Done by :

Osama Jahmani
Instructor–Faculty of Medicine
 Overview of Muscular Tissue

 Muscular tissue : consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that are specialized for contraction.
 Types of Muscle Tissue : there are three types of muscular tissue.

1. Skeletal muscle tissue : is located in the skeletal muscles. This tissue makes up a full 40% of body weight.
2. Cardiac muscle tissue : is found only in the heart, where it forms most of the heart wall.
3. Smooth muscle tissue : most of this tissue is located in the walls of hollow internal organs .
 cardiac and smooth muscle tissues are collectively called visceral muscle (occur in the visceral organs).

 Functions of Muscular Tissue :

1. Movement :
 Skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton and moves the body by moving the bones.
 The muscle in the walls of visceral organs produces movement by squeezing fluids and other substances through
these hollow organs.
2. Maintenance of posture : enabling the body to remain in a standing or sitting position.
3. Joint stabilization.
4. Control of body openings and passages.
5. Heat production.

 Properties of Muscular Tissue :

1. Contractility : is the ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential.
2. Excitability : is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called action potentials.
3. Extensibility : is the ability of muscular tissue to stretch, within limits, without being damaged.
4. Elasticity : is the ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction or extension.
 Skeletal muscle fibers
1. Long , cylindrical in shape
2. Striated (visible under a light
microscope)
3. Voluntary control
Skeletal muscle
• Location : located in the
skeletal muscles

1. Skeletal muscle tissue Skeletal muscle fiber

Cardiac muscle fibers

1. Branched
2. Involuntarily control
• Location : found only in the
heart

Heart 2. Cardiac muscle tissue Cardiac muscle fibers

Smooth muscle fibers

1. Spindle-shaped
2. Nonstriated
3. Involuntary control
• Location : located in the walls
of hollow internal organs
Artery 3. Smooth muscle tissue Smooth muscle fibers
 Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle

 Muscular System : composed of the skeletal muscles only. (organs that attach to and move the skeleton)

 Skeletal Muscle : is an organ made of several kinds of tissue :

 Skeletal muscle tissue : composed of hundreds to thousands of skeletal muscle cells, also called muscle fibers.
 Connective tissue: surround muscle fibers and whole muscles.
 Blood vessels, and nerves.

 A typical skeletal muscle consists of : muscle belly connected by tendons to the skeleton.

1. Muscle belly : is the thick midregion of a muscle between its tendons. It consists of large population of well-
vascularized muscle cells.

2. Tendons : are tough, glistening white dense regular connective tissue structures that attach the muscle belly to
the bones.
 Tendons are minimally vascular, lack muscle cells, and consist primarily of parallel arrangements of
collagen fibers.
 Tendons could be long, ropelike structures, or flat sheets ( aponeuroses ).

 A skeletal muscle consists of individual muscle fibers (cells) bundled into fascicles and surrounded by three
connective tissue layers.

 Skeletal muscles attach to bones through extensions of their connective tissue components.
 Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle

 Skeletal muscle shortens during contraction because the thick and thin filaments slide past one another.

 Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting force on tendons, which in turn pull on bones or other structures
(such as skin).

 Most muscles cross at least one joint and are usually attached to articulating bones that form the joint.

 When the muscle contracts, it causes one of the bones to move while the other bone usually remains fixed.

 Muscles that move a body part often do not cover the moving part.

 The various skeletal muscles of the body are further grouped together and protected by large dense irregular
connective tissue sheets, called fascia , which wrap around groups of muscles.

 Skeletal muscles are well supplied with nerves and blood vessels.

 Most of the skeletal muscles in the body, especially those of the limbs and head, receive one main nerve that
carries motor neurons to the muscle and sensory neurons away from the muscle.
 Sheet-like muscles of the body wall, receive multiple nerves.

• The motor fibers: initiate the contractile function of muscle cells.

• The sensory fibers: provide feedback to the nervous system to regulate motor function.
  A skeletal muscle consists of individual muscle fibers (cells) bundled
Bone into fascicles and surrounded by three connective tissue layers.

