BP - 368

Name and lndex Number: Class:

( )

S€NG XANE

d" SENG KANG SECONDARY SCHOOL

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

CHEMISTRY 6092/01
Secondary 4 Express 29 August 2023

Paper 1 Multiple Choice I hour

Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write in sofi pencil.

Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or conection fluid
Write your index number and name on all the work you hand in.

There are torty questions in this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible
answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft psncll on the separate Multiple Choice
Answer Sheet.

Read thg lnstructions on the Answor Sheet very carefully.

Each conect answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer
Any rough working should be done in this question paper.
A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page '16.
The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.

Parcnt's / Guardlan's Slgnature:

This document consists of {6 printed pages.

Do not tum over the page until you are told lo do so.

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1 The statements describe two changes of state.

1 The molecules of substance X are ananged randomly. During the

change of state, they lose energy and become more ordered- The
molecules can still move freely.

2 The molecules of substance Y are ananged in a regular lattice. During

the change of state, they gain energy and become less ordered. The
molecules are still close together.

Which changes of state are described by the statements?

1 2

A condensation evaporation
I

B condensation melting
c freezing evaporation
D fteezing melting

2 A sealed mnical flask contains a liquid and its vapour, as shown

vapour

liquid

What happens when a molecule in the vapour enters the liquid?

the molecule the molecule

stops moving becomes smaller

A
B t

c ,
D * I
t

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3 The apparatus shown in the diagram was set up

gas lar
hydrogen

air
porous pot

'r.)
,'l',: 1
I

ler

How will the water level at P change over a period of time?

A lt will fall, then rise and retum to P.

B lt will fall and remain at a lower level.
C lt will rise, then fall and return to P.
D lt will rise and remain at a higher level.

4 When heated, magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide, a white
powder.

A student investigales the change in mass lhat occurs during this reaction. He is given a
balance and the three sets of apparatus shown.

3
1 2

".eta'onss>fp m
crucible
bumino g alf ?-
7r'
aa
ata
nugnesluri--d
t
til
heat
heal
tripod

Which set(s) of apparatus is/are suitable for this investigation?

A 1,2and3 B l and3only C 2 and 3 only D 2 only

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5 The colours in a soft drink, X, was analysed by chromatography. The experiment was
performed using two different solvents, water and ethanol. The results are shown.

P P

a o
a o

a a
I
o o

o orange black 11 x orange black

water ethanol

How would the final chromatogram appear if mixture X was first developed in water, then
tumed through 90" anticlockwise and edge PQ was placed in ethanol?

A c

a
a

o
a

X
orange black black orange

P o P o
B D

a a

a a
X x
orange black black orange

P o P o

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6 The diagram shows a method for separating a substance that contains X and Y.

filter paper
X

Which types of substance can be separated by the method shown?

A compounds C mixtures
B elements D molecules

7 Four substances are heated gently. The temperatures at which they start and finish melting
are recorded.

temperature
substance
initial melting / "C final melting / "C

1 0 0

2 36 40

J 1 01 105

4 117 117

Which statement about the substances is conect?

A Substance 2 and substance 3 are impure.

B Substance 3 is water.
C Substance 4 is the only pure substance.
D They are all solids at room temperature.

8 Which statement describes isotopes?

A lsotopes of the same element have different electron arrangements.

B lsotopes of the same element have different nuclear charges.
C lsotopes of the same element have nuclei with masses that are the same.
D lsotopes of the same element have the same number of protons.

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9 2!!U?
What is the nucleon number of the isotope of uranium,

A 143 B 235 c 238 o 327

10 The diagram represents one molecule of a compound.

key
O=enalomofX
a=anatomolY

What is the molecular formula of this compound?

A XzYs B XsYz C XrYo D XoYr

11 The statements describe elements P and Q.

An atom of P has more protons than an atom of Q.

An atom ofQ has more valence electrons than an atom of P.
Particles of P and Q combine to form an ionic structure.

What can be deduced based on the statements?

A An atom of P has more electron shells than an atom of Q.

B P forms negatively charged ions.
C P and Q are in the same period of the Periodic Table.
D P and Q are in the same Group of the Periodic Table.

12 What is the percentage, by mass, of nitrogen in the fertiliser (NH+)aPO+?

A 9.4o/o B 18.8% C 28.2Vo D 37.60/o

l3 A volume of ethane, CzHo, at r.t.p. has a mass of 20 g'

What is the mass of an equal volume of propene, CsHs, at r.t p.?

A 209 B 21 g C 289 D 429

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'14 Three elements X, Y and Z belong to the same period in the Periodic Table

The properties of the oxide formed by the three elements are shown.

insoluble in water and aqueous sodium hydroxide but dissolves readily

oxide of X
in dilute hydrochloric acid

has low boiling point and does not react with both aqueous sodium
oxide of Y
hydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid

insoluble in water but dissolves in both aqueous sodium hydroxide and

oxide of Z
dilute hydrochloric acid
I

What is the arrangement of elements X, Y and Z, in order of increasing atomic number, on

the Periodic Table based on the properties?

increasing atomic number

A X z
B x Z
c x z
D z x

15 The results of some experiments with sutfur dioxide are shown

experiment description result

I mix with dilute hydrochloric acid does not react

2 mix with concentrated sodium hydroxide a salt is formed

a Universal lndicator
add Universal lndicator
turns violet

add acidified aqueous potassium purple solution tums

4
manganate(vII) colourless

Which results are correct?

A l and 2only B 3and4only C 1,2 and 4 D 2,3and4

16 Which substance, when added to water, makes a solution that is a good conductor of
electricity?

A calcium carbonate C ethanol

B copper D sodium hydroxide

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'17 Apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram

carbon carbon
electrode X electrode Y

concentrated
aqueous nickel(II)
chloride

What occurs at electrode X?

A Chloride ions are oxidised.

B Chloride ions are reduced.
C Nickel ions are oxidised.
D Nickel is deposited.

't8 When ammonium nitrate is added to water the temperature of the water decreases.

The ammonium nitrate can be recovered by evaporating the water added.

Which statement explains these observations?

A The ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water and the process is endothermic.
B The ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water and the process is exothermic.
C The ammonium nitrate reacts with the water and the process is endothermic.
D The ammonium nitrate reacts with the water and the process is exothermic.

19 It has been suggested that the cars of the future could be powered by fuel cells. One type of
fuel cell uses the chemical reaction between oxygen and hydrogen to produce electric1y.

What would be a disadvantage of using this type of fuel cell to power a car?

A A car cannot be powered by electricity.

B The hydrogen tank might split in an accident, leading to an explosion
C The product of the reaction between orygen and hydrogen is toxic.
O The oxygen would need to be obtained from air.

