CHAPTER ONE

COLUMN DESIGN
Introduction
Columns are basically rigid vertical structural members designed primarily to support axial
compressive loads coming from beams and slabs and then transfer it to the ground through footing.
Reinforced concrete column can be defined as structural member with a steel frame (reinforced
bars) composed of concrete that is designed to carry compressive load.

Loads from slabs and beams transferred to the foundation through the column. Columns are usually
rectangular or circular in shape. Normally, they are classified as short or slender depending on
their slenderness ratio, and this in turn influences their mode of failure. Columns are either
subjected to uniaxial or biaxial loads depending on the location or loading condition

The more general terms compression members subjected to combined axial and bending are
sometimes used to refer to columns, walls, and members in concrete trusses or frames. These may
be vertical, inclined, or horizontal. A column is a special case of a compression member that is
vertical. EBCS EN 1992-1-1_2013_EBCS 2 demands that we include the effects of imperfections
in structural design of columns. Column design is covered in section 5.8 of it

A biaxial column is a column that is subjected to compressive axial force and bending moment in
the two planes. They are usually found at the corners of a building or at locations where the beam
spans and/or loading are not equal. In the design of biaxial reinforced concrete columns, a non-
linear analysis method is required, which should take into account second-order, imperfection, and
biaxial bending effects in our case also the column is Biaxial Column.
Biaxial column design as per EBCS EN 1992-1-1_2013_EBCS 2

Elevation – B and Axial load extracted from ETABS v21.1.0

The sample column is column C-7 with cross-section 400 × 400mm for ground, first, second and
third floor but 300 x 400mm for roof floor and tanker floor

Material property

𝐶25/30

𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘/𝑐 = 0.85 ∗ 25/1.5 = 14.17𝑀𝑝𝑎

2
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 = 2.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑆 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘/𝑠 = 400/1.15 = 347.83𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑝𝑎

𝐸𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 31 𝐺𝑝𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83
𝐸𝑦𝑑 = = ∗ 10−5 = 0.00174
𝐸𝑠 2

Tanker Floor column

Clear column height (L) = 2400 – 300 = 2100 mm

Section width (W) = 300mm and Depth (D) = 400mm

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 1-2

NEd -max = 56.98 kN

NEd -min= 48.47 kN

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 2-2

Mo1 = -6.56 KN-m

Mo2 = 15.52 KN-m

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 3-3

Mo1 = 5.18 KN-m

Mo2 = 6.69 KN-m

Where: Mo1 and Mo2 are end moments and always Mo2 greater than Mo1

Design procedure

Check for slenderness of the column Slenderness limit of column

20𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 = ------------ [EBCS-EN 1992-1-1: 2013 EBCS 2, Eqn.5.13N]
√𝑛
Recommended value for
𝐴 = 0.7, 𝐵 = 1.1, 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚
For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Mo1 = 5.18KN-m

Mo2 = 6.69 KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 5.18
𝑟𝑚 = = = 0.77
𝑀𝑜2 6.69

𝐶 = 1.7 − (0.77) = 0.93

𝑁𝑒𝑑 56.98 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.033
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 300 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 0.93

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 = = = 78.23 𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.033

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

Mo1 = -6.56 KN-m

Mo2 = 15.52 KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 −6.56
𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.422
𝑀𝑜2 15.52

𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.422) = 1.27

𝑁𝑒𝑑 56.98 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.033
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 300 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.27

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑦 = = = 107.66𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.033

Calculate slenderness ratio (λ)

𝑙𝑜
𝜆 = 𝑖 , lo for Unbraced members i - radius of gyration

Where:

Lo is the effective length

i is the radius of gyration of the un cracked concrete section

For compression members in regular unbraced frames, the slenderness criterion should be
checked with an effective length Lo determined in the following way:

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑙𝑜 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 𝑘1 𝑘2 + 0.45

Where:

k1, k2 are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2 respectively:

L is the clear height of compression member between end restraints

The stiffness at the top joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

Top beam Width(mm) = b Depth(mm) =h Length(mm)

B9x(+) 250 300 2740
B6y(+) 250 300 4110
Bottom beam
B9x(+) 250 300 2740
B8x(-) 250 300 4220
B6y(+) 250 300 4110
B13y(-) 250 300 4550
Column 300 400 2100

Top beam

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3003
 𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 205291.97 𝑚𝑚3
12∗2740

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3003
 𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = = = 136861.31 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4110

Bottom beam
 𝑏ℎ3 250∗3003
 𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 205291.97 𝑚𝑚3
12∗2740

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3003
 𝐾2(𝐵8𝑥(−) = = = 133293.84 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4220

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3003
 𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = = = 136861.31 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4110

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3003
 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) = 12𝐿 = = 123626.37 𝑚𝑚3
12∗4550

Column

𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ 3003

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 428571.43𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2100

𝑏ℎ3 300 ∗ 4003

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 761904.76 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2100

The stiffness at the top joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 428571.43
𝐾1𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 2.09
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) 205291.97

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 761904.76
𝐾1𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 5.57
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) 136861.31

The stiffness at the bottom joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑙 428571.43
𝐾2𝑥𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 1.26
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵8𝑥(−) 205291.97 + 133293.84

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 761904.76
𝐾2𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 2.92
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) 136861.31 + 123626.37

After the stiffness at the top and bottom joints are calculated we can find the effective length of
the column to be designed

2.09 1.26
𝑙𝑜𝑥 = 0.5 ∗ 2100√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 2.09 1.26 + 0.45
Lox = 0.5*2100*1.7793 = 1868mm

5.57 2.92
𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 0.5 ∗ 2100√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 5.57 2.92 + 0.45

Loy = 0.5*2100*1.8956 = 1990.4mm

𝑙𝑜𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑥 1868

𝜆𝑥 = = = = 21.57𝑚𝑚
𝑖 3 3
√ ℎ𝑏 √ 400 ∗ 300
12𝑏ℎ 12 ∗ 300 ∗ 400

𝑙𝑜𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑦 1990.4

𝜆𝑦 = = = = 17.23𝑚𝑚
𝑖 3 3
√ 𝑏ℎ √ 300 ∗ 400
12𝑏ℎ 12 ∗ 300 ∗ 400

Therefor,

Since λx= 21.57𝑚𝑚 is less than λlimx=78.23 𝑚𝑚 the column is Short column in X direction.

