MODERN

PHYSICS 1. ATOMIC MODELS

A) AITS
1. A single electron orbits a stationary nucleus of charge +Ze, where Z is a constant and e
is the magnitude of the electronic charge. It requires 47.2 eV to excite the electron from
the second Bohr orbit to third Bohr orbit. Find
(a) the value of Z
(b) the energy required to excite the electron from the third to the fourth Bohr orbit
(c) the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation required to just remove the electron from
the first Bohr orbit to infinity.
(d) the kinetic energy, the potential energy and the angular momentum of the electron in
the first Bohr orbit.
(e) the radius of the first Bohr orbit.
Assume that the ionization energy of hydrogen atom = 13.6 eV.
Bohr radius=5.31011 m, velocity of light=3108 m/s, Planck’s constant = 6.6 1034
J-s)
Ans.1. (a) Z = 5 (b) 16.53eV (c)  = 36.5 A
h
(d)  1.055  1034 J  s (e) 0.106 A
2
2. Imagine an atom made up of a proton and a hypothetical particle of double the mass of
electron but having the same charge as electron. Assuming Bohr atomic model is
applicable, find the shortest wave length of the photon in terms of c (velocity of the light
and R = Rydeberg constant) emitted by such an atom when excited.
1
Ans.2. max = .
2R
3. A parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a
surface.
(a) How many photons of radiation fall per sec. on a surface in order to produced a force
of 10-6 N. If it observed that 50 %of incident photon and reflect rest photon.
(b) At what rate will temperature of the plate rise if its mass is 20 gm and specific heat is
2000 J/kg0C.
Ans.3. (B) 2.5 0C/sec
4. The radiation emitted due to de-excitation of electron from n = 2 to n =1 in hydrogen atom
falls on a metal to produce photo electrons. The electrons from the metal surface with
 1
maximum kinetic energy are made to move perpendicular to a magnetic field of T in
160
a radius 10-3m. Find the threshold wavelength for the metal.
Ans.4. 1.81  10-7 m.
5. A He ion is excited by a photon of energy 48.35 eV. Find the wavelength of the photon
emitted when the He ions return to their ground state. If these radiation fall on a metallic
plate of work function 6 eV, find the wavelength of the photo electrons emitted, having the
maximum possible kinetic energy.
12400
Ans.5. max energy   292.8A 
42.35
6. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen with mass number 2.
(a) Find the energy difference between first line of Balmer series in deuterium and that of
in the hydrogen spectrum.
(b) If a photon with energy corresponding to above energy difference is incident on a
metal plate producing photoelectrons having maximum K.E. = 100 eV, find the work
function of metal.
Ans.6. (a) 6952 eV. (b) The work function  = (6952 – 100)eV = 6852 eV
7. A monochromatic light of frequency  is incident on a metal surface and ejects
photoelectrons. The photoelectrons having maximum kinetic energy are just able to
ionise a hypothetical atom in ground state. The energy levels of hypothetical one-
29
electron atom are given by En = - 2 eV, where n = 1, 2, 3 . . . .. . When whole
n
experiment is repeated with an incident light of frequency /2, the photoelectrons with
maximum kinetic energy are just able to ionise hydrogen atom in ground state. Calculate
the work function of the metal.
Ans.7. Work function is 1.8 eV.
8. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen with mass number 2.
(a) Find the energy difference between first line of Balmer series in deuterium and that of
in the hydrogen spectrum.
(b) If a photon with energy corresponding to above energy difference is incident on a
metal plate producing photoelectrons having maximum K.E. = 100 eV, find the work
function of metal.
Ans.8. (a) 6952 eV. (b)The work function  = (6952 – 100)eV = 6852 eV
9. A monochromatic light is just able to ionise a hypothetical one electron atom in its ground
17
state, having energy levels defined by En =  eV where n is principal quantum
n2
number. In an experimental set-up same light is incident on a metal plate and it was
found out that electrons have 2eV as maximum kinetic energy. Calculate the work
function of metal.
Ans.9.  = 15 eV.
10. A particle of mass m and charge -2q is revolving around a heavy nucleus of charge +q in
a circular orbit. Assuming Bohr’s atomic model to be applicable to this system, calculate
the centripetal acceleration of the revolving particle for its first shell.
v 2 2q 6 m
Ans.10. a =  4 3 where h = Plank’s constant. 0 = permittivity of free surface.
r h 0
11. The energy levels of a hypothetical one electron atom are given by
 18.0
En   eV, where n=1,2,3, ...
n2
(a) Compute the four lowest energy levels and construct the energy level diagram.
(b) What is the excitation potential of the stage n = 2?
(c) What wavelengths (A) can be emitted when these atoms in the ground state are
bombarded by electrons that have been accelerated through a potential difference of
16.2 V?
(d) If these atoms are in the ground state, can they absorb radiation having a wavelength
of 2000 A?
(e) What is the photoelectric threshold wavelength of this atom?
Ans.11. a) n=4 --------------------- E4 = 1.125 eV n=3 --------------------- E3 = 2.0 eV
n=2 --------------------- E2 = 4.5 eV n=1 --------------------- E1 = 18eV
b) Excitation potential for state n = 2 is 4.5 V

 
c) 31 = 777 A 21 = 920 A

d) No The minimum excitation energy is 13.5 eV.