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20 Calcium, on the left of period 4 of the Periodic Table, is more metallic than bromine on the
right of this period.

Why is this so?

A Calcium has fewer electrons than bromine.

B Calcium has fewer full shells of electrons than bromine
C Calcium has fewer outer shell electrons than bromine.
D Calcium has fewer protons than bromine.

21 Sulfur and selenium, Se, are in the same Group of the Periodic Table.

What would we expect the formulae to be when selenium form compounds?

A Se2O, NazSe and NaSeO+

B SeOz, NazSe and NaSeO+
C SeOz, Na2Se and Na2SeOl
D SeOs, NaSe and NaSeO+

22 The equation shows the reaction between a halogen and aqueous bromide ions.

Xz + 2Br- 2X- + Brz

.1. ...2...

Which words describe gaps '1, 2 and 3?

1 I
2 3

A chlorine brown colourless

B chlorine colourless brown
c iodine brown colourless
D iodine colourless brown

23 An inert gas R is used to fill weather balloons.

Which descriptions of R are correct?

number of outer shell

struclure of gas R
electrons in atoms of R
A 2 diatomic molecules
B 2 single atoms
c I diatomic molecules
D 8 single atoms

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24 Three chemical reactions are represented as shown in the equations.

Clz+2HzO + SOz r 2HCl+ HzSO+

C/2 + 11rg -+ 2HC/ + S
SOz + 2HzS -.' 2H2O + 35

Which row shows the reducing power of the reducing agents in a decreasing order?

most reducing power least reducing power

A Clz HzS SOz

B CIz SOz HzS

c HzS SOz CIz I

D SOz HzS CIz

25 Which statement about the alkali metals is true?

A They form covalent bonds with Group VII elements.

B They form oxides on reacting with water.
C Their melting points decrease on descending Group I
D Their reactivities decrease on descending Group I.

26 Four experiments on rusting are shown

12 3 4

%,
oil
--
dry air lap watel boiled tap lap waler
1s "c 15'C water l5'C 25"C

paper-clip papsr-clip paper-clip paper-cllp

not rusty afier 'l rusts after 1 week not rusty after 1 rusts after 1 week
week week

Which two experiments can be used to show that air is needed fur iron to rust?

A 1and3 B 1and4 C 2and3 D 2and4

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27 The metals iron, lead and zinc can each be manufactured by the reduction of the oxides with
coke.

What is the correct order of the ease of reduction of the metal oxides?

oxides becoming more difficult to reduce

A iron lead ztnc

B iron zinc lead
c lead iron zinc
D zinc iron lead

28 A student conducted the following tests on a sample of alloy containing two metals

add dilute nitric acid with warming

alloy solution X
I aoa aqueous
ammonia, dropwise
add excess aqueous ammonia J
COrOuneSS SOrulrOn white precipitate formed

What are the two possible metals present in the alloy?

A aluminium and copper C zinc and copper

B lead and iron D zinc and iron

29 The table gives information about five metals.

metal percentage in the Earth's crust cost per tonne / $

aluminium - 8.1 750
copper 0.0007 1080
iron 5.0 300
tin 0.0002 9500
zinc 0.0'15 575

The general pattem suggest that the higher the percentage in the Earth's crust, the lower
the cost.

Which metal does not fit this pattem?

A aluminium B copper G iron D tin

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30 Which metallic element, represented by M, has the following characteristics?

. lt can be prevented ftom mrroding by attaching a piece of magnesium to it.

. Two of its oxides have the formulae MO and MzOe.
. lt has the highest percentage by mass of all the metals present in stainless steel
AFeBNaCPbDZn

3'l The rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is measured in three
separate experiments.

cotton wool

dilute hydrochloric acid

2 g calcium carbonate

balance

The conditions at which each experiment is performed are as follows.

particle size of calcium moles of hydrochloric acid

experiment provided for reaction
€rbonate

1 powdered in excess

2 lumps in excess
I

J lumps insufficient

The results of these experiments are shown.

x
mass balance
reading

z
0
0 time

Which statement is correct?

A Experiment 1 is shown by curve X.

B Experiment 1 is shown by curve Y.
C Experiment 2 is shown bY curve Y.
D Experiment 3 is shown bY curve Z.

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32 Nitrogen and hydrogen react in a closed vessel as shown.

Nz(g)+3Hz(g)+2NHs(g)

How do the speeds of the forward and reverse reactions change, if the pressure in the vessel
is increased but the temperature is kept constant?

speed of forward reaction speed of reverse reaction

A decreases does not change
I

B decreases increases
c does not change does not change
D increases increases

33 Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid.

Which solution would give the fastest initial rate of reaction?

A 40 g of hydrochloric acid in 1000 cm3 of water

B 20 g of hydrochloric acid in 1000 cm3 of water
G 10 g of hydrochloric acid in 100 cm3 of water
D 4 g of hydrochloric acid in 50 cms of water

34 A sample of fertiliser is tested by warming it with aqueous sodium hydroxide.

A colourless gas is produced which turns moist red litmus paper blue.

Which element, essential for plant growth, is present in the sample?

A nitrogen B phosphorus C potassium D sulfur

35 Solid ammonium chloride is heated. The gases ammonia and hydrogen chloride are formed
This is reaction 1.

Ammonia gas is mixed with hydrogen chloride gas. Solid ammonium chloride is formed. This
is reaction 2.

Which statement is correct?

A Both reaction 1 and reaction 2 are exothermic.

B Reaction 2 is reversible.
C The equation for reaction 'l is NHsC/--- NHa + 697.
D The three substances involved in each reaction all have a simple molecular struclure

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36 The table shows the results of tests carried out on compound Z.

test result
bromine water added decolourised
sodium carbonate added colourless and odoudess gas evolved

Which formula represents compound Z?

A H c H H H
i
I
I I I
H o H
o H C C o- H
I
-
H
I

C
I l

L- /t I
H
I I I o
H H H
H

B H o H D H H H
.o
I I I I I ,//
H c c H C c c'
i I I
o
H H H
H

37 The experiment shown is carried out.

liquid alkane aluminium

on mineral oxlde
fibre

7)Ul
ethene
Trrt
\/
very strong
heat

water

What process occurs?

A cracking C distillation

B dehydrogenation D polymerisation

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3E What is the general formula of the homologous series of carboxylic acids?

methanoic acid HCOrH

ethanoic acid CHTCOzH
propanoic acid CzHsCOzH
butanoic acid CsHzCOzH

A CHO B C"Hz"O c c,H"o" D C"Hz"Oz

39 An ester is formed from a carborylic acid and an alcohol.

How does the number of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in an ester differ from the total
number of these aloms in the carboxylic acid and alcohol from which the ester is formed?

carbon atoms hydrogen atoms I oxygen atoms

A fewer fewer fewer
B fewer same fewer
c same fewer fewer
D same same same

40 Which statement about vegetable oil and the margarine made from it is conect?

A Both are liquids at room temperature.