Since λy= 17.23𝑚𝑚 is less than λlim y=107.66𝑚𝑚 the column is Short column in Y direction

Since in both direction λ<λlim second order effects need not to be considered in both direction.

Design of Bi axial short column

Eccentricity calculation:

For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Equivalent first order eccentricity

𝑀𝑜1 5.18 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 6.69 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑥 = = = 90.91𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = = = 117.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 56.98 𝑁𝑒𝑑 56.98

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ 117.4 + 0.4(90.91) = 106.8𝑚𝑚

0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ 117.4 = 46.96𝑚𝑚

eeq,x = 106.8mm

Accidental eccentricity (eax):-

 𝑙𝑜𝑥 1868
400 400 4.67
𝑒𝑎𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 300 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 10
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

Take 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 20𝑚𝑚

For short column e2=0.

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 106.8𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 126.8 𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = 117.4 𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 137.4 𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 137.4 𝑚𝑚

Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.1374𝑚 ∗ 56.98𝐾𝑁 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟑 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

𝑀𝑜1 −6.56 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 15.52 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑦 = = = −115.1𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑦 = = = 272.37 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 56.98 𝑁𝑒𝑑 56.98

𝑙𝑜𝑦 1990.4
400 400 4.98
𝑒𝑎𝑦 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 400 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {13.3
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

𝑒𝑎𝑦 = 20mm

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ 272.37 + 0.4(−115.1) = 117.38𝑚𝑚

0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ 272.37 = 108.9𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞𝑦 = 117.38𝑚𝑚

eeq,y + eay = 117.38 + 20mm = 137.38 mm

etotal,y = max {
eo2,y = 272.37 + 20mm = 292.37 mm

etotal,y = 292.37 mm
Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑦 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.29237𝑚 ∗ 56.98𝐾𝑁 = 1𝟔. 𝟔𝟓𝟗𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

Reinforcement calculation

Assume the main bar ϕ16 and the stirrup ϕ8, with using effective cover of 35mm

′
16 𝑑′ 51
𝑑 = 35 + 8 + = 51, 𝑑 = 300, = = 0.2
2 𝑑 300

′
16 ℎ′ 51
ℎ = 35 + 8 + = 51, ℎ = 400, = = 0.1
2 ℎ 400

Relative normal force of column section

𝑁𝑒𝑑 56.98 ∗ 103

𝑉𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.03
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 14.17 ∗ 300 ∗ 400

Relative moments of column section in both axis directions.

Med, x 𝟕. 𝟖𝟑 ∗ 106
µsd, x = = = 0.01535 = 0.02
fcdAcb 14.17 ∗ 300 ∗ 400 ∗ 300

Med, y 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟓𝟗 ∗ 106

µsd, y = = = 0.02
fcdACh 14.17 ∗ 300 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

By entering these two values into Bi-axial column chart find the required mechanical steel ratio
ω=?

𝐹𝑜𝑟 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑥 = 0.02 𝑎𝑛𝑑 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑦 = 0.02 𝜔 = 0

Then total Area of steel is computed by;

𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 0

Provide minimum reinforcement

Minimum area recommended by the code is:

 0.1∗𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.1∗56.98∗103
= = 16.38 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 min = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 240𝑚𝑚2
0.002 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 300 ∗ 400 = 240 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 300 ∗ 400 = 4800𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 240
𝑁𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = = 1.19 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4𝜙16
𝑎𝑠 3.14 ∗ 82

Tie reinforcements (Transverse reinforcement or stirrup)

20ϕ = 20 ∗ 16 = 320
S tranverse ≤ { b, h(lesser) = 300
400

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐300𝑚𝑚

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡, 0.6 ∗ 300 = 180 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐180𝑚𝑚

Roof Floor column

Clear column height (L) = 3200 – 300 = 2900 mm

Section width (W) = 300mm and Depth (D) = 400mm

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 1-2

NEd -max = 249 kN

NEd -min= 237.26 kN

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 2-2

Mo1 = -0.73 KN-m

Mo2 = -3.12 KN-m

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 3-3

Mo1 = -12.39 KN-m

Mo2 = 17.72 KN-m

Where: Mo1 and Mo2 are end moments and always Mo2 greater than Mo1

Design procedure

Check for slenderness of the column Slenderness limit of column

20𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
√𝑛

Recommended value for

𝐴 = 0.7, 𝐵 = 1.1, 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚
For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Mo1 = -12.39 KN-m

Mo2 = 17.72 KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 −12.39
𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.70
𝑀𝑜2 17.72

𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.70) = 2.4

𝑁𝑒𝑑 249 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.15
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 300 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.4

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 = = = 95.43 𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.15

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

Mo1 = -0.73 KN-m

Mo2 = -3.12 KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 −0.73 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.233
𝑀𝑜2 3.12 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚

𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.233) = 1.933

𝑁𝑒𝑑 249 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.15
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 300 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.933

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑦 = = = 76.86𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.15

Calculate slenderness ratio (λ)

The stiffness at the top and bottom joints of the column is calculated as follows: -
Bottom beam Width(mm) = b Depth(mm) =h Length(mm)