hc 
e) Minimum photoelectric wavelength is max. =  690 A
18  1.6  10 19
12. A monochromatic radiation of wavelength 975 A is incident on a hydrogen like atom in
the ground state. By absorbing this radiation the atom is excited. Find the total number of
lines in the resulting spectrum and find longest wavelength in spectrum.
Ans.12. 18800A 
13. Suppose potential energy between electron and proton at separation r is given by U = k
log r, where K is a constant. For such a hypothetical hydrogen atom, calculate the radius
of nth Bohr’s orbit and energy levels.
k   n2 h 2  
Ans.13. 1  log  2 
2   4 mk  
14. The radiation emitted when an electron jumps from n = 2 to n = 1 orbit in hydrogen
atom falls on a metal to produce photoelectrons. The electrons from the metal surface
with maximum kinetic energy are made to move perpendicular to magnetic field of B tesla
in a radius of R meter, find work function of metal (m=mass of electron in kg and
q=charge on electron in coulomb)
 18 R2 q2B2 
Ans.14.  1.63  10  J
 2m 
15. An electron of mass m moves along a circular orbit in a spherically symmetric potential
field U = kr2. Assuming Bohr’s quantisation rule to be valid. Find the permissible orbital
radii of electron.
rh
Ans.15.  r
2 km
16. The radiation emitted when an electron jumps from n = 2 to n = 1 orbit in hydrogen
atom falls on a metal to produce photoelectrons. The electrons from the metal surface
with maximum kinetic energy are made to move perpendicular to magnetic field of B tesla
in a radius of R meter, find work function of metal (m=mass of electron in kg and
q=charge on electron in coulomb)
  18 R2 q2B2 
Ans.16.  1.63  10  J
 2m 
17. A He atom initially at rest returns from its fourth excited state directly to its first excited
state. Find the recoil velocity of He  atom.
Given Mass of He  atom = 6.64 1027 kg
Ans.17. 0.916 m/s
18. The wavelength of the first line of the Lyman series of a hydrogen like ion X is identical to
that of the second line of the Balmer series of another hydrogen like ion Y. Find the ratio
of their atomic number.
Z1 1
Ans.18. 
Z2 2

B) gMP
1. An electron in the excited state of a Hydrogen like atom has energy 13.6 eV and radius
of orbit is equal to 2.116 A. Find the maximum and minimum possible wavelengths,
which can be emitted by this atom, when the excited electron returns to its ground state.
Also, identify the element under consideration.
2. The wave number of the energy emitted when an electron jumps from the 4th orbit to the
2nd orbit in hydrogen is 20495 cm-1. Find the wave number of the energy for the same
transition in He+.
o
3. For a certain hypothetical one electron atom (not hydrogen), the wavelength in A for the
spectral line for transition originating from n = p and terminating on n = 1 are given by
1200P 2
= , where P=2, 3, 4. . .
P2 1
(a) what are the least and most energetic photons in this series?
(b) what is ionization potential of this element?
4. A certain gas of identical hydrogen like atoms has all its atoms in a particular upper
energy level. The atoms make transition to a higher energy level when a monochromatic
radiation, having wavelength 1654 A0, is incident upon it. Subsequently, the atoms emit
radiation of only three different photon energies.
(a) Identify the atom.
(b) Obtain the ionization energy for the gas atoms.
(c) If the atoms of the gas are to be excited to such a level which gives radiation of only
six different photon energies, what should be the energy of incident radiation?
5. A mixture of hydrogen atoms (in their ground state) and hydrogen like ions (in their first
excited state) are being excited by electrons which have been accelerated by same
potential difference ‘V’. After excitation when they come into ground state, the
wavelengths of emitted light are found in the ratio 1 : 5. Then find the
(a) for what minimum value of ‘V’ will both the atoms get excited after collision with
electrons?
(b) the other ion and
(c) the energy of emitted light
6. Suppose a moving hydrogen atom makes a head-on collision with another stationary H 2
atom. Before collision both atoms are in a ground state, and after collision they move
 together. What is the minimum value of the kinetic energy of the moving H2 atom, such
that one of the atoms reaches the 1st excitation state?
7. Hydrogen gas in the atomic state is excited to an energy level such that the electrostatic
potential energy of H - atom becomes -1.7eV. Now a photoelectric plate having work
function W = 2.3eV is exposed to the emission spectra of this gas. Assuming all the
transitions to be possible, find the minimum de-Broglie wavelength of the ejected photo-
electrons.
8. If the average life time of an excited state of hydrogen atom is of the order of 10 -8s,
estimate how many revolutions an electron makes when it is in the state with x = 2 and
before it suffers a transition to state with n = 1.
9. For hydrogen like systems find the magnetic moment n corresponding to the motion of
an electron in the nth orbit and the ratio of the magnetic moment to the angular
momentum.
10. Find the quantum number n corresponding to nth excited state of He+ ion if on transition
to the ground state the ion emits two photons in succession with wavelengths 108.5 nm
and 30.4 nm. The ionizaton energy of the hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
11. The atom of a positronium consists of an electron and a positron orbiting about each
other.
(a) Find the Bohr radius of this system.
(b) Find the wavelength of the photon released in the transition from n = 2 to n = 1.
12. According to the Thomson model, a helium atom consists of a cloud of positive charge,
within which two electrons sit at equilibrium positions. Assume that the positive cloud has
a charge +2e uniformly distributed over the volume of a sphere of radius 0.50 Å.
(a) Find the equilibrium position of the two electrons. Assume that the electrons are
symmetrically placed with respect to the centre.
(b) What is the frequency of small radial oscillations of the electrons about their
equilibrium positions? Assume that the electrons move symmetrically with identical
amplitudes.
13. In a sample of hydrogen like atoms all of which are in ground state, a photon beam is
passed. In absorption spectrum five dark lines are absorbed. Find the number of bright
lines observed in the emission spectrum, if all transitions take place.
ANSWERS
1.  max  1.17  10 7 m ,  min  0.06  10 7 m 2.  He  4  20495 = 81980 cm-
1
.
3. Least energetic photon =7.7625 eV Most energetic photon =10.35 eV
Ionization potential = 10.35 eV
6. 20.4 eV 7. 3.8 Å 8. No. of revolutions = 8  1016
e
9. 10. n = 5 11. (a)1.06Å (b)2431
2m
Å
12. (a) r = R/2= 0.25 Å (b) f = 1.76  1016 Hz. 13. 15
 2. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
A) AITS
1. Photons of energy 3eV fall on a photosensitive metal of work function 1eV. The
de-Broglie wavelength of the most energetic ejected electron is found to be (1.09)2 10
times the wavelength of K, X-ray coming from a certain element A when it is bombarded
by fast moving electron. Find the atomic number (Z) of the element A.Take h(Plank
constant)= 6.541034 J-S,mass of the electron = 910-31kg, Rydberg'sconstant =
1.0910-7m-1
Ans.1. Z = 24
2. A metal surface is irradiated with the light of wavelength 1980A. Photo-current
disappears, if a retarding potential greater than 2.25V is applied. Find
(a) work function of the surface and cutoff wavelength.
(b) If the same surface is irradiated with the largest wavelength of Lymen series of
hydrogen spectrum, find maximum energy of the emitted photoelectron.