B Both occur naturally.
C Margarine has higher melting point than vegetable oil.
D Vegetable oil has fewer carbon-carbon double bonds than margarine.

END OF PAPER

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Name and lndex Number: Class:

( )

T-ml
i& SENG KANG SECONDARY SCHOOL
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

CHEMISTRY 6092t02
Secondary 4 Express 23 August 2023

Paper 2 Theory 'l hour 45 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper

No Additional Materials are required.

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your index number and name on allthe work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a sofi pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Soction A For Examinor's use

Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Section A /50
1 /b
Soction B 2 /b
Answer all thro€ questions, the last question is in the form either/or 3 t8
4 t8
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
5 t10
I
The number of marks is given in brackets I at the end of each question
6 /6
or part question.
7 /6
A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 22-
The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where Section B /30
appropriate. I t12
9 l8
Either 10 110
Or 10 t10

Total /80

Parsnt's / Guardian's Slgnature: ....

This document consists of 22 printed pages.

Do not tum over the page until you are totd to do so.

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Section A

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1 Fig. 1.1 shows part of the Periodic Table.

I t VI VII 0

cl N o F

Mg AI Ar

K Ca UT Fe CU Zn Br

IIITIIIIII
TITTIITII IIITIIIT
I

PI
I

Fig. l.{
Answer the following questions using only the symbols of the elements in Fig.1.1

Each symbol may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give the symbol of the element that

(a) forms an ion with a charge of 2-, t1l

(b) can displace magnesium from its salt solution safely in the laboratory,
tll
(c) is extracted from haematite, t11

(d) is used to make food containers because of its resistance to conosion,

t11

(e) is about one percent by volume of dry air, t1l

(0 is a catalyst found in the catalytic converter. t1t

[Total: 6]

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2 Most living things need oxygen to survive. Oxygen helps organisms grow, reproduce, and
turn food into energy.

(a) Naturally occuning oxygen is composed of three stable isotopes, as shown in the
mass spectrum in Fig. 2.1 .

99.76

relative
abundance
I o/o

0.20
0.04
isotopic mass / amu
16 17 18

Fig.2.1

Using the mass spectrum in Fig. 2.1, show that the relative atomic mass of orygen is
16.0. Show your working clearly.

t11

(b) Fig. 2.2 shows an experimental selup to investigate the percentage of orygen in air
by passing 50.0 cm3 of air over copper wire continuously over the two gas syringes.

coppe r wtre

0 cm3 of air

heat

Fig.2.2

0 At the end of the experiment, the remaining volume of air is 39.5 cm3.

Prove that the percentage of oxygen in air is 2'l .0%. Show your working cloarly.

tlI
(iD Write an equation for the reaction between the copper wire and air in Fig. 2.2.

t1I

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(c) Table 2.3 gives the boiling points of argon, nitrogen and oxygen, which are commonly
found in clean air.

Table 2.3

gas boiling point / 'C

I
argon - 186

nitrogen - 196

oxygen -182

Oxygen can be separated from liquefied air as shown in Fi1.2.4.

o)
C
(5c
air o= Z
E8
o
iquefied krypton and xenon
er
atr

solid water and carbon

dioxide removed

Fig.2.4

(i) On Fig. 2.4, identify the gases X, Y and Z in the fractionating column of
liquefied air using the data in Table 2.3. l2l

(ii) During the separation process, the mixture of argon, nitrogen and oxygen is
allowed to cool from room temperature to -200 'C at the cooler.

Which substance will tum into liquid state first? t11

lTotal:61

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows the structures of two molecules, K and L, formed between three non-metallic
elements, P, Q and R.

P R

molecule K molecule L

Fig.3.1

(a) Both elements P and R belong to the same Group in the Periodic Table.

Deduce the Group in the Periodic Table which elements P and R belong to. Justify
your answer using the structures in Fig. 3.1.

Group .........

justification l2l
(b) Explain, in terms of bonding and struclure, why molecule K exists as a solid while
molecule L exists as a gas at room temperature and pressure.

t4]

(c) Two students talk about the electrical conductivities of molecules K and L.

Student 'l: Molecule K cannot conduct electricity in any physical states.

Student 2: Molecule L can conduct electricity due to the free-moving molecules that
act as charged carriers.

Do you agree with each student? Explain your reasoning.

t2t

ffotal: 8l

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4 (al Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

MgCOs + 2HCl "- Mgclz + COz + HzO

When 25.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to excess magnesium carbonate,
the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced, at room temperature and pressure, is
1 20 cm3.

(i) Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the dilute hydrochloric acid

concentration I3I

(iD The reaction is repeated at a higher temperature. All other mnditions stay the
same.

Using ideas about collisions between particles, explain how the rate of reaction
changes.

t21

(b) Duralumin, an alloy of aluminium, magnesium, copper and manganese, is used in the
construction of aircrafts.

(D State the meaning of the term a/roy.

t11

(ii) Suggest one advantage of using duralumin in the construction of aircrafts

t11

(iii) To extract copper for the manufacture of duralumin, copper is required to be

purified by electrolysis using an impure copper anode and a pure copper
cathode.

Construct the ionic equation for the reaction taking place at the cathode

cathode .. t11

lTotal: 8l

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5 Fig. 5.1 shows a toilet cleaner that contains an acid salt, sodium
dihydrogen phosphate, NaHzPOr.
o
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate is manufactured by reacting sodium
hydroxide with phosphoric acid.

NaOH(aq) + HsPOr(ag) --- NaHzPOr(aQ) + HzO(/)

T(}ILTT
, ctiAr{tt
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate can react with excess sodium hydroxide
to form sodium hydrogen phosphate, NarHPO4.

NaHrPO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)--- NazHPO+(aq) + HzO(/) Fig.5.l

(a) Using the information given, explain why sodium dihydrogen phosphate is considered
both an 'acid' and a 'salt'.

l2l
(b) (i) State the ionic equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and
phosphoric acid. lnclude state symbols.

t11

(iD Suggest the name and formula of another possible salt produced from sodium
hydroxide and phosphoric acid.

name ..............; formula l2l

(c) Table 5.2 shows information on two other dibasic acidic compounds.

Table 5.2

name of dibasic acid pH of a 0.5 mol/dm3 solution

ethanedioic acid 3.0 increasing acid

strength
sulfuric acid 1.0

(D Using the information in Table 5.2, explain why sulfuric acid behaves as a strong
acid but ethanedioic acid behaves as a weak acid.

t2l

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(ii) Describe an experiment, otherthan measuring pH or using indicators, which you

could carry out to show that sulfuric acid is a strong acid but ethanedioic acid is
a weak acid.

ln your answer, state the measurements you would make and what results you
would expect.

t3l

lTotal: 'l0l

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6 Fig. 6.1 shows the percentage yield of ammonia during the Haber process.