B9x(+) 250 350 2740

B8x(-) 250 350 4220

B6y(+) 250 350 4110

B13y(-) 250 350 4550
Top beam

B9x(+) 250 300 2740

B8x(-) 250 300 4220

B6y(+) 250 300 4110

B13y(-) 250 300 4550

Column 300 400 2900

Top beam

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3003
 𝐾(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 205291.97 𝑚𝑚3
12∗2740

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3003
 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) = = = 133293.84 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4220

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3003
 𝐾(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 136861.31 𝑚𝑚3
12∗4110

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3003
 𝐾(𝐵13𝑦(−)) = = = 123626.37 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4550

Bottom beam

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = = = 325996.05 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗2740
 𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) = = = 211665.68 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4220

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 217330.70 𝑚𝑚3
12∗4110

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) = 12𝐿 = = 196314.10𝑚𝑚3
12∗4550

Column

𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ 3003

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 310344.83𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2900

𝑏ℎ3 300 ∗ 4003

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 551724.14 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2900

The stiffness at the top joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 310344.83
𝐾1𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 0.92
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) + 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) 205291.97 + 133293.84

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 551724.14
𝐾1𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 2.12
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) + 𝐾(𝐵13𝑦(−)) 136861.31 + 123626.37

The stiffness at the bottom joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑙 310344.83
𝐾2𝑥𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 0.58
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵8𝑥(−) 325996.05 + 211665.68

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 551724.14
𝐾2𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 2.33
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) 217330.70 + 196314.10

After the stiffness at the top and bottom joints are calculated we can find the effective length of
the column to be designed

0.92 0.58
𝑙𝑜𝑥 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 0.92 0.58 + 0.45

Lox = 0.5*2900*1.6164 = 2343.79mm

 2.12 2.33
𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 2.12 2.33 + 0.45

Loy = 0.5*2900*1.8315 = 2655.68mm

𝑙𝑜𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑥 2343.79

𝜆𝑥 = = = = 27.1𝑚𝑚
𝑖 3 3
√ ℎ𝑏 √ 400 ∗ 300
12𝑏ℎ 12 ∗ 300 ∗ 400

𝑙𝑜𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑦 2655.68

𝜆𝑦 = = = = 23𝑚𝑚
𝑖 3 3
√ 𝑏ℎ √ 300 ∗ 400
12𝑏ℎ 12 ∗ 300 ∗ 400

Therefor,

Since λx=27.1𝑚𝑚 is less than λlimx=95.43 𝑚𝑚the column is Short column in X direction.

Since λy=23𝑚𝑚 is less than λlim y=76.86𝑚𝑚the column is Short column in Y direction

Since in both direction λ<λlim second order effects need not to be considered in both direction.

Design of Bi axial short column

Eccentricity calculation:

For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Equivalent first order eccentricity

𝑀𝑜1 −12.39 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 17.72 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑥 = = = −49.76𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = = = 71.16 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 249 𝑁𝑒𝑑 249

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ 71.16 + 0.4(−49.76) = 22.8𝑚𝑚

0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ 71.16 = 28.46𝑚𝑚

eeq,x = 28.46mm

Accidental eccentricity (eax):-

 𝑙𝑜𝑥 2343.79
400 400 5.86
𝑒𝑎𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 300 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 10
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

Take 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 20𝑚𝑚

For short column e2=0.

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 28.46𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 48.46 𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = 71.16 𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 90.16𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 90.16 𝑚𝑚

Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.09𝑚 ∗ 249 𝐾𝑁 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

𝑀𝑜1 −0.73 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 −3.12 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑦 = = = −2.93𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑦 = = = −12.53𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 249 𝑁𝑒𝑑 249

𝑙𝑜𝑦 2655.68
400 400 6.64
𝑒𝑎𝑦 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 400 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {13.3
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

𝑒𝑎𝑦 = 20mm

0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ −12.53 + 0.4(−2.93) = −8.69𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ −12.53 = −5.01𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = −8.69𝑚𝑚

eeq,y + eay = 8.69 + 20mm = 28.69 mm

etotal,y = max {
eo2,y = 12.53 + 20mm = 32.53 mm

etotal,y = 32.53mm
Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.03253𝑚 ∗ 249𝐾𝑁 = 𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝟗𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

Reinforcement calculation

Assume the main bar ϕ16 and the stirrup ϕ8, with using effective cover of 35mm

16 𝑑′ 51
𝑑 ′ = 35 + 8 + = 51, 𝑑 = 300, = = 0.1
2 𝑑 300

′
16 ℎ′ 51
ℎ = 35 + 8 + = 51, ℎ = 400, = = 0.1
2 ℎ 400

Relative normal force of column section

𝑁𝑒𝑑 249 ∗ 103

𝑉𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.1
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 14.17 ∗ 300 ∗ 400

Relative moments of column section in both axis directions.

Med, x 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟓 ∗ 106

µsd, x = = = 0.04
fcdAc 14.17 ∗ 300 ∗ 400 ∗ 300

Med, y 𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝟗 ∗ 106

µsd, y = = = 0.01
fcdACh 14.17 ∗ 300 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

By entering these two values into Bi-axial column chart find the required mechanical steel ratio
ω=?