Ans.2. (a) 3100A (b)6.2eV

3. When a beam of 21.2 eV photons of intensity 1.5 W/m2 falls on a metal surface of area
10 cm2 and work function 11.2 eV 0.23% of the photons ejects photoelectrons. Find the
no. of photoelectrons emitted per seconds and the their minimum and maximum
energies.
Ans.3. 10 eV
4. The kinetic energy of an electron in third excited state of a hydrogen like atom is 3.4 eV.
(i) Find the total energy if the electrons is in first excited state of the same atom.
(ii) If magnitude of energy calculated in part (i) is given to electron of the hydrogen atom
in ground state, find the number of lines in emission spectra.
Ans.4. (i) E = -13.6 eV.
(ii) Thus electron gets detached from the atom, hence no. of lines in emission spectra =
0
5. Light of wavelength  is incident on a metal surface of threshold wavelength 2. The
electrons of maximum kinetic energy are subjected to a uniform magnetic field in which
they move in a fixed circular path of radius R.
(a) What is the strength of the electric field to be also applied so that the electron can
move in a straight line with uniform velocity.
(b) Now if the magnetic field is switched off what is the acceleration of the
electrons?Given mass of an electron = me, Velocity of light = C
hc eE hc
Ans.5. (a)  strength of applied electric field. (b)  .
eR me Rme
6. The radiation emitted from the first line of Lymen series of hydrogen atom is incident on a
metal whose work function is 5eV, calculate stopping voltage of the fastest photoelectron
emitted from the metal surface.
Ans.6. 5.2 V
7. Photons with the energy of 3.4eV eject photoelectrons from photoelectric plate. When the
most energetic photoelectrons enter in a region of constant magnetic field strength at an
angle of 600 with field direction, the maximum pitch of the helix described by electron is
found to be 2.7 mm. The work function of plate is 3 eV. Specific charge of electron is
1.76  1011 .
(i) Find magnetic field strength.
(ii) Plot graph between stopping potential and frequency of incident photons.
Ans.7. (i) B = 2.5  10-3 T.
8. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 1 and 2 when allowed to fall on a metallic plate are found
to librate electrons with kinetic energy K1 and K2 respectively. Find the value of plank’s
constant in terms of the given quantities and the speed of light in vaccum ‘c’. It is given
that 2 > 1
(K1  K 2 )1 2
Ans.8. h =
c(  2  1 )
9. Photons emitted by a gas consisting of excited hydrogen like atoms (A) during a
transition from a higher quantum state (quantum no. n) to a lower quantum state
(quantum no : m) are incident on a metallic surface (B) causing the emission of
photoelectrons. The fastest photoelectrons pass undeviated through a region consisting
of electric field, E0 = 3.7 V/cm and magnetic field, B0 = 10-3 T, oriented in perpendicular
directions and the photoelectrons enter the region perpendicular to both the electric and
magnetic fields The threshold wavelength for the metal B equals 830 nm. The spectrum
of radiations emitted by the excited hydrogen –like atoms (A) consists of 15 different
wavelengths. Find the quantum numbers of the states n, m and atomic number (Z) of the
element (A). (Take 1.89 /13.6  1/7)
Ans.9. The correct values are: n = 6, m = 4 and z = 2
10. In a photoelectric experimental set up for studying the variation of stopping potential with
the variation in wavelength of incident radiation, it was observed that the stopping
potential corresponding to the wavelength 1 and  2 of the incident radiation were 30 V
and 10 V respectively
1
(a) Assuming 1 /  2 = , find 1 and  2 .
2
(b) Find the threshold frequency of the metal surface.
Ans.10. (a)  2 = 2 1 = 621 A (b)2.41  1015 Hz