1S
s
80

7A

60
percentage
yield of 50
ammonia / %
40

30

8 400 atm
200 alm
10
100 atm
50 atn
25 atsn
0 1m 200 3@ 4@
temperature / 'C

Flg.6.'l

(a) (i) Based on Fig. 6.1, state the conditions under which the percentage yield is
highest.

temperature pressure ..... t11

(ii) State the industrial conditions that are used in the Haber process.

temperature pressure t1l

(iii) Explain why the industrial conditions are used, despite not giving the highest
yield.

t2t
(b) lron is also used in the manufacturing process of ammonia.

A student made this comment.

'The iron is used to increase the percentage yield of ammonia.'

State the role of iron in the manufacture of ammonia, and explain whether you agree
with the student's comment.

role of iron

explanation

l2l
[fotal: 6]

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7 Ethanol can be manufactured from the action of yeast on sugars found in grapes to produce
wine in 40 days.

Fig. 7.'l shows how the composition of ethanol and grape juice change over 40 days.

volume of volume of
grape juice / ethanol /
3.0
dm3 dm3

2.5

20

t.t

!0

05

!0 15
time / days

grape juice
-- - - ethanol
Fig.7.l
(a) State two other conditions needed for this manufacturing process

l2l

(b) Grape juice is known to contain glucose

With the help of a chemical equation, explain the changes in mmposition of ethanol
and grape juice as shown in Fig. 7.1.

t31

(c) Upon warming, ethanol is oxidised by acidified potrassium manganate(Vll) to produce

a carborylic acid.

Write an equation for this reaction.

tlI
lTotal: 6l

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Section B

Answer all three questions in this section in the spaces provided

The last question is in the form of an either/or and only one of the alternatives should be attempted

8 Plastic Polymers

Plastics are commonly made up of polymers. The properties of plastic polymers depend on
the monomers they are made up from, and all plastic polymers have their own characteristic
physical properties, depending on their specific molecular structure.

Table 8.1 shows the molecular structure of two plastic polymers, A and B, and some of their
physical properties.

Table 8.1

melting density in relative tensile

molecular structure
I point / 'C g/cm3 strength

half the
strength of
115 0.91 - 0.94
plastic polymer
B
plastic polymer A

double the
strength of
135 0.95 - 0.97
plastic polymer
A
plastic polymer B

Plastic Recycling

Plastic recycling is the processing of plastic waste into new and useful products. To ensure
the quality and value of the recycled plastic, plastics of different polymer types have to be
sorted out before they can be recycled. The Resin ldentification Code (RlC) was introduced
so that plastic item can be labelled for easier sorting.

Plastics usually consist of polymer chains of varying lengths. Table 8.2 shows the names of
the polymers that fall under the seven different RlC, the general range of molar masses of
the different plastics and their percentages of plastic waste generated.

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Table 8.2

molar mass / % of plastic

RIC polymer name chemical structure (g/mol) WASTE

r\, poly(ethylene 8000 -

CJ
PETE
terephthalate)
I -lisi-o-i-i-o- I

31 000
18.8

4
HDPE
high density
poly(ethene)
Ix "
tall l:
100 000
250 000
- 19.8
I

I
& poly(vinyl
chloride)
[, ,l
+i-i+
[, "J"
50 000
120 000
- 5.3

&
LDPE
low density
poly(ethene)
lr r
li i l:
100 000
250 000
- '13.9

&w
poly(propene)
tifl
75 000
700 000
- 1 I 1

&
where R
xa represents a 100 000 -
ootv(stvrene) c-c 5.9
hydrocarbon
PS |
lt tl
+ branch
400 000

I ot" I

4
other plastics,
such as 1*i-:* I

T 17.2
polycarbonate,
poly(lactic
OTHER nylon
polyamides acid)

Two methods of Plastic Recycling, Mechanical Recycling and Depolymerisation

Mechanical recycling is a physical method that melts plastics of the same polymer before
making them into small pellets to be used again, while depolymerisation is a chemical
method that uses either heat or chemical reactions to convert the polymers back into its
monomers. Since each polymer has its unique chemical properties, the method of recycling
is based on the RlC.

Fig. 8.3 shows the journey of plastic trash from recycling bin to becoming a new plastic
product.

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collection
transportation

Wn ngp

&6PETE sorting and washing

&6
HOPE

LDPE
& PP PETE OTTEN

mechanical recycling chemical depolymerisation

I
I
I
Plastics are first crushed I Each polymer type requires
I
into small flakes and I
I
different conditions for the
washed again. Plastic I
I
depolymerisation reaction.
flakes must be of the
I
same polymer. I
I

Washed plastics are

placed in a reaction
Flakes are heated to 150 - 320 "C vessel containing water
depending on polymer type. Heat should at room temperature.
be sufficient to melt plastic flakes without Concentrated sulfuric

+
causing unwanted degradations. acid is used as catalyst.
a
,
,
t
-GB$C}G*G{]*
t + HzO
I
Melted plastics are I room temperature
I
reformed to produce I concentrated H2SO4
I
plastic pellets. I
I
I
I
on
ooo monomers
I
I
%o
t
I
i
Plastic pellets are Monomers are purmed and
transported to
plastic transported to plastic
producers. Pellets can be producers. Monomers will
melted and reformed to undergo polymerisation to
form new plastic products. form new plastic products.

Fig. 8.3

Acloto ledgement:
1) haps:l tl,4,,,$hsjgheclelabtes/plattn-reclclins/rlattic-idotti-freanon<ode!
2) htbs: //onlix?librsr'.wile'.eo L doitfr.Wl a. t 0A2ipel2!8! ll7
3) htps : //tru\t. r.blnh\.niheN

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 BP- 397

(a) With reference to the information in Table 8.1, describe and explain the relationship
between the specific molecular structure and its physical properties.

t3I

(b) (i) Draw the full structural formula of the monomer of poly(propene).

tll
(iD Explain, in terms of bonding and structure, why the melting point of a polymer is
always higher than its monomer.

t2t
(c) The shortest chain of poly(styrene) consists of 962 repeating units. Elemental analysis
of poly(styrene) found that the polymer contains 92.3% ot carbon and 7 .7o/o ot
hydrogen by mass.

Calculate and deduce the formula of R in poly(styrene) in Table 8.2.

formula of R in poly(styrene) t31

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(d) (i) Referring to data in Table 8.2 and Fig. 8.3, a student suggests that mechanical
recycling can only recycle addition polymers while depolymerisation only
recycles condensation polymers.

