Module 1 - Introduction

By:
Mitul Patel
• Course Code:SECE3011
• Course Name: Computer Networks
• Prerequisite Course/s: Nil
• Teaching & Examination Scheme:
Teaching Scheme (Hours/Week) Examination Scheme (Marks)

Theory Practical Tutorial

Theory Practical Tutorial Credit Total
CE ESE CE ESE CE ESE

3 2 0 4 40 60 20 30 0 0 150

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 2
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Course Content
Section I
Module Content Hours Weightage

1 Introduction:
Overview of network and data communication, Data Communications, Computer
Networking, Protocols and Standards, types of Network, Network Topology, Protocol 4 10
hierarchies, and design issues of layers, Interfaces and services. Reference Model: The OSI
reference model, TCP/IP reference model, network standards.
2 Physical Layer :
Data and transmission techniques, Multiplexing, Transmission media, Asynchronous
7 15
Communication, Wireless transmission,

3 Data Link Layer :

Layer design issues, services provided to network layers, Framing, Error control and Flow 7 15
control, Data link control and protocols – Simplex protocol, Sliding window protocol
4 Medium Access Sub Layer:
Channel Allocations, Multiple Access protocols- ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD protocols,
Collision free protocols, Limited contention protocols, LAN architectures, IEEE 802 and
5 10
OSI, Ethernet(CSMA/CD), Bus, Token Ring, DQDB, FDDI, Bridges and recent
28-06-2022 developments.
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
3
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Course Content
Section II
Module Content
Hours Weightage

5 Network Layer :
Network Layer design issue, Routing algorithms and protocols, Congestion
08 20
Control Algorithms, Internetworking, Addressing, N/W Layer Protocols and
recent developments.
6 Transport Layer:
Transport services, Design issues, transport layer protocols, Congestion Control, 06 15
QOS and its improvement.
7 Application Layer :
Client Server Model , DNS, SMTP, FTP, HTTP, WWW and recent development 15
08

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 4
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Books
1. Data Communication and Networking By Behrouz A.
Forouzan Tata McGraw Hill Publication.
2. Computer Network By Andrew S. Tanenbaum,PHI,1996
3. Data and Computer Communication By William Stalling,
Prentice Hall Publication

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 5
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data. Data communications are the exchange of
data between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 6
SECE3011-Computer Networks
Five Components of Data Communication

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 7
SECE3011-Computer Networks
Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 8
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other
device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 9
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Network Criteria
• Performance
– Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time and
response time.
– Performance is often evaluated by two networking metrics: throughput
and delay.
• Reliability
– network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure, the time it
takes a link to recover from a failure.
• Security
– Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 10
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Types of connections :
point-to-point and multipoint

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 11
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Applications of Computer Network
Email Services Teleconferencing

Business &Finance File & Directory Services

& Many More….

1 Engineering/IT)
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer
28-06-2022 12
SECE3011-Computer2Networks
 Network Topologies
• Network topology is the arrangement of the various
components(links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network.
• Types of network topologies:
1. Bus
2. Ring
3. Star
4. Mesh
5. Tree
6. Hybrid
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
28-06-2022 13
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

• Point-to-point connection to
other devices or fully connected.
• Traffic is carried only between
two connected devices.
• Robust
• Advantage of privacy/security
• Fault is diagnosed easily.
• More cable resource used in set
up.
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
28-06-2022 14
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 A star topology connecting four stations

• Computers are connected to a single central

hub through a cable.
• Less expensive than mess.
• Easy to troubleshoot and Easy to set up and
modify.
• Easy to add new nodes/delete previous
nodes.
• Robustness-only that node is affected
which has failed, rest of the nodes can work
smoothly.
• Hub can be upgraded easily.
• If the Hub goes down, whole network will
fail.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 15
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 A bus topology connecting three stations

• Every computer and network device is connected to single cable.