11. The wavelength of the K line for an element of atomic number 43 is . Find the
wavelength of K line for the element of atomic number 29.
9 
Ans.11. '   
4 

B) gMP
PHOTON AND PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Y
1. Surface of a photoelectric metal plate, which is taken as y-z plane has
monochromatic beams striking at O. Region adjacent to plate has electric field B
  
P E 
 y ˆ
given by E   E 0  1   i for region 0  x  D. Region after electric field   
 D   
 O
is followed by magnetic field given by B  B0 kˆ . If among electrons ejected D M   

perpendicularly, only most energetic ones strike plate again at P.

(a) Find OP
(b) If threshold frequency of metal be 0, find the frequency of incident radiation.
2. A uniform infinite thread of charge with linear charge density  and another +
infinitely long parallel conducting wire lie in same plane with distance d +
+ C
between them. Current ic flows in conducting wire as shown in the figure. A  i0
+
photoelectric plate PQ with work function  is placed perpendicular to the + Plates
wires with C as midpoint on the plate between the wires. +
+

Determine the frequency of light to be radiated on the surface, for which fastest photoelectron
ejected from C, normal to plate goes undeviated.
3. A light ray of frequency  is falling on a very small metal piece, lying at O in Y

uniform magnetic field of intensity B as shown in the figure. The work function
of metal is . Now photoelectrons are emitted from plate and the electron having 3me

 P
maximum KE is just able to strike a particle of mass 3 me lying at a distance R at B
R 0
45
point P as shown in figure. Just after collision both particles move in mutually O X
perpendicular direction and velocity of electron becomes half of its initial Metal piece

velocity. Assuming that photoelectrons are emitted perpendicular to the surface,

find:
(a) Frequency of incident light.
(b) Co-ordinates of centre of circle in which electron will rotate after collision.
(c) velocity of mass 3me after collision. (Here me : mass of electron)
4. A Monochromatic light of frequency f illuminates a metallic surface and ejects photoelectrons.
Photoelectrons having maximum energy are just able to ionize the hydrogen atoms in ground state.
When the whole experiment is repeated with incident radiation of frequency (5/6)f, the
photoelectrons excite the electrons in the ground state of hydrogen atom to their first excited state.
(a) Find the work function of the metal.
(b) What is the frequency of radiation?
5. In a photoelectric experiment set up, photons of energy 5 eV falls on the cathode having work
function 3 eV. (a) If the saturation current is iA = 4A for intensity 105 W/m2, then plot a graph
between anode potential and current. (b) Also draw a graph for intensity of incident radiation 2 
105 W/m2.
6. A photon with an energy of 12.1 eV ejects photoelectrons from tungsten. When the ejected
electron enters a constant magnetic field of strength B = 5 mT at an angle of 30 with the field
direction, the maximum pitch of the helix described by the electron is found to be 5.4 mm. Find
the work function of the metal in electron-volts. Given that specific charge of electron is 1.76 
1011 C/kg.
7. A monochromatic light source of frequency f illuminates a metallic surface and ejects
photoelectrons. The photoelectrons having maximum energy are just able to ionize the hydrogen
atoms in ground state. When the whole experiment is repeated with an incident radiation of
frequency (5/6) f, the photoelectrons so emitted are able to excite the hydrogen atom beam which
then emits a radiation of wavelength 1215Å.
(a) Find the work function of the metal.
(b) What is the frequency of radiation?
8. A monochromatic point source S is radiating light of wavelength A
4000 A0, with power 2 watts. An aperture A of diameter 0.2 m and a
S D
neutral metallic sphere of diameter 0.1 m are placed as shown in L
figure. The efficiency of the sphere for the photoelectron generation 0.8 m
per incident photon is 0.9. 8m
 (a) Calculate the photon flux (i.e. photons per unit area per unit time) received by the sphere.
(b) If a concave lens L of focal length 0.8 m is inserted in the aperture as shown, find the new values
of photon flux. Assume uniform average transmission of 80 % from the lens.
(c) If the work function of sphere is 1 eV, calculate the time after which the emission of photons
will become zero in the second case.
9. A photoelectric plate is initially exposed to a spectrum of hydrogen gas being excited
electronically to the second energy level. Later when the same photoelectric plate is exposed to a
spectrum of some unknown hydrogen like gas, excited to second energy level, it is found that the
de-Broglie wavelength of the photoelectrons now ejected has increased (6.1) times. For this new
gas, difference of energies of first Lyman line and Balmer series limit is found to be two times the
ionization potential of the hydrogen atom. Detect the atom and determine the work function of the
photoelectric plate.
10. Determine the kinetic energy of electrons falling on a diaphragm with two narrow slits, if on a
screen located at a distance 75 cm from the diaphragm the separation between neighbouring
maximas is 7.5  and the distance between the slits is 25 . ( : micron = 10-6 m)
11. 1.5 mW of 400nm light is directed at a photoelectric cell. If 0.1% of the incident photons eject
electrons, find the current in the photocell. Assume all the photoelectrons to reach the opposite
plate.
12. In a photoelectric effect experiment, photons of energy 5 eV are incident on the photo-cathode of
work function 3 eV. For photon intensity IA  1015 m2 s1 , saturation current of 4.0 A is
obtained. Sketch the variation of photocurrent ip against the anode voltage Va in the figure below
for photon intensity IA (curve A) and IB  2  1015 m2 s 1 (curve B).
ANSWERS(GMP)
1 1    
2
m 8E 20  eDB2 
1. (b) 0 +  1   1 2. f   m     
2h B2  2mE 0 
 h  2   i   
 0 0 0

