Cramer’s Rule

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
−𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 2
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 3
Step 1: Get the determinant of the matrices
x y z
2 3 −1 1
𝐴 = [−1 7 6 ] 𝐵 = [2]
3 −4 5 3
2 3 −1 2 3
|𝐴| = [−1 7 6 ] −1 7 ]
3 −4 5 3 −4
= 2(7)5 + (3)(6)(3) + (−1)(−1)(−4) − (3)(7)(−1) − (−4)(6)(2) − 5(−1)(3)
= 70 + 54 + (−4) − (−21) − (−48) − (−15)
= 𝟐𝟎𝟒
1 3 −1 1 3
|𝐴𝑥 | = [2 7 6 ]2 7 ]
3 −4 5 3 −4
= 1(7)(5) + 3(6)(3) + (−1)(2)(−4) − 3(7)(−1) − (−4)(6)(1) − (5)(2)(3)
= 35 + 54 + 8 − (−21) − (−24) − 30
= 𝟏𝟏𝟐
2 1 −1 2 1
|𝐴𝑦 | = [−1 2 6 ] −1 2]
3 3 5 3 3
= 2(2)(5) + 1(6)(3) + (−1)(−1)3 − 3(2)(−1) − 3(6)(2) − 5(−1)1
= 20 + 18 + 3 − (−6) − 36 − (−5)
= 𝟏𝟔
2 3 1 2 3
|𝐴𝑧 | = [−1 7 2] −1 7 ]
3 −4 3 3 −4
= 2(7)(3) + 3(2)(3) + 1(−1)(−4) − 3(7)(1) − (−4)(2)(2) − 3(−1)(3)
= 42 + 18 + 4 − 21 − (−16) − (−9)
= 𝟔𝟖
Step 2:
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨𝒙 𝟏𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟖
𝒙= = =
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝟓𝟏
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨𝒚 𝟏𝟔 𝟒
𝒚= = =
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝟓𝟏
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨𝒛 𝟔𝟖 𝟏
𝒛= = =
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝟑

4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = −10
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 17
Step 1: Get the determinant of the matrices
x y z
4 −3 1 −10
𝐴=[ 2 1 3 ] 𝐵=[ 0 ]
−1 2 −5 17
4 −3 1 4 −3
|𝐴| = [ 2 1 3] 2 1]
−1 2 −5 −1 2
= 4(1)(−5) + (−3)(3)(−1) + 1(2)(2) − (−1)(1)(1) − (2)(3)(4) − (−5)(2)(−3)
= −20 + 9 + 4 − (−1) − 24 − 30
= −𝟔𝟎
−10 −3 1 −10 −3
|𝐴𝑥 | = [ 0 1 3] 0 1]
17 2 −5 17 2
= −10(1)(−5) + (−3)(3)(17) + (1)(0)(2) − 17(1)(1) − (2)(3)(−10) − (−5)(0)(−3)
= 50 + (−153) + 0 − 17 − (−60) − 0
= −𝟔𝟎
4 −10 1 4 −10
|𝐴𝑦 | = [ 2 0 3] 2 0 ]
−1 17 −5 −1 17
= 4(0)(−5) + (−10)(3)(−1) + (1)(2)17 − (−1)(0)(1) − 17(3)(4) − (−5)(2)(−10)
= 0 + 30 + 34 − 0 − 204 − 100
= −𝟐𝟒𝟎
 4 −3 −10 4 −3
|𝐴𝑧 | = [ 2 1 0 ] 2 1]
−1 2 17 −1 2
= 4(1)(17) + (−3)(0)(−1) + (−10)(2)(2) − (−1)(1)(−10) − (2)(0)(4) − 17(2)(−3)
= 68 + 0 + (−40) − 10 − 0 − (−102)
= 𝟏𝟐𝟎
Step 2:

𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨𝒙 −𝟔𝟎
𝒙= = =𝟏
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨 −𝟔𝟎
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨𝒚 −𝟐𝟒𝟎
𝒚= = =𝟒
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨 −𝟔𝟎
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨𝒛 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝒛= = = −𝟐
𝒅𝒆𝒕𝑨 −𝟔𝟎

Gauss-Jordan
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =9
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 13
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 40
Step 1: Augmented Matrix and elementary math
𝐶 𝐶2 𝐶 𝐶
𝑅1 11 1 13 94 3𝑅1 𝐶1 − 𝑅3𝐶1 = 3(1) − 3 = 0 3𝑅1 𝐶2 − 𝑅3 𝐶2 = 3(1) − 4 = −1