𝐹𝑜𝑟 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑥 = 0.04 𝑎𝑛𝑑 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑦 = 0.01 𝜔 = 0

Provide minimum reinforcement

Minimum area recommended by the code is:

0.1∗𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.1∗249∗103
= = 71.59 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 min = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 240𝑚𝑚2
0.002 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 300 ∗ 400 = 240 𝑚𝑚2
 𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 300 ∗ 400 = 4800𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 240
𝑁𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = = 2.54 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4𝜙16
𝑎𝑠 3.14 ∗ 82

Tie reinforcements (Transverse reinforcement or stirrup)

20ϕ = 20 ∗ 16 = 320
S tranverse ≤ { b, h(lesser) = 300
400

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐300𝑚𝑚

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡, 0.6 ∗ 300 = 180 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐180𝑚𝑚

Third Floor column

Clear column height (L) = 3200 – 350 = 2850 mm

Section width (W) = 400mm and Depth (D) = 400mm

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 1-2

NEd -max =605.37 kN

NEd -min= 589.98 kN

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 2-2

Mo1 = 3.36 KN-m

Mo2 = 4.23 KN-m

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 3-3

Mo1 = -18.22KN-m

Mo2 = 19.97KN-m

Where: Mo1 and Mo2 are end moments and always Mo2 greater than Mo1

Design procedure

Check for slenderness of the column Slenderness limit of column

20𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
√𝑛

Recommended value for

𝐴 = 0.7, 𝐵 = 1.1, 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚
For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Mo1 = -18.22KN-m

Mo2 = 19.97KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 −18.22
𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.91
𝑀𝑜2 19.97

𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.91) = 2.61

𝑁𝑒𝑑 605.37 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.27
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.61

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 = = = 77.78 𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.27

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

Mo1 = -0.73 KN-m

Mo2 = -3.12 KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 3.36
𝑟𝑚 = = = 0.794
𝑀𝑜2 4.23

𝐶 = 1.7 − (0.794) = 0.91

𝑁𝑒𝑑 605.37 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.27
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 0.91

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑦 = = = 26.97𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.27

 Calculate slenderness ratio (λ)

The stiffness at the top joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

Top beam

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 325996 𝑚𝑚3
12∗2740
 𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) = = = 211665.68 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4220

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 217330.68 𝑚𝑚3
12∗4110

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵13𝑦(−)) = = = 196314.1 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4550

Bottom beam Width(mm) = b Depth(mm) =h Length(mm)

B9x(+) 250 350 2740

B8x(-) 250 350 4220

B6y(+) 250 350 4110

B13y(-) 250 350 4550

Top beam

B9x(+) 250 350 2740

B8x(-) 250 350 4220

B6y(+) 250 350 4110

B13y(-) 250 350 4550

Column 400 400 2850

Bottom beam

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 325996.05 𝑚𝑚3
12∗2740

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) = = = 211665.68 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4220

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = 12𝐿 = 12∗4110
= 217330.70 𝑚𝑚3
 𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) = 12𝐿 = = 196314.10𝑚𝑚3
12∗4550

Column

𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ 4003

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 748538.01𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2850

𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ 4003

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 748538.01 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2850

The stiffness at the top joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾1𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 1.39
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) + 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) 325996 + 211665.68

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾1𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 1.8
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) + 𝐾(𝐵13𝑦(−)) 217330.68 + 196314.1

The stiffness at the bottom joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾2𝑥𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 1.39
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵8𝑥(−) 325996.05 + 211665.68

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾2𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 1.8
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) 217330.70 + 196314.10

After the stiffness at the top and bottom joints are calculated we can find the effective length of
the column to be designed

1.39 1.39
𝑙𝑜𝑥 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 1.39 1.39 + 0.45

Lox = 0.5*2850*1.755 = 2541.5mm

1.8 1.8
𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 1.8 1.8 + 0.45
Loy = 0.5*2850*1.8 = 2565mm

lox lox 2501.5

λx = = = = 21.66mm
i 3 3
√ hb √ 400 ∗ 400
12bh 12 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

loy loy 2565

λy = = = = 22.2mm
i 3 3
√ bh √ 400 ∗ 400
12bh 12 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

Therefor,

Since λx=21.66mmis less than λlimx=54.53mm the column is Short column in X direction.

Since λy=22.2mmis less than λlim y=63.47mm the column is Short column in Y direction

Since in both direction λ<λlim second order effects need not to be considered in both
direction.

Design of Bi axial short column

Eccentricity calculation:

For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Equivalent first order eccentricity

𝑀𝑜1 −18.22 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 19.97 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑥 = = = −30.1𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = = = 32.99 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 605.37 𝑁𝑒𝑑 605.37

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ 32.99 + 0.4(−30.1) = 7.75𝑚𝑚

0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ 32.99 = 13.19𝑚𝑚

eeq,x = 13.19mm

Accidental eccentricity (eax):-

𝑙𝑜𝑥 2501.5
400 400 6.25
𝑒𝑎𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 300 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 10
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20
Take 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 20𝑚𝑚

For short column e2=0.

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 13.19𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 33.19 𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = 32.99 𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 52.99 𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 52.99 𝑚𝑚

Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑋 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.05299𝑚 ∗ 605.37𝐾𝑁 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟖 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

𝑀𝑜1 3.36 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 4.23 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑦 = = = 5.55𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑦 = = = 6.987 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 605.37 𝑁𝑒𝑑 605.37

𝑙𝑜𝑦 2565
400 400 6.41
𝑒𝑎𝑦 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 400 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {13.3
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

𝑒𝑎𝑦 = 20mm

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ 6.987 + 0.4(5.55) = 6.41𝑚𝑚

0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ 6.987 = 2.79𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = 6.41𝑚𝑚

eeq,y + eay = 6.41 + 20mm = 26.41 mm

etotal,y = max {
eo2,y = 6.987 + 20mm = 26.987 mm

etotal,y = 26.987mm

Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑌 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.026987𝑚 ∗ 605.37𝐾𝑁 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

Reinforcement calculation
Assume the main bar ϕ16 and the stirrup ϕ8, with using effective cover of 35mm

16 𝑑′ 51
𝑑 ′ = 35 + 8 + = 51, 𝑑 = 400, = = 0.1
2 𝑑 400

16 ℎ′ 51
ℎ′ = 35 + 8 + = 51, ℎ = 400, = = 0.1
2 ℎ 400

Relative normal force of column section

𝑁𝑒𝑑 605.37 ∗ 103

𝑉𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.3
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

Relative moments of column section in both axis directions.