eBr  2me v 3 eBr

3. (a) = (b) v =  at 300 from x axis.
2me 6 2 3 me
4. (a) 6.8 eV. (b) 4.93  1015 Hz.
5. 8A
(b)
6.  = 9.93 eV 7. (a) 4.92  1015 Hz.
4A
(a) (b)Wo = 6.8 eV24.
n
Vs = 2V 8. (a)  5  1015 photons/m2 -sec.
4(8) 2

(b) 1.14  1015 photons/m2-sec. (c) t = 9.06  10-6 sec.

9.  = 4.2eV 10. 24 eV 11. 4.8  10-8 A
 3. X RAYS
A) AITS
1. An X-ray tube with a copper target is found to emit lines other than those due to copper.
The K line of copper is known to have a wavelength 1.5405 A0 and the other two K lines
observed have wavelengths 0.7092 A0 and 1.6578 A0. Identify the impurities (find the
value of Z, atomic number). What is the minimum voltage at which the X-ray tube should
be operated?
Ans.1. that the cutoff wavelength is 0.7092A. In practice, this should be at least 1020% higher.
2. For a X-ray tube the ratio of cut off wavelength to characteristic wavelength of K line is
found to be 1 : 2. If tube is operated at voltage 16.25 kV. Find the atomic number of
target metal using Mosley’s law.

Ans.2. Z = 21
3. The K X-ray of molybdenum has wavelength 71 pm. If the energy of a molybdenum
atom with k electrons knocked out is 23.32 KeV. What is the energy of this atom when L
electron is knocked out?
Ans.3. 5.82 keV
4. An electron beam is generated where a potential difference of 40KV is applied across an
X-ray tube. A particular electron losses 50% of its energy in a collision with the metal
anode. Calculate the wavelength of x-ray generated due to the collision?
hc 12400
Ans.4.  =   0.62A 0
eV V

B) gMP
X – RAYS
High tension Battery
1. X rays are produced in Coolidge tube using a metal of atomic no.
Z. Now the X- rays are passed through a monochromatic filter,
which transmits only the wavelength corresponding to maximum
intensity (I) produced, and allowed to fall on plate of a capacitor Cathode Gun Target
Filter Cooling fluid
having capacitance C plate area A and work function , at an angle Q C

 as shown in the figure. R

Capacitor is connected to a resistance R. Let initially capacitor is uncharged, and all

photoelectrons emitted have maximum kinetic energy. It is observed after a long time that total
heat produced across resistance is H and efficiency of photoelectron emission is 30 %. Calculate
the atomic no of etal. 14. A X-ray tube with a Nickel target in found to be emitting lines other
0
than those of Nickel. The K lines of Nickel is known to have a wavelength 1.6578 A and the
0 0
other two K lines are observed to have wavelengths 1.54 A and 12.08 A . Identify the
impurities.
2. Cobalt is bombarded with electrons and the wavelengths of the characteristic spectrum are
measured. A second characteristic spectrum is also obtained, because of an impurity in the target.
The wavelengths of the K lines are 178.9 pm (Cobalt) and 143.5 pm (impurity). Identify the
impurity.
3. Calculate the wavelength of the emitted characteristics X-ray from a silver (Z = 47) target when
electron drops from M-shell to a vacancy in the L-shell.
[Screening constant for L = 7.4]
ANSWERS
 