𝑅2 |2 −3 4| 13| 𝑅3 →3𝑅1 − 𝑅3 3𝑅1 𝐶3 − 𝑅3 𝐶3 = 3(1) − 5 = −2 3𝑅1 𝐶4 − 𝑅3 𝐶4 = 3(9) − 40 = −13

𝑅3 3 4 5 40
1 1 1 9 2𝑅1 𝐶2 − 𝑅2 𝐶2 = 2(1) − (−3) = 5
2𝑅1 𝐶1 − 𝑅2𝐶1 = 2(1) − 2 = 0
|2 −3 4 | 13 | 𝑅2 →2𝑅1 − 𝑅2 2𝑅1𝐶3 − 𝑅2𝐶3 = 2(1) − 4 = −2
2𝑅1 𝐶4 − 𝑅2 𝐶4 = 2(9) − 13 = 5

0 −1 −2 −13
1 1 1 9 5𝑅3 𝐶1 − 𝑅2 𝐶1 = 5(0) + 0 = 0 5𝑅3 𝐶2 − 𝑅2 𝐶2 = 5(−1) + 5 = 0
|0 5 −2| 5 | 𝑅3 →5𝑅3 + 𝑅2 5𝑅3𝐶3 − 𝑅2𝐶3 = 5(−2) + (−2) = −12 5𝑅3 𝐶4 − 𝑅2 𝐶4 = 5(−13) + 5 = −60

0 −1 −2 −13 1 1
𝑅 𝐶 = (0) = 0
1 1
𝑅 𝐶 = (5) = 1
1 1 1 9 5 2 1 5 5 2 2 5
1
|0 5 −2 | 5 | 𝑅2 → (𝑅2 ) 1 1
𝑅 𝐶 = (−2) = −
2 1 1
𝑅 𝐶 = (5) = 1
5 5 2 3 5 5 5 2 4 5
0 0 −12 −60
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 9
− 𝑅3𝐶1 = − (0) = 0 − 𝑅 𝐶 = − (0) = 0
1 12 12 12 3 2 12
|0 1 − | 1 | 𝑅3 → − (𝑅3 ) 1 1 1 1
5 −60 12 − 𝑅3𝐶3 = − (−12) = 1
12 12
− 𝑅3𝐶4 = − (−60) = 5
12 12
0 0 −12
1 1 1 Gaussian
2 9 2
| 0 1 − | 1| 𝒛=𝟓 𝑦− 𝑧=1
5
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =9
5 5 2 𝑥+3+5 =9
𝑦 − (5) = 1
0 0 1 5 𝑥+8 =9
𝑦−2=1 𝑥 =9−8
𝑦 =1+2 𝒙=𝟏
𝒚=𝟑
1 1 1
2 9 2 2 2 2 2
− | 1| 𝑅2 → 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑅2 𝐶1 = (0) + 0 = 0 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑅2 𝐶2 = (0) + 1 = 1
|0 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 2 5
5 5 5 2 2 2
𝑅3 𝐶3 + 𝑅2 𝐶3 = (1) + (− ) = 0
2 2
𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑅2 𝐶4 = (5) + 1 = 3
0 0 1 5 5 5 5 3 4 5
1 1 1 9 𝑅1𝐶1 − 𝑅3 𝐶1 = 1 − 0 = 1
𝑅1𝐶2 − 𝑅3 𝐶2 = 1 − 0 = 1
|0 1 0| 3| 𝑅1 →𝑅1 − 𝑅3 𝑅1𝐶3 − 𝑅3 𝐶3 = 1 − 1 = 0 𝑅1𝐶4 − 𝑅3 𝐶4 = 9 − 5 = 4