Med, x 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟖 ∗ 106

µsd, x = = = 0.04
fcdAc 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

Med, y 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟕 ∗ 106

µsd, y = = = 0.01
fcdACh 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

By entering these two values into Bi-axial column chart find the required mechanical steel ratio
ω=?

𝐹𝑜𝑟 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑥 = 0.04 𝑎𝑛𝑑 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑦 = 0.02 𝜔 = 0

Provide minimum reinforcement

Minimum area recommended by the code is:

0.1∗𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.1∗605.37∗103
= = 174 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 min = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 320𝑚𝑚2
0.002 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 320 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 6400𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 320
𝑁𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = = 1.59 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4𝜙16
𝑎𝑠 3.14 ∗ 82
Tie reinforcements (Transverse reinforcement or stirrup)

20ϕ = 20 ∗ 16 = 320
S tranverse ≤ { b, h(lesser) = 400
400

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐320𝑚𝑚

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡, 0.6 ∗ 300 = 180 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐180𝑚𝑚

Second Floor column

Clear column height (L) = 3200 – 350 = 2850mm

Section width (W) = 400mm and Depth (D) = 400mm

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 1-2

NEd -max = 965.05kN

NEd -min= 949.66kN

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 2-2

Mo1 = -14.76 KN-m

Mo2 = 14.88 KN-m

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 3-3

Mo1 = -18.25 KN-m

Mo2 = 29.89 KN-m

Where: Mo1 and Mo2 are end moments and always Mo2 greater than Mo1

Design procedure

Check for slenderness of the column Slenderness limit of column

20𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
√𝑛

Recommended value for

𝐴 = 0.7, 𝐵 = 1.1, 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚
For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Mo1 = -18.25KN-m

Mo2 = 29.89KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 −18.25
𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.61
𝑀𝑜2 29.89
 𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.61) = 2.31

𝑁𝑒𝑑 965.05 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.426
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.31

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 = = = 54.53𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.426

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

Mo1 = -14.76 KN-m

Mo2 = 14.88 KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 −14.76
𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.992
𝑀𝑜2 14.88

𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.992) = 2.69

𝑁𝑒𝑑 965.05 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.426
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.69

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑦 = = = 63.47𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.426

 Calculate slenderness ratio (λ)

The stiffness at the top joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

Top beam

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 325996 𝑚𝑚3
12∗2740

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) = = = 211665.68 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4220

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 217330.68 𝑚𝑚3
12∗4110

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵13𝑦(−)) = 12𝐿
= 12∗4550
= 196314.1 𝑚𝑚3
Bottom beam

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 325996.05 𝑚𝑚3
12∗2740

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) = = = 211665.68 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4220

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 217330.70 𝑚𝑚3
12∗4110

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) = 12𝐿 = = 196314.10𝑚𝑚3
12∗4550

Bottom beam Width(mm) = b Depth(mm) =h Length(mm)

B9x(+) 250 350 2740

B8x(-) 250 350 4220

B6y(+) 250 350 4110

B13y(-) 250 350 4550

Top beam

B9x(+) 250 350 2740

B8x(-) 250 350 4220

B6y(+) 250 350 4110

B13y(-) 250 350 4550

Column 400 400 2850

Column

𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ 4003

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 748538.01𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2850
 𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ 4003
𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 748538.01 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2850

The stiffness at the top joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾1𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 1.39
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) + 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) 325996 + 211665.68

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾1𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 1.8
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) + 𝐾(𝐵13𝑦(−)) 217330.68 + 196314.1

The stiffness at the bottom joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾2𝑥𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 1.39
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵8𝑥(−) 325996.05 + 211665.68

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾2𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 1.8
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) 217330.70 + 196314.10

After the stiffness at the top and bottom joints are calculated we can find the effective length of
the column to be designed

1.39 1.39
𝑙𝑜𝑥 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 1.39 1.39 + 0.45

Lox = 0.5*2850*1.755 = 2501.5mm

1.8 1.8
𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 1.8 1.8 + 0.45

Loy = 0.5*2850*1.8 = 2565mm

Since in both direction λ<λlim second order effects need not to be considered in both direction.
𝑙𝑜𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑥 2501.5
𝜆𝑥 = = = = 21.66𝑚𝑚
𝑖 3 3
√ ℎ𝑏 √ 400 ∗ 400
12𝑏ℎ 12 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
 𝑙𝑜𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑦 2565
𝜆𝑦 = = = = 22.2𝑚𝑚
𝑖 3 3
√ 𝑏ℎ √ 400 ∗ 400
12𝑏ℎ 12 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

Therefore,

Since λx=21.66𝑚𝑚is less than λlimx=54.53𝑚𝑚 the column is Short column in X direction.

Since λy=22.2𝑚𝑚is less than λlim y=63.47𝑚𝑚 the column is Short column in Y direction

Since in both direction λ<λlim second order effects need not to be considered in both direction.

Design of Bi axial short column

Eccentricity calculation:

For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Equivalent first order eccentricity

𝑀𝑜1 −18.87 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 29.89 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑥 = = = −19.55𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = = = 30.97 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 965.05 𝑁𝑒𝑑 965.05

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ 30.97 + 0.4(−19.55) = 10.76𝑚𝑚

0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ 30.97 = 12.388𝑚𝑚

eeq,x = 12.388mm

Accidental eccentricity (eax):-

𝑙𝑜𝑥 2501.5
400 400 6.25
𝑒𝑎𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 300 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 10
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

Take 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 20𝑚𝑚

For short column e2=0.

