Unit No 2: LOGARITHMS

Sol: Let I1 be the intensity of China’s earthquake and I2 be the intensity of

Japan’s earthquake.
𝐼
As, M = log ( )
𝐼0

𝐼
Then, 8.5 = log ( 1 ) = log I1 − log I0 …………….. (i)
𝐼0

𝐼
7.8 = log ( 2 ) = log I2 − log I0 …………….. (ii)
𝐼0

Subtracting (ii) from (i)

log I1 − log I2 = 8.5 − 7.8

𝐼
Log ( 1 ) = 0.7
𝐼2

𝐼
antilog log ( 1 ) = antilog 0.7 (taking antilog on both sides)
𝐼2

𝐼1
= 5.012 ≈ 5
𝐼2

∴ China’s earthquake is nearly 5 times stronger than Japan’s earthquake.

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