• It transmits data only in one direction
• Cost effective
• Used in small networks
• Easy to expand joining two cables together
• It is used in early LAN connection.
28-06-2022
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
SECE3011-Computer Networks
16
 A ring topology connecting six stations

• It forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer,

with the last one connected to the first.
• Transmission is unidirectional & sequential way that is bit by bit.
• Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding
more nodes.
• Cheap to install and expand.
28-06-2022
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
SECE3011-Computer Networks
17
 Tree Topology
• It has a root node and all other
nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy.
• Also called hierarchical topology
• Mostly used in Wide Area Network
– WAN
• Expansion of nodes is possible and
easy
• Easily managed and maintained.
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
28-06-2022 18
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 A hybrid topology:
a star backbone with three bus networks

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 19
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Comparison of Topologies
Bus Ring Star Mesh Tree
Means every Each computer is Allthecomputers Allthenetwork It has a root
computer connected to are connected to nodes are node and all
and network another, with the asingle hub through connected to other nodes
device is last one connected a cable. each other. are connected
connected to to the first. to it forming
single cable. a hierarchy.
Cost Average Cheap High High High
Used in Small Expand Network Small Network Expand Expand
Network Network Network
Troublesh Easy, But Difficult; Failure of Easy; Difficult; Easy;
oot Cables one computer If the hub fails Installation Central root
fail disturbs the whole then the whole and hub fails,
then whole network. network is down. configuration network fails.
network fails. is difficult.
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
28-06-2022 20
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Types of Computer Network
• Computer Network can be categorized by their size as well as
their purpose.
• The size of a network can be expressed by their geographic
area.
• Some of the different networks based on size are:
1. Local Are Network – LAN
2. Metropolitan Area Network – MAN
3. Wide Area Network - WAN
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
28-06-2022 21
SECE3011-Computer Networks
Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that
interconnects computers within a limited area such as
a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or
officebuilding.

2
2
 An isolated LAN in the past and today

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 23
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Metropolitan Area Network
• A metropolitan area network(MAN) is a computer network that interconnects with
computer in ametropolitan area like city.
• MAN is a larger than LANbut smaller than the area covered by a WAN.
• It is also used to interconnection of several local area network.

Hajira Katargam

Piplod

Udhna
2 Engineering/IT)
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer
28-06-2022 24
SECE3011-Computer4Networks
 Wide Area Network
• A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that exists over a
large-scale geographicalarea.
• AWANconnects different networks, including local area networks (LAN) and
metropolitan area networks (MAN).
• It may be located with in a state or a country or it may be interconnected
around the world.

Asia

America

Africa
2 Engineering/IT)
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer
28-06-2022 25
SECE3011-Computer5Networks
WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 26
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Internetwork

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 27
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Types of Computer Networks -Summary

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT) 28

28-06-2022
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Types of Computer Networks -Summary
Basis Of Comparison LAN MAN WAN
Full Name Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network
Network
Meaning A network that connects a It covers relatively large It spans large locality &
group of computers in a region such as cities, towns connects countries
small geographical area together. e.g. Internet
Ownership of Network Private Private or Public Private or Public(VPN)

Design and Easy Difficult Difficult

Maintenance
Propagation Delay Short Moderate Long
Speed High Moderate Low
Equipment Used NIC, Switch,Hub Modem, Router Microwave, Radio
Transmitter &Receiver
Range(Approximately) 1 to 10 km 10 to 100 km Beyond 100 km

Used for College, School, Hospital Small towns, City State, Country, Continent
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
28-06-2022 29
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Switching
• Switching is process to forward packets coming in from one
port to a port leading towards the destination.
• When data comes on a port it is called ingress, and when data
leaves a port or goes out it is called egress.
• A communication system may include number of switches
and nodes.
• At broad level, switching can be divided into two major
categories.
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
28-06-2022 30
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Switching
Switching can be divided into two major categories:
• Connectionless: The data is forwarded on behalf of forwarding
tables. No previous handshaking is required and
acknowledgements are optional.
• Connection Oriented: Before switching data to be forwarded
to destination, there is a need to pre-establish circuit along the
path between both endpoints. Data is then forwarded on that
circuit. After the transfer is completed, circuits can be kept for
future use or can be turned down immediately.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 31
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Circuit-Switched Network
• In a circuit-switched network, a dedicated connection, called
a circuit, is always available between the two end systems; the
switch can only make it active or inactive.

• A circuit-switched network is efficient only when it is working at its full

capacity; most of the time, it Mitul
is inefficient because it is working at partial
Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
capacity
28-06-2022
SECE3011-Computer Networks
32
 Packet-Switched Network
• In a computer network, the communication between the two ends is
done in blocks of data called packets.
• In other words, instead of the continuous communication we see
between two telephone sets when they are being used, we see the
exchange of individual data packets between the two computers

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 33
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 The Internet today

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 34
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 What is Protocol?
Protocol is define format,
order of message sent and
received among network
entities, and actions taken
on message transmission
and reception

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 35
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 LAYERED TASKS

•When communication is simple(communication between two person), we

may need only one simple protocol; when the communication is complex,
we may need to divide the task between different layers.