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 12.388𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 32.388 𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = 30.97 𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 50.97 𝑚𝑚
 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 50.97 𝑚𝑚

Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.051𝑚 ∗ 965.05𝐾𝑁 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

𝑀𝑜1 −14.76 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 14.87 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑦 = = = −15.29𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑦 = = = 15.41 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 965.05 𝑁𝑒𝑑 965.05

𝑙𝑜𝑦 2565
400 400 6.41
𝑒𝑎𝑦 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 400 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {13.3
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

𝑒𝑎𝑦 = 20mm

0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ 15.41 + 0.4(−15.29) = 3.13𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ 15.41 = 6.16𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = 6.16𝑚𝑚

eeq,y + eay = 6.16 + 20mm = 26.16 mm

etotal,y = max {
eo2,y = 15.41 + 20mm = 35.41 mm

etotal,y = 35.41 mm

Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑦 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.03541𝑚 ∗ 965.05𝐾𝑁 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

Reinforcement calculation

Assume the main bar ϕ16 and the stirrup ϕ8, with using effective cover of 35mm

′
16 𝑑′ 51
𝑑 = 35 + 8 + = 51, 𝑑 = 400, = = 0.1
2 𝑑 400

16 ℎ′ 51
ℎ′ = 35 + 8 + = 51, ℎ = 400, = = 0.1
2 ℎ 400
Relative normal force of column section

𝑁𝑒𝑑 965.05 ∗ 103

𝑉𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.4
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

Relative moments of column section in both axis directions.

Med, x 𝟒𝟗. 𝟏𝟖𝟖 ∗ 106

µsd, x = = = 0.05
fcdAc 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

Med, y 𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝟐 ∗ 106

µsd, y = = = 0.04
fcdACh 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

By entering these two values into Bi-axial column chart find the required mechanical steel ratio
ω=?

𝐹𝑜𝑟 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑥 = 0.05 𝑎𝑛𝑑 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑦 = 0.04 𝜔=0

Provide minimum reinforcement

Minimum area recommended by the code is:

0.1∗𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.1∗965.05∗103
= = 277.44 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 min = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 320𝑚𝑚2
0.002 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 320 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 6400𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 320
𝑁𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = = 1.59 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4𝜙16
𝑎𝑠 3.14 ∗ 82

Tie reinforcements (Transverse reinforcement or stirrup)

20ϕ = 20 ∗ 16 = 320
S tranverse ≤ { b, h(lesser) = 400
400

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐300𝑚𝑚

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡, 0.6 ∗ 300 = 180 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐180𝑚𝑚

First Floor column

Clear column height (L) = 3200 – 350 = 2850 mm

Section width (W) = 400mm and Depth (D) = 400mm

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 1-2

NEd -max = 1305.879 kN

NEd -min= 1290.49 kN

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 2-2

Mo1 = 6.18 KN-m

Mo2 = -8.39 KN-m

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 3-3

Mo1 = 7.56 KN-m

Mo2 = -14.56 KN-m

Where: Mo1 and Mo2 are end moments and always Mo2 greater than Mo1

Design procedure

Check for slenderness of the column Slenderness limit of column

20𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
√𝑛

Recommended value for

𝐴 = 0.7, 𝐵 = 1.1, 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚
For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Mo1 = 7.56KN-m

Mo2 = -14.56KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 −7.56
𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.52
𝑀𝑜2 14.56

𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.52) = 2.22

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1305.879 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.576
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.17
 20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.22
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 = = = 45 𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.576

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

Mo1 = 6.18 KN-m

Mo2 = -8.39KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 6.18
𝑟𝑚 = = = −0.74
𝑀𝑜2 −8.39

𝐶 = 1.7 − (0.74) = 2.44

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1305.879 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.576
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 2.44

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑦 = = = 49.51𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.576

 Calculate slenderness ratio (λ)

The stiffness at the top and joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

Bottom beam

𝑏ℎ3 250∗4003
 𝐾(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 486618 𝑚𝑚3
12∗2740

𝑏ℎ3 250∗4003
 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) = = = 315955.77 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4220

𝑏ℎ3 250∗4003
 𝐾(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 324412𝑚𝑚3
12∗4110

𝑏ℎ3 250∗4003
 𝐾(𝐵13𝑦(−)) = = = 293040.3 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4550
Top beam Width(mm) = b Depth(mm) =h Length(mm)

B9x(+) 250 350 2740

B8x(-) 250 350 4220

B6y(+) 250 350 4110

B13y(-) 250 350 4550

Bottom beam

B9x(+) 250 400 2740

B8x(-) 250 400 4220

B6y(+) 250 400 4110

B13y(-) 250 400 4550

Column 400 400 2850

Top beam

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 325996.05 𝑚𝑚3
12∗2740

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) = = = 211665.68 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4220

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = = = 217330.70 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4110

𝑏ℎ3 250∗3503
 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) = 12𝐿 = = 196314.10𝑚𝑚3
12∗4550

Column

𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ 4003

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 748538.01𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2850
 𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ 4003
𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 748538.01 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2850

The stiffness at the top joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾1𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 1.39
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) + 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) 325996 + 211665.68

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾1𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 1.8
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) + 𝐾(𝐵13𝑦(−)) 217330.68 + 196314.1

The stiffness at the bottom joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾2𝑥𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 0.93
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵8𝑥(−) 486618 + 315955.77

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾2𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 1.21
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) 324412 + 293040.3

After the stiffness at the top and bottom joints are calculated we can find the effective length of
the column to be designed

1.39 0.93
𝑙𝑜𝑥 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 1.39 0.93 + 0.45

Lox = 0.5*2850*1.711 = 2439.17mm

1.8 1.21
𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 1.8 1.21 + 0.45

Loy = 0.5*2850*1.76= 2513.84mm

lox lox 2439.17

λx = = = = 21.12mm
i 3 3
√ hb √ 400 ∗ 400
12bh 12 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

loy loy 2513.84

λy = = = = 21.77mm
i 3 3
√ bh √ 400 ∗ 400
12bh 12 ∗ 400 ∗ 400
Therefor,

Since λx=21.12mmis less than λlimx=45 𝑚𝑚the column is Short column in X direction.