1. 10.2 (Z – 1)2e volt = Z=1+
1  e 10.2e1  e
2. Z = 11, the element is sodium 3. Zx = 30.The impurity is Zinc.
4. NEUCLEAR PHYSICS
A) AITS
1. A neutron with kinetic energy K = 10 MeV activates a nuclear reaction
n + 12C  9Be + 
If the kinetic energy of -particles emerging, at an angle of 90 w.r.t. the direction of the
neutrons, is 2.21 MeV, find the threshold energy of the reaction. [Take u = 931.1 MeV]
13
Ans.1. Eth = |Q| = 6.17 MeV
12
2. A given sample contains two types of atoms A and B in the ratio 3 : 1. Atoms of type A
undergo -decay with a half life of 30 days to form ‘B’ while ‘atoms of type B’ undergo -
decay with a half life of 45 days to form ‘C’, which is stable.
Calculate the time after which the activities of A and that of B are in the ratio 9 : 22.
T 30 days T  45 days
A 
12
 B 
12
 C
Ans.2. t = 90 days
3. Consider the following fussion reaction 1H2 + 1H3  2He4. If 20 MeV of energy is
released per fusion reaction. Mass of 1H2 consumed per day is 0.1 gm. What is the
Power of the reactor?
Ans.3. 1 MW.
4. A radio nuclide X having decay constant  is produced at constant rate . At time t = 0
number of nuclei of X are zero. Find
(a) the number of nuclei at time t.
(b) the maximum number of nuclei of X.

Ans.4. Nmax =

5. A particle of mass m moving with velocity v decays into v
two particles of equal masses having equal speeds. The m/2
m
angle between velocities of the daughter particles is 120 120
v
as shown in the figure. Find the ratio of de Broglie m/2
wavelengths of parent to that of one of the daughter
v
particles.
2
Ans.5. 1
1
137
6. Cs decays with a half life of 30 yrs into 137 Ba releasing energy in the process. The
atomic masses of Cs and Ba are 136.9858124 amu and 136.907073 amu respectively.
Calculate the energy released in 15 years, if 274 g of Cs is taken initially.
Ans.6. 2.58  1025 MeV
7. A spherical shell placed in an open atmosphere has initial temperature 2.2T 0 (T0 is
hc
temperature of atmosphere) and shell is radiating a wavelength 1 (= m)
108.8eV
corresponding to maximum intensity of radiation. A point source of constant power
operating inside the spherical shell is giving it a constant power P0 = 0.4s T04 (where ,
s and  represents Stefan’s constant, surface area and emissivity of material of shell).
When the shell attains the steady state, the wavelength of radiation corresponding to
 maximum intensity, falls over hydrogen like atom , and gets ionised (assuming the
electron is ejected from ground state). Find atomic number Z for the atom. (Assume that
temperature difference is very small in comparison to T0)
Ans.7. z = 2.
8. An insulated conducting shell is exposed to a radiation of  S
wavelength . The threshold wavelength of the conducting R
C0
shell is  o  .
(a) Write the condition when emission of photoelectrons
will stop. Initially switch S is open.
(b) By closing the switch a capacitor is connected to the
sphere (as shown in the figure).
“Find the charge on the capacitor after a long time”, if it
was uncharged initially.
hc hc  hc   1 1 
Ans.8. (i)   ev  ii q  C0      .
 0  e    0 
9. A radioactive source in the form of a metal sphere of radius 8  10 3 m emits -particles
at a constant rate of 6.25  1010 particles per sec. If the source is electrically insulated,
how long will it take for its potential to increases by 0.81 V. Assuming that 80% of the
emitted -particles escape from the surface.
Ans.9. t  9  10 5 sec
10. A radioactive substance with half life T is being produced in a nuclear reactor at a
constant rate n nuclei. Find the time after which its activity will be equal to A.
T  A
Ans.10. t =  ln  1  
ln 2  n
11. Nucleus A decays to B with decay constant 1 and B decays to C with decay constant
2 . Initially at t = 0, number of nuclei of A and B are 2N0 and N0 respectively. At some
instant t = t 0 number of nucleii of B stop changing. Find t 0 , if at this instant number of
3N0
nuclei of B are .
2
1  4 1 
Ans.11. t 0  ln  
1  3  2 
12. The activity of a radioactive sample is measured at an interval of 5 hours and found to
reduce from 5000 counts/minute to a value of 625 counts/minute. Calculate the decay
constant and the half life period of the sample.
n2 0.6931
Ans.12.     6.93  103 disintegrations per min.
T1/ 2 100
13. A reactor is producing nuclear energy at a rate of 30 Mega watt. How many nuclei of
U235 undergo fission per second? How many kilogram of U235 would be used up in 100
hours of operation? It can be assumed that an average energy of 190 MeV is released
per fission.
[1 MeV = 1.6 10 13 J and Avagadro’s Number = 6x 10 23 ]
Ans.13. 0.141 k
14. A radio nuclide with decay constant  is produced in a nuclear reactor at a rate q0t per
second. where q0 is constant and t is time. During each decay energy E0 is released. If
at
t = 0, production of radio nuclide started, find
(a) Instantaneous power developed at any time t.
(b) Average power developed in any time t.
  q0 q0 t   q0 t q0 q0 q 
Ans.14. (a) Pinst =  NE0 = q0 t   e  E0 (b) Pav =    2  20 et  E0
     2   t  t 
15. An alpha particle ( mass m ) collides with a heavy nucleus X (mass mx). The collision
results into formation of two smaller nuclei y (mass my) and Z (mass mz). If the initial
momentum of  - particle is p as shown in the figure and the heavy nucleus X was at rest
and Y is ejected at an angle  with the initial direction of  - particle, with momentum py,
and the Q-value of the reaction is Q, Then find the angle , which the nucleus Z makes
with the initial direction of velocity of -particle.
py