Do you agree with this student? Use the data to support your answer.

t1I

(ii) Most recycling companies find that it is more cost-effective to develop

mechanical recycling methods as compared to depolymerisation recycling
methods.

With reference to Table 8.2 and/or Fig. 8.3, suggest a reason why this is so

t1l

(e) Based on the information given, suggest one reason why recycling plastic is not
entirely environmentally friendly.

t11

lTotal: 121

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9 Fig. 9.1 shows the Clark Sensor. lt is an electrolytic cell that is used to measure the
concentration of oxygen gas dissolved in samples of water, such as from rivers and seas.

ammeter
power
supply

connecting wires

saturated potassium
chloride solution

silver electrode
platinum electrode
gas-permeable membrane
test water

Fig.9.1

Orygen gas, dissolved in the water sample, can diffuse across the gas-permeable
membrane.

A constant voltage is applied and the rate offlow of electrons produced is measured by the
ammeter.

The half+quations at the electrode reactions are as shown.

anode: Ag --'+ Ag' + g-

cathode: Oz + 4Ht + 4e- - 2HzO

(a) Using the half-equations, write the overall equation for the reaction in the electrolytic
cell. State symbols are not required.

t1l

(b) Based on the information given, identify the direction of electron flow in the electrolytic
cell by placing a tick (/) in the conect box.

platinum to silver I
I

silver to platinum
tll

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(c) The number of moles of electrons that flow through the silver electrode per minute is
5.20 x 10-1 mol.

Calculate the number of oxygen molecules used up per minute.

t2t
(d) Describe a test to identify the presence of orygen gas.

tzt
(e) Suggest why the water sample needs to be stined constantly during the
measurement.

t1l

(0 One of the electrodes is cleaned regularly to remove a white solid that is formed during
the reaction.

Suggest the identity of the white solid.

I1I

ffotal: 8l

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 BP-401

Either
10 The ethers are a homologous series.

Table 10.1 shows the data about the enthalpy change when 1 mole and 1 g of each ether
is completely combusted.

Table 10.1

chemical enthalpy change of enthalpy change of

name of ether
formula combustion (kJ/mol) combustion (kJ/g)

methoxymethane CHgOCHs -1460 -31.7

methoryethane CHsOCzHs -2107 -35.1

ethoxyethane CzHsOCzHs -2726 I

(a) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion when 1 g of ethoxyethane bums. Show
your working clearly.

l2l
(b) Using ideas about breaking and forming bonds, explain why all of the values in
Table 10.1 are negative.

l2l

(c) The enthalpy change of combustion in kJ/mol increases from methorymethane to

ethoxyethane.

Using the chemical formulae in Table 10.1, suggest a reason why.

t1I

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 BP -402

(d) One characteristic of a homologous series is that the properties show a trend

Describe the trends you would expect for two properties of the ethers as the
molecules increase in molecular size. Enthalpy change of combustion must not be
one of the properties you choose.

t21

(e) Ethanol is an isomer of methoxymethane

H H HH
II
I
H-C -c-o-H
I
H-c-o-c-H
tt
I I
H H HH
ethanol methorymethane

Table 10.2 show the enthalpy changes of combustion for ethanol and
methoxymethane.

Table 10.2

rsomer ethanol methoxymethane

enthalpy change of
combustion (kJ/mol) -1371 -1460

(i) Draw the 'dot and cross' diagram of methorymethane. Show only the outermost
shells.

t21

(iD Suggest why the enthalpy changes of combustion for the two isomers are
different.

t11

ffotal: 101

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Or
l0 From 1976 through 1989, an automobile manufacturer equipped vehicles with lean-bum
engines. Lean-burn engine is a type of car engine that allows the combustion of fuel with
an excess of air.

Table 10.3 shows some information about lean-burn engine compared to normal car engine

Table '10.3

concentration of concentration of
type of operating
ratio of air:fuel carbon monoxide in nitrogen oxides in
engine temperature
exhaust gases exhaust gases

lean-burn 65:1 lower lower lower

normal 1 5 1 higher higher higher

AdotawLtgenat:
l) h,ps:1/en.wihpedia.oruititilLzon4un
2) htpst/stutl@t!lesso\.cotn/definitionapplkutiotE+liagam"\\t*ing<dwrloeesa!-lesn4unbePines/

(a) Using the information in Table 10.3, suggest why lean-burn engine produces smaller
amounts of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides as compared to normal engine.

t2t

(b) An older method of reducing the amounts of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
from vehicles is the use catalytic converters.

The equation shows the reaction that takes place in a catalytic converter.

2CO + 2NO -, 2COz + Nz

(i) Use oxidation states to show that this reaction is redox.

l2l

(iD When catalytic converters were first invented, some advertisements claimed
that they 'solved all car pollution problems'.

Explain why this is not true

t1I

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(c) An alternative is the use of methane as fuel for vehicles.

The complete combustion of methane can be represented by the equation.

CHq + 2Oz
- COz + 2HzO AH = -890 kJ/mol

(i) Explain, in terms of bond breaking and bond forming, why this reaction is
exothermic-

l2l
(ii) Complete the energy profile diagram for the combustion of methane

Your diagram should show and label the

. activation energy for the reaction,
. enthalpy change of reaction,
o products from the reaction-

energy

CHq + 2Oz

progress of reaction t3l

[fotal:10]

END OF PAPER

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MARK SCHEME fot 20?3 4E Pure Chemistry Prelim Paper 1 & 2

PAPER 1 [40 marksl

! ? 4 6 7 8 9 't0

.B
11
I
12
A
14 15 16
c I
17
D

18 '19
c
20
A c B,CID A A B c
u -T=-1
C

21 22 23 ,6 27 28 29 3C

3't 32 5J 34 35 36 38
-lr__ I ru l

c D A B D
I
A D
I
c

PAPER 2
Section A I50 martsl

1 Note to marker: Nlinus only 1m iI students never write chemical symbol for one or any part
of this question.
(a) O t1l (b) Ca[1] [reject: rc (cl
Fe l1l fmemory work]
(dl A//Cu [1] (e) N ttl lmemo y workl (ll
Pt lll [memory work]

2 (a) A, of O = (ffx rc) + ffix rz) + ffix re1 [1m for showins correct workins]
= 16.0(X4
= 16,0 (3 sis. fis.)
(b) (l) % of oz in arr=
(50'L3e s)
x 100o/o [1nr for showing correct working]
= 21 .jah
(ii) 2cu (B) + or(g) ---| 2cuo(s) [all state symbols must be conect to award
mark if students choose to indicate the state symbolsl t1I
(c) (il I{m for 2 corr66t answers; 2m for 3 correct answersl
X: difooen; Y: argon; Z: oxvoen
(i0 oxvqen I1I