Tendon
1

Skeletal
muscle
Fascicle
Muscle
2 fiber

Bone

Tendon Fascia

Muscle
belly

Tendon

Muscle
Joint
 Muscles of the Face

 They are called muscles of “facial expression. Because they control expressions of the face.
 Most of them arise from bones of the skull and are inserted into the skin.
 They also act as sphincters and dilators of the orifices of the face (i.e., the orbits, nose, and mouth) .

 Example of facial muscles :

1. Occipitofrontalis : is the muscle of the scalp that wrinkles forehead; raises eyebrows.
2. Orbicularis oculi : it closes the eye.
3. Orbicularis oris : it closes lips; protrudes lips .
4. Buccinator : is muscle of the cheek.

2 1

1 1 1

2 2
1

3 3
3 4 3
 Muscles of the Thorax That Assist in Breathing

 The muscles of the thorax (chest) alter the size of the thoracic cavity so that breathing can occur.
A. Intercostal muscles : are the muscles that fill and support the intercostal spaces (the spaces between ribs).
 These muscles are very short, most run only from one rib to the next. They are arranged in three layers :

1. External intercostal muscles : are the most superficial.

 Contraction of these muscles increase the anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of the thoracic
cavity, resulting in inhalation.
2. Internal intercostal muscles : are sandwiched between the external and innermost muscles .
 Contraction of these muscles decrease the anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of the thoracic
cavity during forced exhalation.
3. Innermost intercostal muscles : are the deepest muscles .
 the same as the internal intercostals.

3
2

Diaphragm Intercostal muscles

 Muscles of the Thorax That Assist in Breathing

B. Diaphragm : is the principal muscle of respiration.

 it separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity.
 It is dome shaped and consists of peripheral muscular part, and central fibrous part called central tendon.
 has three major openings through which various structures pass between the thorax and abdomen.

1. Caval opening : for passage of inferior vena cava . It lies at (T8) vertebra.
2. Esophageal opening : for passage of esophagus . It lies at (T10) vertebra.
3. Aortic opening : for passage of the aorta. It lies at (T12) vertebra.

 When the diaphragm contracts: it flattens slightly and enlarges the thoracic cavity, causing air intake
(inspiration)
 When the diaphragm relaxes : it rises and shrinks the thoracic cavity, expelling air (expiration).

2 1
1 Diaphragm
2

T8

T10

T12

Inferior view 3 Superior view 3

 Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall

 The anterolateral abdominal wall consists of five pairs of muscles .

 five on either side of midline (three flat muscles and two vertical muscles).

A. Flat muscles :
1. External abdominal oblique muscle : is the most superficial flat muscle.
2. Internal abdominal oblique muscle : is the intermediate flat muscle.
3. Transversus abdominis muscle : is the deepest flat muscle.
B. Vertical muscles :
1. Rectus abdominis muscle : is a long, flat strap muscle.
 it extends vertically along entire length of the anterior abdominal wall.
2. Pyramidalis muscle : is a small triangular muscle.

 Functions of the anterior abdominal muscles :

 Support and protection of abdominal viscera.

 Compress the abdomen during forced exhalation.
 Produce the force required for defecation, urination, and childbirth.
 Movements of the trunk :

 Flexion of trunk especially of the lumbar region is mainly performed by the rectus abdominis muscles.
 Lateral flexion of trunk is done by the unilateral contraction of oblique muscles.
 Rotation of trunk produces the combined contraction of external oblique muscle of one side with internal
oblique muscle of the opposite side.
Muscles of the abdominal wall
 Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm

 Pelvic diaphragm : is a funnel shaped muscular partition that separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineum below.
 It extends from the pubis anteriorly to the coccyx posteriorly, and from one lateral wall of the pelvis to the other

 Perineum : is the region of the trunk inferior to the pelvic diaphragm. It is a diamond-shaped area between the thighs
that extends from the pubic symphysis anteriorly, to the coccyx posteriorly, and to the ischial tuberosities laterally.

 The pelvic diaphragm it consists of two :

1. Levator ani muscles
2. Coccygeus muscles

 Functions :
 principal support to the pelvic viscera and seals the inferior opening of the bony pelvis.
 The pelvic diaphragm and perineum are penetrated by the anal canal, urethra (in both sexes) , and vagina (in females).
 functions as a sphincter at the anorectal junction, urethra, and vagina.