Since λy=21.77mmis less than λlim y=49.51𝑚𝑚the column is Short column in Y direction

Since in both direction λ<λlim second order effects need not to be considered in both direction.

Design of Bi axial short column

Eccentricity calculation:

For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Equivalent first order eccentricity

𝑀𝑜1 7.56 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 −14.56 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑥 = = = 5.789𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = = = −11.15 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 1305.879 𝑁𝑒𝑑 1305.879

0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ −11.15 + 0.4(5.789) = −4.37𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ −11.15 = 4.46𝑚𝑚

eeq,x = 4.46mm

Accidental eccentricity (eax):-

𝑙𝑜𝑥 2439.17
400 400 6.09
𝑒𝑎𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 300 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 10
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

Take 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 20𝑚𝑚

For short column e2=0.

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 4.46𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 24.46 𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = 11.15 𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 8.85 𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 31.15 𝑚𝑚

Design moment
 𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.03115𝑚 ∗ 1305.879𝐾𝑁 = 𝟒𝟐𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

𝑀𝑜1 6.18 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 −8.4 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑦 = = = 4.73𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑦 = = = −6.43 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 1305.879 𝑁𝑒𝑑 1305.879

𝑙𝑜𝑦 2513.84
400 400 6.28
𝑒𝑎𝑦 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 400 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {13.3
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

𝑒𝑎𝑦 = 20mm

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ −6.43 + 0.4(4.73) = −1.966𝑚𝑚

0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ −6.43 = 1.893𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = 1.966𝑚𝑚

𝒆𝒆𝒒,𝒚 + 𝒆𝒂𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟔 + 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎

𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍,𝒚 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 {
𝒆𝒐𝟐,𝒚 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒎

𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍,𝒚 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒎

Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.02643𝑚 ∗ 1305.879𝐾𝑁 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟏𝟒𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

Reinforcement calculation

Assume the main bar ϕ16 and the stirrup ϕ8, with using effective cover of 35mm

′
16 𝑑′ 51
𝑑 = 35 + 8 + = 51, 𝑑 = 400, = = 0.1
2 𝑑 400

16 ℎ′ 51
ℎ′ = 35 + 8 + = 51, ℎ = 400, = = 0.1
2 ℎ 400

Relative normal force of column section

 𝑁𝑒𝑑 1305.879 ∗ 103
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.6
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

Relative moments of column section in both axis directions.

Med, x 𝟒𝟐 ∗ 106
µsd, x = = = 0.05
fcdAch 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

Med, y 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟏𝟒 ∗ 106

µsd, y = = = 0.04
fcdACh 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

By entering these two values into Bi-axial column chart find the required mechanical steel ratio
ω=?

𝐹𝑜𝑟 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑥 = 0.05 𝑎𝑛𝑑 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑦 = 0.04 𝜔 = 0

Provide minimum reinforcement

Minimum area recommended by the code is:

0.1∗𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.1∗ 1305.879∗103

= = 375.43 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 min = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 375.43𝑚𝑚2
0.002 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 320 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 6400𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 375.43
𝑁𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = = 1.86 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4𝜙16
𝑎𝑠 3.14 ∗ 82

Tie reinforcements (Transverse reinforcement or stirrup)

20ϕ = 20 ∗ 16 = 320
S tranverse ≤ { b, h(lesser) = 400
400

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐300𝑚𝑚

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡, 0.6 ∗ 300 = 180 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐180𝑚𝑚

Ground Floor column

Clear column height (L) = 2500 – 400 = 2100mm

Section width (W) = 400mm and Depth (D) = 400mm

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 1-2

NEd -max = 1387.92 kN

NEd -min= 1379.28 kN

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 2-2

Mo1 = 0.34KN-m

Mo2 = 1.29 KN-m

Moment (Elastic Moments) about plane 3-3

Mo1 = -1.31 KN-m

Mo2 = -1.77 KN-m

Where: Mo1 and Mo2 are end moments and always Mo2 greater than Mo1

Design procedure

Check for slenderness of the column Slenderness limit of column

20𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
√𝑛

Recommended value for

𝐴 = 0.7, 𝐵 = 1.1, 𝐶 = 1.7 − 𝑟𝑚
For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Mo1 = -1.31 KN-m

Mo2 = -1.77KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 −1.31
𝑟𝑚 = = = 0.46
𝑀𝑜2 −1.77

𝐶 = 1.7 − (0.46) = 1.24

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1387.92 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.612
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.24

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑥 = = = 24.41 𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.612
For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

Mo1 = 0.34KN-m

Mo2 = 1.29 KN-m

𝑀𝑜1 0.34
𝑟𝑚 = = = 0.26
𝑀𝑜2 1.29

𝐶 = 1.7 − (0.26) = 1.43

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1387.92 ∗ 103

𝑛= = = 0.612
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 14.17

20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 1.43

𝜆𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑦 = = = 28.15𝑚𝑚
√𝑛 √0.612

Calculate slenderness ratio (λ)

The stiffness at the top joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

Top beam Width(mm) = b Depth(mm) =h Length(mm)

B9x(+) 250 400 2740

B8x(-) 250 400 4220

B6y(+) 250 400 4110

B13y(-) 250 400 4550

Column 400 400 2100

Top beam

𝑏ℎ3 250∗4003
 𝐾(𝐵9𝑥(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 486618 𝑚𝑚3
12∗2740

𝑏ℎ3 250∗4003
 𝐾(𝐵8𝑥(−) = = = 315955.77 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4220
 𝑏ℎ3 250∗4003
 𝐾(𝐵6𝑦(+)) = 12𝐿 = = 324412𝑚𝑚3
12∗4110