3 (a) Group lv [reject4] t1]

iustificEtion: Both elements P and R forms four crvalent bonds I shares four
oairs of eleclrone in molecules K and L. t1I
(b) lThis paft of the quesiion relying on memory work after the candidates are able to
infer that malecule K is a giant covalent malecule and no{ecule L B a simple covalent
molecule.l
A lelgg amount of energy is needed to breaUovercome the elitensive (network
ofl stronq covalent bonds t1l
in the qiant (three dimensional) moleculat struclure of molecule K, hence it has
a hioh meltino ooint and exists as a solid. I1l
A gd! amount of / !i$g,-g[gy is needed to EIEBgOI*E the weak
intermole€r.rlar forces of atlraction betu/een molecules / ureak van der Waals
fi3rcss'of atfaa{ions betu,€6n molecules l1l
in the sirnofe molecular $tructure, hence it has a !g&bgi!!!g!qhl! and exists as
a gas. tll

'1
Setter: Ms Kurok Honey

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MARX SCHEME for 20?3 4E Pura Chentistry Prelim Pap€r 1 & 2

feject break to describe th€ forces of attactionl

(c) l'explain' m6ans your answer must be supporled wilh scientific
c!ncept$f actyphrasesl
Aoree with student 'l that X does not conduct cl€c{ricity in any states as there
is no fi&ile / fr€g movino charoed caniors I ions ard electrons in the molecule.
OR Aoree with slud6nt l because all the v3[ene/outormost electrons are !!9d
up for {covalont) bondino, (hence no mobile electrons as charged caniers). tl}
Disaoroo with student 3 that L can conduct electricity as the molecules are
electrically neutral / no free declrons and ions, (hus will not be able to act as
charged caniers). i1l

4 (a) (i) lstep 2: Find the no. of males of "given" using the'vol. of gas' formulal
No. of moles of CO? gas = lle,- = 0.005 mol.
{standard procedure: Always conveft volume in cm3 to dm3 by dividing
by 10001 t11
[Step 4: Campare tT}C,le ntio ol'givan" and "to frnd"]
Mole ratio =
COz : HC/
- 1'.2
= 0.005 :l.QL t1I
lsfep Answ€r to the question.l
'
concenhation of HCI
0;11
= \!o!o/ = 0.i100 mol/dr#
(ensure unit is included in 3 s.f.l Ill
(tD [apply FCS' n you explanalion]
At higher temp€rdure, the (reecting) partides g4! kinetic enerov. More
Dartides Do6sess enerdv eoual to or orealer lhan the activation enemv.
tFl ill
Thc partic,'les move faster and collide with each other more often, Thus,
there are more effm'tive collisions lC], leading to hioher rqte/sooed of
Ic3q!I9!IS]. trl
(b) (r) ffhis paft ot the question is relying purely m memory wuk.l
Mixturc of done m6talwilh one or few offrer elements. tlI
lreiect mixlure of 2 or more metals]
(ii) {This part d the question rs relying purcly on memory wo{k.l
Harder / etonger / resistanl to corrpsion / lowers m€lting point / lany othar
qcientlfically answerl 11l
0I0 Calhode attracls cations (hence reduQtion occurs):
Cut'(aq) + 2e- *
Cu(s) Imust indude mne{t stale symbols for any ionic
or half equationsl t1l
5 (a) ln equation a, lodium dilrydrogen phosphate is neaitralised by an alkali. sodium
hvdmxide to'F-roducedr/giie
-rig,
s6oium trffifi'inospnate, gldl@t
Hence, it iB an acid. Ill
OR
An acid is a substance that produe hydrogeo ions in 4raus solution.
Sodlum dihydrogen ph@hale has t\iyo hvdrcoen atoms in its cfrembal formula
ard hence can produdfondoiv$ hvdrooen ions in solutbn ard hence ls an
acid.
Recall: Salt is any ionic cot Wund where e metatllc ion q an ammanium ion rcplac€,s
ona ar more hydrogen ions of an acid.

Scder Ms Kwk Hoaey 2

PartnerlnLearning
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MARK SCIIEME for ?023 4E Pure Chemistry Prelim Paper 1 & 2

Sodium has reolaced one of the hydrooen ions in-pbSqphgI!!_a9ld to form the
salt, sodium dihydrogen phosphate. r1i
c&
ln equation 1, phosDhoric acid reacts/neutralises with sodium nydroxide to
producelform/gives the salt, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and water.
(b) (i) H'(aq) + OH-(aq) - H?o(1) Indst inclucie correct state symhols i:' .:-'.
ronic or irali equalions]
[slandard ionic eqi.ratrcr-r ior a nei]lrariis.stio.-l reactionl
(ii) sodium phosphate ii:; Na:POr i':
(c) (i) IExplain yr'hy nleans yolrr ans\rer fiLrsi be suppodeo i,il. siri(.-iiir:
ccncepls/factslphrases. ln this case. felale the answer to the delirrtiorr .rl
strong and weak acids. followed by supporting the concentratiorr of hydroqe*
ions dissociated by clearly indioating the value using the data from Table 5.2 l
Nlarking poini: '1m tor statrng complete and pa(ral dissociatiorr of the
strong asd weak acids respeclively. 1rn for me[tionr!19 the concer]ira:ron
of l]ydrsgen ions in each acid. 121
Sulfuric acid is a strong acid whidr comoleteU ioniqgsidissociates in
water/aaueous sdution [definitton of sttung acrd]. Hence, the (efec'tive]
concentraton of hvdroqen ions is (0.5 x 2=I.0 nrl/drn: linfer the value
from Table 5.21.
Ethanedloic acid is a weak acid which only oartallv ionie€s/dissociates
in water/aoueous sduton [detinition of strong acdJ. Hence, the
(effective) concent?tion of hvdroqen ions will be much less than 1.0
fioydrnq [compare the con@ntration with sulfuric acid to showcase why
ethanedioic acid is a weak acidl.
(ii) Llarking point 2m for proced ie lvltereby alvarci 1m for every two correql
steps; 1rI tor correct result t3l
[apply 'C': chemicals:
'Q': quar ities (volume, length, mass, concentralion):
'A: apparatus (measuring cylinder. burette, pipette, electronic
balance, gas syringe);
'A: action (filter, measure, pipefte, transfer, record, repeat,
calculate)
Procedure 1:
Measure 30 cnf of 1.0 mol/dm3 [Note: Students can quote any value for
volume and concentration regardless if the value is logical or notl sodium
hyd.oxile using a measuring cllinder and lransfer into a styrofoam €x.lp.
Record the initial tetflperature, Tr.
Measure 20 cms of 0.5 mol/dm3 lNote: Students can quote any value for
volunE and concentration regardless if the value is logical or not) sulfuric
add using a measuring cylinder and add to th€ sodium hydoxide in tfe
styrofoam cup. Obs€fl/e and record the highest temFreture reac-hed, Tr.
Calculate tfie ternp€rature changd by subtracting Tr from Tr,.
Repeat the exporimert but this time replace the $ufuric acid with
ethanedbic acid.
Result:
The hkhef/oreater/biooer temoerature Clranqe indicat8s that it is a
strorla€r acid.
OR
Procedure 2:

Seuer: Ms K:r.ok Honey

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MARK SCHEME fot 2023 4e Pure Chemistry Prelim Pap€r 1 & 2

Measure '10.0 cm3 of 0.5 molrdm3 lNote: Students can qucte any value
lor volume and concentmtion regardless il the value is logical or notl
sulfuric acid using a measuring cylinder and transfer into a boiling tube.
Measure 1 .0 g lNote: Students can quote any value for mass regardless
it the value is logical or notl reactive metal/metal carbonate (pouder)
lrnust state a specific chemical to usel using an electronic balance and
transfer to the acid.
R€.o.d the time taken for the volume of gas evolved to reach constant in
the gas syringe. [Note to marker: lgnore the idea of whether the volume
of gas collecled will go beyond 100 cm3 because the important point is
to showcase that data needs to be collected for making conclusionl OR
Racord the time laken to collecl 5110 cr# [Not€: Student can quote any
value below 100 cm3l of gas evdved. OR Re@rd the tinre taken for the
resclive metau carbonate (pouder) to disso'hre into thE acid.
RepBat th€ expetiment but this time rephco the sulfuric acid with
e&anedioic aeid.
lr€ie61 if there is no mention of time taken for Prooedure 2 because both
are dibaslc acids and will produce the s:llrle volume of HzlCOu gas t the
end of the rBaction.l
Result:
The shorter tim6 taken for the raadion lo end indicates that it is a stronoer
add.
[re.iect the method of titration because both dibasic acids have the samc
numbor of moles of hydrogen ionsl

6 (a) Note to marker: Minus onty lm if missing unit(s) for arry part in 6{a).
(i) [This pan of the queslion is to lesl if candidates arc able to infer frorn the
graphs.l
0 "C;400 atm trj
(ii) lThis patt of the questiotl is rctying purely on memoty work.]
/150 'C: 250atm {11
(iiil ffhis patt of the question is relying purely on memory work.]
A htoher temnerature is used to increase ratdspeed of reaction.
OR A low temp€raturs will reduco/loweJ/decreas€ the rate/soeed of
rcaction. t1l
A lower pres$re is used as it is less cosdv/exo€nsive / safur.
rnaintain.
OR A hioh ore€sure will be lgglu to lll
tb) €rtFlyst
Role of iron: t1l
['explain' means . your answer must be supportod with scientific
conceptgfiactslphfasesl
Disaqree because a catalyst only increases tho rate of oroduc*ion of the same
amount of arfnonia,
OR Bigggggg because iron can only orovide an attemative oathwav to lower lhe
activation en€rgy to increaso th€ rate ol ammonia formed but unablE to increass
the amount of ammonia produced. tll
7 (a) [Thts part of the questrbn is relying putely on menwy wqk.l
3z_lg l1l; a@e o, oxwBn/air [11
[rejed yeasyenrymes because it is already giv€n in the questbnl

Scfrer: i/rt Kvok Honq 4

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MARK SCHEME for 2023 4E Pure Chemistry Prelim Paper 1 & 2

(b) [Vvriting t){ thi6 equalion is pwely on me,]'ory work. This paft of the queslion reqrr]'ea
the candidates to recalJ on lhe process of fermentatian and relating l?rr.s proce$s io
the graphs.l
C5Hr2Oo (aq)
- 2CzttsOH (aq) + 2CO: (g) [all state symbols must be correct
to award mark studenls choose to indicate the state symbolsl
if l1l
At the gtsdlegiuiNlinllblly [there should be indication of data quoted from
graphl, oh.}cqe in the grapa juice undergoes fermentation in lhe presence of
yeast to produce ethanol resulting in a droo in/decrease volume of qraDe iuice
and a rise in/increase volume of ethanol
After 35 davs lthere should be indication of dala quoted fronr graph],
fermeniation stoDs (as the concentration of ethanol denature the enzymes in
y6ast) resulting in a constant volume lthere should be indication of data quoted
from graphl of ethanol of 1.0 dm3. l1l
(c) Mriting of this equation is purely on mefioty work.l
CzHsOH + 2[Ol---r CHsCOOH + HzO lrl

Sectlon B [30 marksl

[First 2 questions are compulsory; only attempt one Q10- lf students attempt both Q10,
only 'Either 10' will b€ markedl

8 [Data-based q.,estion whereby candidates have to apply compreheflsiotl ski . analytical

skill. inference and deduction skills. Candidates tnust write answers based on nformalion
given and NOT based on their own experience or knowledge.l
(a) description: The more ordorlv the molecule / plastic polymer, the higher the
melting point, density and (tenslle) slrength.
OR The less orderly the molecule / plastic polymer, the lower the rrelting point,
density and (tensile) strenEth.
OR The gtraigbter rlain the molecule / plastic povmer, the higher lhe melting
point, density efld (tensile) strength. OR The more brancfied the mdedle /
plastic polymer, lhe lower the melting point, density and (tensile) strength. t1l
/
explanation; Stronoer internolecular van de.r Waals forces of attraction
between the orderly arranged / straight chain rnolecules / plastic polymer {11
due to the l4ggglhcegpg in contact beween molecules / plastic polymers. t1l
OR
Weaker inlermotecuhr / van der Wqgls forces of attrac{ion between the less
orderlv ananoed / branched molecules / plastic polymer.
due to srnaller surface area in contact between molecules / plastic polymers.
[Note to ma.rker: Ensufe the explanation matches the description.]
lreject if explanation contradicts the description]
(b) (il H
I
HH
lt
H-C -C =G-H
I
H {This paft of the question as(s a6out'MANOMER'|I t1l
(10 Macromolecule I Polvmer has a b!&e!rnglal80d (relative) molectlar
mass than the monomer, t1l
lNote to marker: Ensure comparison is dearly stated]
thereby more (heat) enerov is n€eded to g,EBroE the stronoer
intermolecular folces / van der Waals forces between the Pglyrngrs. nl
lre.iect break to describe the attractive forces]
(c) From Table 8.2. minimum M, of the polymer = 10o a00

Seuer: Ms Kwok Horey 5

PartnerlnLeaming
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MARX 9CHEME fot 2023 4E Pure Chemistry Pralim Paper 1 & 2

From ls sentence of part (c), there are 962 repeating units.