Pelvic diaphragm
 Selected Muscles of the Body

1. Trapezius : It is the most superficial back muscle and covers the posterior neck region and superior portion of the
trunk.

2. Latissimus dorsi : is a broad, triangular muscle located on the inferior part of the back. It is commonly called the
swimmer’s muscle because its many actions are used while swimming.

3. Deltoid : it is a thick, triangular muscle that caps the shoulder and is responsible for roundness of shoulder.
 It is a site commonly used for intramuscular injection . (because it is easily accessible for clinicians and also for
patients to expose)

4. Biceps brachii : it is a two-headed fusiform muscle that forms a conspicuous bulge on the front of arm, which
becomes prominent on flexing the elbow.

5. Triceps brachii : it is a three-headed muscle which is located in back of the arm.

3
1

2 3
 Selected Muscles of the Body

6. Gluteus maximus : is the largest and most superficial gluteal muscle. it forms bulk of buttock mass.
 It is a site of intramuscular injection (dorsal gluteal site).

7. Gluteus medius : it is a thick muscle largely covered by gluteus maximus .

 It is important site for intramuscular injections (ventral gluteal site); considered safer than dorsal gluteal site
because there is less chance of injuring sciatic nerve.

8. Sartorius : It is the longest muscle in the body.

9. Quadriceps femoris : it is a four-headed muscle. it is the largest muscle in the body, covering most of the anterior
surface and sides of the thigh.
 The vastus lateralis muscle ( part of quadriceps femoris) is the preferred intramuscular site in the anterolateral
aspect of the thigh.

10. Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon : is the largest and strongest tendon of the body located at the back of the lower leg.

Gluteus
medius

Gluteus
maximus

Ventrogluteal intramuscular injection site

 Deltoid Deltoid
Trapezius

Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii

Latissimus dorsi

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus
Sartorius

Quadriceps femoris

Vastus lateralis

Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

 Gluteal Region

 Intramuscular injection in gluteal region :

 The gluteal region : lies posterolateral to the bony pelvis and proximal end of the femur.
 The gluteal region is one of the commonest sites of intramuscular ( IM) injection of drugs because the muscles
are thick and large; consequently, they provide a substantial volume for absorption of injected substances by
intramuscular veins.
 The sciatic nerve passes through this region and needs to be avoided .

 intramuscular ( IM) injection can be given safely in :

• The upper lateral quadrant of the gluteal region (in the gluteus medius) : This is safest place .
 Femoral Triangle, Popliteal Fossa

 Femoral triangle : It is a triangular depression on the front of the upper one-third of the thigh below the inguinal
ligament. Its boundaries are formed by the thigh muscles.

 The main contents of the femoral triangle from medial to lateral are :
A. Femoral vein B. Femoral artery C. Femoral nerve

 Popliteal fossa : is a diamond-shaped hollow on the back of the knee joint. It becomes prominent when the knee is
flexed.
 it provides passage for main vessels and nerves from the thigh to the leg.
 Its bounded by the back muscles of the thigh and the leg.

Inguinal ligament

Popliteal BA
fossa

Boundaries of the femoral triangle

 Cubital Fossa

 Cubital fossa : is a triangular hollow in front of the elbow. Its boundaries are formed by muscles of forearm.

 It represents an important area of transition between the arm and the forearm.

 The major contents of the cubital fossa, from lateral to medial, are:
A. Tendon of the biceps brachii muscle
B. Brachial artery
C. Median nerve

Biceps
brachii

B
C
A Biceps
brachii

Cubital fossa
 Anatomical Snuff-Box

 Anatomical snuff-box : is an elongated triangular depression seen on the lateral side of the dorsum of hand when
the thumb is hyperextended.

 The medial ad lateral margins are formed by the tendons of the thumb.
• The pulsations of radial artery can be felt in the anatomical box.
• The tenderness in the anatomical box indicates fracture of scaphoid bone.
• The cephalic vein at this site is often used for giving intravenous fluids.

Tendons of
the thumb
Radial artery

Scaphoid