𝑏ℎ3 250∗4003
 𝐾(𝐵13𝑦(−)) = = = 293040.3 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12∗4550

Top beam

The stiffness at the bottom joints of the column is calculated as follows: -

𝐾𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾1𝑥𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 0.93
𝐾1(𝐵9𝑥(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵8𝑥(−) 486618 + 315955.77

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 748538.01
𝐾1𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 = = = 1.21
𝐾1(𝐵6𝑦(+)) + 𝐾2(𝐵13𝑦(−)) 324412 + 293040.3

Column

𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ 4003

𝐾𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 1015873.016𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2100

𝑏ℎ3 400 ∗ 4003

𝐾𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 = = = 1015873.016 𝑚𝑚3
12𝐿 12 ∗ 2100

After the stiffness at the top joints are calculated we can find the effective length of the column
to be designed

0.93 0
𝑙𝑜𝑥 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 0.93 0 + 0.45

Lox = 0.5*2100*1.29 = 1358.48mm

1.21 0
𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 0.5𝐿√(1 + ) ∗ (1 + )
0.45 + 1.21 0 + 0.45

Loy = 0.5*2100*1.314 = 1380mm

 𝑙𝑜𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑥 1358.48
𝜆𝑥 = = = = 11.76𝑚𝑚
𝑖 3 3
√ ℎ𝑏 √ 400 ∗ 400
12𝑏ℎ 12 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

𝑙𝑜𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑦 1380

𝜆𝑦 = = = = 11.95𝑚𝑚
𝑖 3 3
√ 𝑏ℎ √ 300 ∗ 400
12𝑏ℎ 12 ∗ 300 ∗ 400

Therefor,

Since λx=11.76𝑚𝑚 is less than λlimx=24.41 𝑚𝑚the column is Short column in X direction.

Since λy= 11.95𝑚𝑚is less than λlim y= 28.15𝑚𝑚 the column is Short column in Y direction

Since in both direction λ<λlim second order effects need not to be considered in both direction.

Design of Bi axial short column

Eccentricity calculation:

For –X direction or in the direction of 3 – 3

Equivalent first order eccentricity

𝑀𝑜1 −1.31 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 −1.77 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑥 = = = −0.943𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = = = −1.27 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 1387.92 𝑁𝑒𝑑 1387.92

0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ −1.27 + 0.4(−0.943) = −1.139𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ 1.27 = 0.51𝑚𝑚

eeq,x = 1.139mm

Accidental eccentricity (eax):-

𝑙𝑜𝑥 1358.48
400 400 3.4
𝑒𝑎𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 300 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 10
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

Take 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 20𝑚𝑚

For short column e2=0.

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑥 + 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 1.139𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 21.139𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
𝑒𝑜2,𝑥 = 1.27 𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 21.27𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 21.27 𝑚𝑚

Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.02127𝑚 ∗ 1387.92 𝐾𝑁 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟐 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

For –Y direction or in the direction of 2 – 2

𝑀𝑜1 0.34 ∗ 103 𝑀𝑜2 1.29 ∗ 103

𝑒𝑜1,𝑦 = = = 0.245𝑚𝑚 𝑒𝑜2,𝑦 = = = 0.929 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑒𝑑 1387.92 𝑁𝑒𝑑 1387.92

𝑙𝑜𝑦 1380
400 400 3.45
𝑒𝑎𝑦 (𝑚𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 400 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {13.3
30 30 20
{ 20 { 20

𝑒𝑎𝑦 = 20mm

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {0.6𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4𝑒𝑜1 = 0.6 ∗ 0.929 + 0.4(0.245) = 0.7534𝑚𝑚

0.4𝑒𝑜2 = 0.4 ∗ 0.929 = 0.37𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 = 0.7534𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑒𝑞,𝑦 + 𝑒𝑎𝑦 = 0.7534 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 20.75 𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {
𝑒𝑜2,𝑦 = 0.929 + 20𝑚𝑚 = 20.929 𝑚𝑚

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑦 = 20.929 𝑚𝑚

Design moment

𝑀𝑒𝑑, 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 ∗ 𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 0.021𝑚 ∗ 1387.92 𝐾𝑁 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝑲𝑵. 𝒎

Reinforcement calculation

Assume the main bar ϕ16 and the stirrup ϕ8, with using effective cover of 35mm
 16 𝑑′ 51
𝑑 ′ = 35 + 8 + = 51, 𝑑 = 400, = = 0.1
2 𝑑 400

′
16 ℎ′ 51
ℎ = 35 + 8 + = 51, ℎ = 400, = = 0.1
2 ℎ 400

Relative normal force of column section

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1387.92 ∗ 103

𝑉𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.6
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

Relative moments of column section in both axis directions.

Med, x 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟐 ∗ 106

µsd, x = = = 0.03
fcdAch 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

Med, y 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟒𝟔 ∗ 106

µsd, y = = = 0.03
fcdACh 14.17 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 400

By entering these two values into Bi-axial column chart find the required mechanical steel ratio
ω=?

𝐹𝑜𝑟 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑥 = 0.03 𝑎𝑛𝑑 µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑦 = 0.03 𝜔 = 0

Provide minimum reinforcement

Minimum area recommended by the code is:

0.1∗𝑁𝑒𝑑 0.1∗1387.92 ∗103

= = 398.97 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 min = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 398.97𝑚𝑚2
0.002 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.002 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 320 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 6400𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 398.97
𝑁𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = =2 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4𝜙16
𝑎𝑠 3.14 ∗ 82

Tie reinforcements (Transverse reinforcement or stirrup)

 20ϕ = 20 ∗ 16 = 320
S tranverse ≤ { b, h(lesser) = 400
400

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐300𝑚𝑚

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡, 0.6 ∗ 300 = 180 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜙8𝑐/𝑐180𝑚𝑚