M, of ONE rePeatunit=S= 103.95
[Note to candidatas: lUhenever WU see percentages of severai elefients, always
draw atlch tablo to obtain em al formula
I
C H
p€rcentage / 70 92.3 7.7 I

no. of moles Y! = 7 .691 11=7.7

ratio 7.69L _ I ?7
?,e91- - '7.691 = 1.0011
(strategy: divide by the
smallest value from the
'no. of mobs)
Empirical formula = CH I1]
M, of CH = 12+'l ,13
L6t the molsclrlar formula of one repeat unit of poly(styrene) be (CH)".
rzLatltemolec at fidas
ur of efiri'hal fofinLla
1o-3:,es
= = 7.9g = g (round ofi to whole no.)
Mobcular formula of one repeat unit = CrHa t11

NH
From Table 8.2,
.'. formula of R in poly(styrene) = C€Ha -2C -3H = CoHs I1l
(d) (l) Disaorqg, PETE is a condensalion polymer so mecfmnical recycling can
also recycle @ndensalioo po9mers, other than addition polymers t1j
(ii) MecjEnical recyding resycles more types o, phslics as compared to
chembal depolymedsation. 111
OR
Medlanical re€ycling recycleB a higher percentage of plastic wasle as
compared to chemhal depotymerisstion.
(€) Any one possible suggeshon that is logical and based on infxmation given: I11
. Eansportation requires iossil fuels lo be bumt
. rn€Chanical recycling requires plastic to be heated and that requires fcsil
fueb to be bumt to provido th6 energy
. chernical depolyrnerisalion requires concenhated sulfuric acid wfiich will
harm the environment when released
. w*hing of tfre plastic rbquiree wster to be used which will depbte the world's
u6ter supply

e (a) Equatbn 1: Ag-; Ag' * e-

Equatbn I lgYAg --* aAg'+//
Equation 2: O'z + 4H' +
F- ZHzO
Equation 1 x4+ Equatioo 2:4Ao +02 + 4H:;- 4Ao:+ 2HrO l1I
[Nots to candidates: Sory€ it ]ike simukaneous e<uations, leafttt tn Mathematics, by
geftirv rid of € tttrowh carwllatfon.l
(b) [This pat of the gu@srb, is to test if candidates are ablo to infer from the 2 half-
eguafrons giwn.l
silver !o daflnum lll

*tw: Ms K*vk Hotey 6

PartnerlnLearning
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 BP-413

MARK SCHEME fot ZA2S 4E Pure Chemistry Prelim Paper 1 & 2

(c, Mole ratio = e- : 02

- 4 :1
(from cathode half equation)
= 5.2 x 10-.: '1.3 x 10:,
No.of oxygen molecules - 1.3 x 10jx6x l0r
= 7.80 x 10rg
(d) Test: lnse.t a olowinq solint into the mouth of the testtube
Observation: The glowing splint reliohts.
(e) Ensures a te of diffusion of ox to the platinum electrode ,
constant supglv of oxvoen to the electrode.
(f) Silver chloride / AgC/ [re.iect silver/Ag l]ecause silvet is silver in coicur anc will
rrever exisl as whrte solid.l i1l

Either
10 (a) M, of CzHsOCzHs = 12 + 12 +5+ 16+ 12+ 12+5=74
No. of moles in 1 g CzHsOCzHs = 0.0135135 mot.
*. t1l
Enthalpy change of combustion = 0.0135135 x -2726 = -36.8 kj/o (3 sig. fig.) lU
OR
Enthalpy change of combustion 1 g C2HrOCzHs =
-.nE##rr-a-,
_q0.8 kJ/q (3 s,g. fig.)
t1l
= t11
{b} There are more enerqv released/qiven off trom bond forminq t1l
than enerqv absorbedltaken in for bond breakino, hence lhe net energy change
is exolhermic. I1I
[reject: required/neededlused to describe lhe energyl
(c) Going down the members of lhe homologous series, the molecular size
increases.
There ere more C and H atoms to form more QQ2 and HeQ molecules, 60 the
enthalDv for combustion is more neoative as energy from forming bonds
in products is more than energy for breaking bonds in reactants. Ill
(d) [modified from O Level 201a P2A Q4d]
Any twa co ect answers: Lzl
As the number of carbon aloms in the molecule increases / As the molecular
size in the homologous series incteases,
. flanvnabilitydecreases
. boilhg point increas€s
. viscocity increases
.flashpointsincreases
(e) [modified from a Level 2014 P2A Q4e]
(l) rm for showing correct number of atoms; lm lor showing correct
s haring of ence el I

121
(ii) The WDes of bonds in ihe rnolecules that need to over60me are
differen! (ethanolhas C-C and O-H bonds, but dimethyletherGO bonds),
so different amount of energy are needed wlren these bonds are broken. t1l

Seuer: Ms Kwok Honey 7

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 BP - 414

IIARK SCHEfiTE for 2023 4E Pure Chemistry Prelim Paper 1 & 2

Or
'10 (a) explanation on why smaller amount of CO is produced:
L6an-bum engine has more air (oxygen) present to allow for more complete
combustion of carbon-containing fuefs, i1l
OF
Lean-bum engine has more air (oxygen) present, leading to fewer incomplete
combustion of carbon-containing fu els.
explanation on why smaller amount of NO, is produced:
At louier temperature, there will be iewer reactions betweefl nitrogen and
oxygen to form nitrogen oxides, leading to smaller amount of nitrogen oxides
formed. I1l
(b) (i) CO is oxidised due to an !!gg*
in oxidation stale of C in CO from +2
to +4 in CO2. tll
P b reduced due to a decr€se in oxidation Btate of N in NO from +2
to I in N2. nl
Slnce oxidation and roduclion occur at the sane time, lhis reachon is
redox.
[rejoct cftange to descrlbe oxidaiion state; use of gain/loss of oxygen]
(ii) Carbon dioxi& is a oreenhouse qas thd treps tlslat on lhe Earth's
surfuce, lesding to olobal warriEg, t1l
(c) (0 Ugrg (heet) enemv isreleaspd_Ejyen-off in the fgrmAljgn of 2 C = O bohds
and4O-Hbonds 1

than absorbed to break 4 C - H bonds and 2 O = O bonds. 1

[reject: required/needed/used to describe the energyl

(i;) [modified from 2014 P2A QOc]
enefgy

on en€rgy/Er

C& + 2OJ

rH = -890 kJhol
CO, .t 2H?O

pogress ot reaclion
ftal{p poilQ:
1m for corr)lolabolling of activation energy;
1m for cbtect labolling of AH *ith corroc{ directlon of ths erros
herd, correct Yalue8 and unfti
1m for corr*et labolling of *rs tvo products written in chemical
formulael t31

&tter: Ms K*ok lIoney I

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