•We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an example, let us consider
two friends who communicate through postal mail. The process of sending a
letter to a friend would be complex if there were no services available from
the post office.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 36
SECE3011-Computer Networks
Three Layer Protocol

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 37
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Logical Connections

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 38
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
• TCP/IP is a protocol suite (a set of protocols organized in
different layers) used in the Internet today.
• It is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules,
each of which provides a specific functionality.
• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as four software
layers built upon the hardware.
• Today, however, TCP/IP is thought of as a five-layer model.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 39
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 40
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Communication through an internet

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 41
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Logical connections between layers of the
TCP/IP protocol suite

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 42
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Identical objects in the TCP/IP protocol suite

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 43
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Physical layer

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 44
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 45
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Physical Layer
• Carries the bit stream over a physical media
• Physical layer is concerned with:
– Interface and Medium like guided cables
– Representation of bits
– Data rate
– Physical Topology
– Transmission mode

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 46
SECE3011-Computer Networks
Data link layer

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 47
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.
(Hop to Hop Delivery – Physical Address(MAC address) is used)

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 48
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Data Link Layer
• Data Link Layer is concerned with:
– Framing – divide bit stream into data units(frame)
– Physical addressing
– Flow Control – avoid over overwhelming
– Error control – bit loses, retransmission
– Access Control

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 49
SECE3011-Computer Networks
Hop-to-hop delivery

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 50
SECE3011-Computer Networks
Network layer

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 51
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
(Host to Host Delivery – IP address is Used)

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

2.52
28-06-2022
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Network Layer
• In this layer, packet is combined with header and data.
• In case of data link layer, packet delivers on the same
network.
• If two different networks are connected then packet is
concern with network layer.
• Network layer is concerned with:
✔ Logical addressing e.g. 192.168.1.1 (IP Address)
✔ Routing

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 53
SECE3011-Computer Networks
Source-to-destination delivery

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 54
SECE3011-Computer Networks
Transport layer

Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.
(Process to Process Delivery – Port address is Used)

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 55
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Transport Layer
• This layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact and
in order.
• Transport layer is concerned with:
✔ Service-point addressing (port address)
✔ Segmentation and reassembly
✔ Connection control
✔ Flow and error control

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 56
SECE3011-Computer Networks
Application layer

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 57
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 58
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Application Layer
This layer provides various services like:
✔ Network virtual terminal
✔ File transfer, access and management
✔ Mail services
✔ Directory services

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 59
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Encapsulation and Decapsulation

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 60
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Addressing in TCP/IP protocol suite

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 61
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 62
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 OSI
• Established in 1947, the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards.
• Almost three-fourths of the countries in the world are
represented in the ISO.
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model.
• It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
28-06-2022 63
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 The OSI model

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 64
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 OSI versus TCP/IP

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 65
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Exercise
• For each of the following four networks, discuss the
consequences if a connection fails.
a. Five devices arranged in a mesh topology
b. Five devices arranged in a star topology (not counting
the hub)
c. Five devices arranged in a bus topology
d. Five devices arranged in a ring topology
Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)
28-06-2022 66
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Exercise
• Assume a system uses five protocol layers. If the application
program creates a message of 100 bytes and each layer
(including the fifth and the first) adds a header of 10 bytes to
the data unit, what is the efficiency (the ratio of application
layer bytes to the number of bytes transmitted) of the
system?

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 67
SECE3011-Computer Networks
• Match the following to one or more layers of the TCP/IP
protocol suite:
a. route determination
b. connection to transmission media
c. providing services for the end user
d. creating user datagrams
e. responsibility for handling frames between adjacent nodes
f. transforming bits to electromagnetic signals

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 68
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Exercise
• Assume that a private internet requires that the messages at
the application layer be encrypted and decrypted for security
purposes. If we need to add some information about the
encryption/decryption process (such as the algorithms used
in the process), does it mean that we are adding one layer to
the TCP/IP protocol suite? Redraw the TCP/IP layers if you
think so.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 69
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Question [GATE 2013]
• Assume that source S and destination D are connected
through two intermediate routers labeled R. Determine
how many times each packet has to visit the network
layer and the data link layer during a transmission from S
to D.

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 70
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Answer

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 71
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Question

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 72
SECE3011-Computer Networks
 Question

Mitul Patel B.Tech(Computer Engineering/IT)

28-06-2022 73
SECE3011-Computer Networks