+ 
 p x y + z

pz

 
 
 py  
 p y sin  
Ans.15. sin-1  sin    sin 
1

 pz   p2 mz p y mz 
   2Qmz 
 m my 
16. A radioactive element can decay into three different stable isotopes 1 B
according to equations At t = 0, No molecules of A and n0 molecules of B A
2
C
are present. What is the final number of molecular of A, B, C and D after a 3
very long time? D
1N0  2N0  3N0
Ans.16. NA  0 , NB  n0  , NC  , ND 
1   2   3 1   2  3 1   2   3
17. A neutron of kinetic energy 108.8 eV collides 4 He
2
inelastically with a singly ionized helium atom at rest
45
in its ground state. Both the neutron and the helium 10 n 4 He
2
45
atom are scattered at an angle 45 w.r.t. the original
direction of the neutron. Find 1n
0
(a) the kinetic energies of the neutron and the
helium atom just after the collision.
(b) the state to which the He atom is excited in the
collision.
Given: Mass of Helium atom is equal to four times the mass of the neutron.
Ans.17. (a)13.6 eV (b)The helium atom is excited to its first excited state.
18. A radioactive sample contains two radio nucleides A and B having decay constant hr 1
and 2hr 1 . Initially, 25% of total decay comes from A. How long it will take before 75%
of total decay comes from A?
ln  9 
Ans.18. t  hrs

19. Electromagnetic radiation whose electric component varies sinusoidally with time as
E = C1  C2  C3 cos t  cos 0 t , where C1 , C2 and C3 are constants, is incident on
lithium and liberates photoelectrons. If the kinetic energy of the most energetic
photoelectrons be 0.592  10 19 J , find the work function of lithium. Given that
0  3.6  1015 rad/sec and   6  1014 rad/sec
Ans.19. 2.39 eV
 238
20. In an ore, containing uranium, the ratio of U toPb206 nuclei is 5. Calculate the age of
the ore, assuming that all the lead present in the ore is the final stable product of U238
t1/ 2 of U238  4.5  109 years.
Ans.20. t  1.183  109 years.
21. The de – Broglie wavelength associated with an electron is 2.5 A. Find the potential
difference in volt by which this electron is accelerated from rest.
Ans.21. v = 24 volt.

