IT-8 omhatex Netwaks Aaiqnaent

67 Topic : Date://s024
QL hhet axe the maj aduantages af STp oNex bTP Y
Ans Shiledel Tuistal Rr (ST and Uhshiled Tualsta) Pojr CuT) ase tiso. tytes of
uisted aair cales used în nctooti
oLReuced Aechemagoctic Jeteaflaene
The Shilding in STe cables hah fastect the data foan entexnalL EtT which
eshecallyimhatant ia envikonment wth hey.cnchintay or ather
2ANeS o Erg uwhexent, UTR ae moe aubtegtble to intexfesln e
|becauhe they doct adakh orcl shielding

The Shigdiac in STe ccles helps mirtain ignd) quatdhy au long ctantes
by educing the samaunt of coossdk ketuseen wides uthin cable
This euts in moe eliable deta trcoSmisien uhereag UTP may eaehienee
ignal degradahon suex Long distanes

Recouae STP eahles haye eter hasteston Gçaint intefeaencc and god
degaadation y

The addihiond Shieldiog Iayex in STf makes them mae cuaable e loss
aone to bhysical damage uhich en he iapoaitcnt n pnikhnm ente
whese the cables mght be enposed to hcash Canditi cns uheheaC
Jightuaeight ut alse msse ulaeàable tco
damage ue ko lech o ahieldiag
9Dfeentate betoeen ShTeand Pop octoca)

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Gav Gupta
I-8
67 Topic : Date:
Ans2 Sime Mal Tonsfor Rsloc (STe) Gatacal )
Used for aendisg e-mails om a
client to Jaees c hetuoeen Jaeyex Omals o8m erue to clent
>pushes emals to the behyex ond lls ema Bon aethwesb to
Jhetuoeen daenven b dient
emaS ANe etoxed eaebuex uatl>Pmails saNe cally denlocded Tu
deluexed to reckient's dheuex the cient and deleted forn teauex
5handleg sutyang email
5mainly untetecis uth sdgoing intexccis Jth mail Soves
to xetaeNe mas 2 mereges

Eadein iansnisiAn melia wth helh ofdiogtan

Hedium

auded Med:c Ualauded ledie

fibxe
Caljes Optic Waves Red
-ttteg cattes

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067 Topic: Date://_
In Conhgter uetaks, thansm z_lon.melia refosh ta thyical athay
thsuçh uwhich dote is Trengmated fom one deuice to cncther. These ase
uo dybes, Cauided Qnd Unguided fledia
Guided ledia Ceuidcd).
dhited dogcther. The ane conmunly udzed fr Tlebhene lincs
and Local Ac Nertoek(LAN) H uhant e Shilded Twited faz

iaoia ale : They haue a cetaal conductor duaeunded hy an insulating

Iayex, a merallc Shield and an auder un^ulating layer Ured er able and
bacodband interaet Connecton

UWle htc able: They atbe thin Sthands of glas c Hlcstic to trsnsmt dade Jhing
light signals. hey faoide uOny high danduidth and bye innuae ta
electamcgaetc saterfesence
SUnguidal Mledla Cutarclss)

Ljef duetath. hey haue uideaneg canehsge Autshle mabie

ond ielesx deue

(1) Micownn: Hich fequsny dia woues used in foint to þint Cammunicaten

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0ay
Ghobv Ghupts
b67: 067
Topic : Date:J
B Rate
umber of hitt ber Defined as pumbe af bigrcl u
eond ia cemmunlcatan chqnne (umbels) ber econd in Carmmunkctan
SIts uaits aae bito bex Aecond (hbs)>h unit ishauds ie
klo bBs er hecand (kbbs) and et Symbcls hex ecord
> Boud Rode = Brt Rate
No.of Bits her ymbal
>MeaSunes haw fastdate it osmsited > MeesSuaes haw k signal changes
Famble
An analoçue signgl coies 4 bite in cch Slgnal unt 1o00 siçnal
Aunits cae kent per becond nd bit rte and baud tte
>Gisen that t00 sGngl units ANe bent hes becond. Thig matchec

AJos Git Rode = Brud Rade xAa. of Bak in l signg)_unt

4 kbbs

05 wbet is OST model Cofenente model) a.u blck dicgrsm and enHain
ts feactioncg in detaal

Aebhortion Layex
Pesataton layer
Session layexr Laye 5
TXasboxt Layex
Neiodaa Lauex
Layes 2
laye layo
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0672683D Topic Date:

The CST (oben Syslem RTitestonnecton) fefoente model j aonccetunl

ftmeesth ae to undar stand and imalem ent stcndad bostocals in
netuacsk t uah deuelaped cby the Irtexaaton Crgpniation for
Standabds CISo ond diuides the functtons of omaunicaton SyHao
into Seuen dfexert Joyesh which Cae
iPhysical Layex ; This layer us acuclly sespansible for pryscal.
Cannectaa dhetwfen netwoxk deuces. t deds with the trcenSmiresion
and ecet on of saur binchy data Cer Comca unicahon channel.IBs]
Tt defaes heodscae shecifcehen auch s cables, connectoab.ete
The Rey elements ane Cables, Suattches, NIC, Yepentexta ,modem ate
(12Data ink Layex This Layex sovides etsnr e tronsfer of data fames
ane node ta ansther ou physca layer. Reshensible or
lhnk hetusen
establ:shing, mauntaining and teaminsttog link hetuace tuo hySialy
Caaneoted nodes Aiso handle es0r detecton Qnd Coaetiaa Lhames
The Key elenent? Aae burtches, bidçes, Ac addaes.
d) NetoaR Leuer Reshonsible for Datemining the test kath to transfo
dote oom the Soxte to destoton aceo S mutide getoctks

TacRets1

G) Tensbot Layers Ensuaes the aeliabe tananiasoo ofdnta het en

Cooaerton nd dte Segmetetien [Segmentsad ea sgembly.
Ths tayex papwides end -to- end Communi rhan aad coan eke
ptoccs kRe TransSenislog otazl Botocal and

MSegson Layer Thas laye manages Sessicns cs Connctoa hetucEn ahliccdics

t stablkshes,maTaang TerminGte Coanecticn beteen commumi cotg dais
Ao manageg dicleg Contazl and Synchnniyaten. TDatal
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067 Topic: eseese

Date:/J
w)esuntatan layer : his layex dhcnskttef doga beteten applieation kye
and netuccah dayer amat. Th hoodles dote encabien Conbaesion
bcaslaton, ensuhing thst da dent am ctalicakon laua of ane deuie

tansler hanadms This layer hendlec high deuel stocals hae

Shen data 9 toansniHed anm cne deuce to coctheà vt laut dausn thcush
the Jaen an Sender's sde tteting et alicshion Jayercd gainç dan

aAthe ereuet d ta ele thaeuçh bhyical nedum to the teceising

ach laye Emasef Seqe Syeofcahon to Connet dat in Chigincl form
Descabe CeTP guite in detal.

Atbtcottor

Netwosk

Qata link

Ahyseal
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IT-8
067 Topic : Date:J
Tateanet bstoal)
The TcpIP Bstoc cl Suite (TensmiStion Cantaol Pstocol
odamentnl commuaicohun achatectse ubed ts inrtesoet and has
is the
7ayes
G fud-lGyer cr e-layer made unhke O$T which hes
kyens .
The TCe Te madel Comtains the fallausing ay
Appcoton Laye i The layer whehe netuctk cpaltcotiossd attocls uak
k faoude Searicel doectly do uker alcatans, enabhog -then te
Qummunieaton paDtnerS nd Sychnnizohon. The azto call that lert 9e

aed po le trens, DNsCoencen ame Sugtem) ete

Oy moalel' ali cAhon pseferta tian end besion layeo

Tanshat layer: Resunsblef booidkng Reshe dak the ntfex

Khe bastocol) ued here ADe

Taeesn ision Grtoe) otoecl): a konnerrn oianted stacal hat
etueen
UDP(User Oatecpam Rstaca ): a onnetcaler hatacal that efrenA
inboatcat than aeliahilty
Useda Cnteanawherp heed us m)e

Respoasbe Rr losical addbesing, tag ant þachet

Netucak Leyer data tu staael on deuste
ocadng.# detemiae) the hest path er

to z8ude hacketr tYtuçh deS -to aa clestinntien.

add gg
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Gratv (N)
067
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O67 Topic : Date:

Qzhet iS cacuit and bachet Swtehing Hoy is t dfPaert pom

Hhesage Suadching
Ans Cut Sutching iG methad where qdelccded omfnuni cahion baths
tebiShed heteen too deuites fa thedusatoo gfcommunieatcn sessico
Chie the Connectaa is set ldata flat adong e single deciccsted
poth t the esion ends. t hes fslloing chgaactehsts 2
>Dedicated Peth a Ked bth cr casit is databished bepse the aetual

latinaS Cannecian The conn ectan 3emGaing sche er the entite dutetian
Suaateed Bandusdah& Siate the badh i dedicoted the benddth steNe
and ons:Stent thamughaut the heon
Eorcms thadhonal tlephane netiaarke
|OAReh.able
dsatage?cod eonSi tet Deiuery oith lao atery

ONtScalable ks laçe ngtuocaks dup -to eaLe\tensue Setu

nt heing thcasmilted
bchet Sutchings In this mehad dota is diutded into Srnall pachets
which oe hent dnd ependently caA the netucsR.fch hachet an take
diffeaert paths to the destiaction whee they axe jeaifem bled inte
Aaigind message. F hes allauing chatcctaistS
No dedicnded borth i ualthe iàaut ugtehingtheae Eng phe-established
þath. Packets Age 9ted indwidunlly besxd on destination add her
yacmic Ratag: faahetr can take dfnent xte ddendns an netuk
Coadaion 2 ,dptimiyng geouae he
stcatyResoune Ac hked eflciently, as buckets shae atak
nfazuduge
lanhThe internet
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O67 2083)22
Grct v Ghuto
IT-8 Topic Date:

Adusatges
DEent ake of ngtuacak esouares os mutidle Camnuni cakonf Can shcoethebane
netucak hcth

Oxedventaçe
8Hche lateacyas Companed to cacuitbuntching se-fa fecket oceting
Mescse Sotchiaç: has involuer Sndang the ertue aehage om the Sender
to ecei et in one go ht the melrcqe ffored tempaachly t nteRMediafe
nodes f the aetwok bosy cnd then acad uhen the nert ncde s aee
his method does nct que Qdecìcated koatha Chcaectentticr GAei

when escuar ES Oae Qvailaberther thon bang Aert allat cnce

Sytem!
aiomales Sane eaaly delegacçh netucaks cnd ame irmal
Aedble and xchause cfacient
Dscdyantages