B) gMP

RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

1. A radioactive material consists of nuclides of 3 isotopes. They decay by -emission,  emission
and deuteron emission respectively. Their half lives are T1 = 400 sec, T2 =800 sec and T3 = 1600
sec. respectively. At t = 0, probability of getting ,  and deutron from radio nuclide are equal.
Calculate their respective probabilities at t = 1600 sec.
2. Assuming the solar energy is due to the thermonuclear reaction:41H1  2He4 + 2+1e0 . Calculate
the rate at which hydrogen is consumed in the sun.
Given,
(i) Energy reaching the earth = 1400 W/m2, on the surface normal to the sun rays.
(ii) distance between earth and sun Dse = 1.5  108 km
(iii) m(1H1) = 1.0078 amu, m(2He4) = 4.0028 amu and m(+1e0) = 0.005 amu.
3. In a radioactive disintegration process, one  particle isemitted simultaneously,
Z
A X AZ 42 Y  24 He
If initially the atom X was at rest, and after the decay find the total energy of the particles in terms
of energy of -particles T and respective masses Mx, M and My.
4. A plate is kept infront of a beam of photons. If the plate reflects 40% of the incident
photons and absorbs the remainder at a rate 1200 J/s, find the net force acting on it.
5. The energy of the alpha particles emitted by 210Po is 5.30 MeV. What mass of 210Po is needed to
power a thermoelectric cell of 1 W output if the efficiency of energy conversion is 8%? Given
T1/2 of 210Po = 138 days.
6. Two hydrogen like atoms A and B are of different masses and each atom contains equal number of
protons and neutrons. The difference in the energies between the first Balmer lines emitted by A
and B is 5.667 eV. When the atom A and B, moving with the same velocity, strike a heavy target
they rebound with the same velocity. In this process atom B imparts twice momentum to the target
than that A imparts. Identify the atoms A and B.
7. An -particle with kinetic energy K  =5.3 MeV initiates nuclear
reaction Be
9
   C12  0 n1 with energy yield Q = +5.7 eV. Find Kinetic energy of neutron
outgoing at right angle to the direction of motion of -particle.
8. A piece of wood from some ancient ruins was found to have a 14C activity of
13 disintegrations per minute per gram of its carbon content. The 14C activity of living wood
equals the atmospheric activity of 14C which is 16 disintegrations per minute per gram. How old is
the piece of wood? T1/2 = 5760 years.
9. Let neutron be a point mass and Hydrogen atom a solid sphere. A neutron makes a head on
collision with a Hydrogen atom in ground state kept at rest. The coefficient of restitution for
collision is e=1/2. Find the minimum kinetic energy of colliding neutron so that Hydrogen atom is
excited to higher energy level such that magnitude of electrostatic potential energy in the excited
state is one-eighth of K.E of electron in ground state (mass of neutron mass of Hydrogen)
In the reaction H  H  H  H
1 3 2 2
10.
Protons with kinetic energy 5.70 MeV are incident on 3H at rest
(a) What is the Q value for this reaction?
(b) If the deuterons are emitted along the direction of the incident proton, find the kinetic energies
of the deuterons. Given : m(1H) = 1.007825 amu; m(3H) = 3.016049 amu; m(2H) = 2.014102 amu
11. The kinetic energy of an  - particle ejected from a nucleus of radium atom 88Ra226 in radioactive
disintegrations is 4.78 MeV. Find
(a) the velocity of the  - particle.
(b) the total energy evolved during the escape of the  - particle.
12. Given two radioactive elements, a parent having a half life T1 and a daughter product having a half
life T2. If T1 >> T2 and if initially there is only the parent element present , how long will it take
in terms of T2 until these elements are within 1 percent of their equilibrium value.
13. The total energy evolved when  particle is ejected from nucleus of radium atom 88Ra226 is
E = 4.87 MeV. Find the kinetic energy of  particle.
14. Nuclei A decays into nuclei B with decay constant 1 while B decays into C with decay constant
2. If at t = 0 number of nuclei of A are N0, while there is no nuclei of B and C, find number of
nuclei of B as function of time and also find time after which number of nuclei of B becomes
maximum.
15. Taking Planck’s constant,  (= h/2); the velocity of light c and Newton’s gravitational constant
G construct a quantity having dimensions of mass. Calculate the value of this mass in amu.
16. 2350 kg of 235U is used to produce power in nuclear reactor. Fission of 235U liberates
200 MeV of energy. The efficiency of reactor is 15 %. Find the number of years for which
reactor can work with given mass of 235U, if it produces 1000 MW power.
4
17. Find the energies needed to remove a neutron from 2 He , then to remove a proton and finally to
4 2
separate the neutron and proton. Use [Atomic mass (in a.m.u.) 2 He  4.002603; 1H 
3
2.014102; 2 He  3.016049; n  1.008665; p  1.007525]
210
18. The polonium isotope 84 Po is unstable and emits 5.30 MeV of alpha particle. The atomic mass
210 4
of 84 Po is 209.1829a.m.u. and that of the 2 He is 4.0026 a.m.u. Identify the daughter nuclei
and find its atomic mass. [Given 1 a.m.u. = 931 MeV] Assume the daughter nuclei to be almost
stationary.
19. In a neutron induced fission of 92U235 nucleus, usable energy of 185MeV is released. If a 92U235
reactor is continuously operating it at power level of 100 MW how long will it take for 1 kg of
uranium to be consumed in this reactor ?
20. The source of energy within the sun is the proton-proton cycle.1H + 1H + 1H + 1H  4He + Q
The output power of the sun is 3.9  1026 W.At what rate is hydrogen being consumed in the core
of the sun. m(1H) = 1.007825 amu , m(4He) = 4.002603 amu
21. The energy of the alpha particles emitted by 210Po is 5.30 MeV
(a) What mass of 210Po is needed to power a thermoelectric cell of 1W output if the efficiency of
energy conservation is 8%
 210
(b) What would be the power output after 1 year. Given T 1/2 of Po = 138 days.
15 15 16
22. The atomic masses of 7 N, 8 O , 8 O are respctively 15.0001 amu, 15.0030 amu and 15.9949
16
8 O
amu. (a) Find the average binding energy per nucleon in
(b) How much energy is needed to remove one proton from 16
8 O

(c) How much energy is needed to remove one neutron from 16

8 O .
mp = 1.007825 amu and mn = 1.008665 amu
23. A particular type of nucleus whose decay constant is  is produced at a steady rate of p nuclei per
second. Show that the number of nuclei N present t second after the production starts is N =
p


1  e  t 
24. At what minimum K.E. of a moving hydrogen atom will its inelastic head-on collision with
another stationary hydrogen atom produce a photon emitted by one of the atoms ? Both
the atoms are supposed to be in ground state prior to the collision. No heat lost.
ANSWERS(GMP)
4 8
1. P1600  , PD1600  2. Mass of hydrogen consumed = 9.67  1011 kg/s
13 13
 M  6
3. T 1    4. 9.33  10 N 5. 0.088 g.
 M
 y 
6. A  1H2 B  2He4 7. Kn = 3.64 eV. 8. 1726 years
9. K. E. of neutron = 34 eV. 10. (a) -4.03 MeV (b) K1 = 0.24 MeV and K2 = 1.43 MeV
4.6 4.6
12 t=  T2  6.64 T2 13. 4.784 MeV 14. t =
 2 0.693
1  
ln  2 .
( 2  1 )  1 
15. m= c G 16. t = 0.92 year. 17. 1.94 MeV
18. 205.174 a.m.u. 19. 8.78 days 20. 6.2  1011 kg/s
1
21. (a) 88.4 mg (b)  0.16 W
6.25
22. (a) 7.97 MeV (b)12.13 MeV (c)15.61 MeV

23. N=
p


1  e  t .  24. 20.4 Ev