0 0 1 5 𝑅1𝐶2 − 𝑅2 𝐶2 = 1 − 1 = 0
𝑅1𝐶1 − 𝑅2 𝐶1 = 1 − 0 = 1
1 1 0 4 𝑅1𝐶4 − 𝑅2 𝐶4 = 4 − 3 = 1
0| 3| 𝑅1 →𝑅1 − 𝑅2
𝑅1𝐶3 − 𝑅2 𝐶3 = 0 − 0 = 0
|0 1
0 0 1 5 Gauss-Jordan
1 0 0 1
𝒙=𝟏 𝒚=𝟑 𝒛=𝟓
|0 1 0| 3|
0 0 1 5
 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = −10
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 17
Step 1: Augmented Matrix and elementary math 1 1 3
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 1 1 𝑅 𝐶 = (−3) = −
4 1 2 4 4
𝑅1 4 −3 1 −10 𝑅 𝐶
4 1 1 4
= (4) = 1
1 1 1 5
𝑅2 | 2 1 3 | 0 | 𝑅1 → 4 (𝑅1 ) 1 1
𝑅 𝐶 = (1) =
1 𝑅 𝐶 = (−10) = −
4 1 4 4 2
𝑅3 −1 2 −5 17 4 1 3 4 4
3 5
3 1 5 𝑅1𝐶1 + 𝑅3 𝐶1 = 1 + (−1) = 0 𝑅1𝐶2 + 𝑅3 𝐶2 = − + 2 =
4 4
1 − − 1 19 5 29
| 4 4 | 2 | 𝑅3 →𝑅1 + 𝑅3 𝑅 𝐶
1 3 + 𝑅 𝐶
2 3 =
4
+ (−5) = −
4
𝑅 𝐶
1 4 + 𝑅 𝐶
3 4 = −
2
+ 17 =
2
2 1 3 0
−1 2 −5 17
3 1 5
1 − − 2𝑅1 𝐶1 − 𝑅2𝐶1 = 2(1) − 2 = 0
3
2𝑅1 𝐶2 − 𝑅2 𝐶2 = 2 (− ) − 1 = −
5
4 4 2 4 2
|2 1 3 || 0 || →2𝑅1 − 𝑅2 1 5
5
| 2𝑅1 𝐶3 − 𝑅2 𝐶3 = 2 ( ) − 3 = −
4 2 2𝑅1 𝐶4 − 𝑅2 𝐶4 = 2 (− ) − 0 = −5
5 19 29 2
0 −
4 4 2
3 1 1 1 5 5
1 − 5 1 1 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑅3 𝐶2 = (− ) + = 0
4 4 − 𝑅2 𝐶1 + 𝑅3 𝐶1 = (0) + 0 = 0 2 2 2 2 2 4
| 5 5 | 2| 1
2 2
1 1 29
−5 | 𝑅3 → (𝑅2 ) + 𝑅3
1 1 5 19 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑅3 𝐶4 = (−5) + = 12
0 − − 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑅3 𝐶3 = (− ) + (− ) = −6
2 2 3
2 2 4 2 2
| 2 2 | 29 2 2 2 4

5 19
0 − 2
4 4
3 1 2 2
2 2
− 𝑅2 𝐶2 = − (− ) = 1
5
1 − 5 − 𝑅2 𝐶1 = − (0) = 0 5 5 2
4 4 − 2 5 5
2 2
| | 2
|0 − 5 − 5| −5 | 𝑅2 → − 5 (𝑅2 )
2 2 5 − 𝑅2 𝐶4 = − (−5) = 2
− 𝑅2 𝐶3 = − (− ) = 1 5 5
5 5 2
2 2 12
0 0 −6 1 1
3 1 5 1 1
− 𝑅3 𝐶1 = − (0) = 0
− 𝑅3 𝐶2 = − (0) = 0
6 6
1 − − 1 6 6
| 4 4 | 2 | 𝑅2 → − (𝑅3 ) 1 1
0 1 1 2 6 1 1
− 𝑅3 𝐶3 = − (−6) = 1
− 𝑅3 𝐶4 = − (12) = −2
6 6
6 6
0 0 −6 12
3 1 5 Gaussian
1 − − 3 1 5
| 4 4| 2| 𝒛 = −𝟐 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
𝑥− 𝑦+ 𝑧=−
𝑦 + (−2) = 2 4 4 2
0 1 1 2 𝑦 = 2 + 4 𝑥 − 3 (4) + 1 (−2) = − 5
0 0 1 −2 𝒚=𝟒 4 4
1
2
10
𝑥−3− =−
2 4
5 1
𝑥 =− +3+
2 2
𝒙=𝟏
3 1 5
1 − −
| 4 4| 2| 𝑅 →𝑅 − 𝑅 𝑅2 𝐶1 − 𝑅3 𝐶1 = 0 − 0 = 0 𝑅2 𝐶2 − 𝑅3 𝐶2 = 1 − 0 = 1
2 2 3
0 1 1 2 𝑅2 𝐶3 − 𝑅3 𝐶3 = 1 − 1 = 0 𝑅2 𝐶4 − 𝑅3 𝐶4 = 2 − (−2) = 4

0 0 1 −2
3 1 5 1 1
𝑅1𝐶1 − 𝑅3𝐶1 = 1 − (0) = 1
1 3 1
𝑅1𝐶2 − 𝑅3 𝐶2 = − − (0) = −
3
1 − − 4 4 4 4
4 4| 2| 𝑅 →𝑅 − 1 𝑅
4 4
| 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1
0 1 0 4 4 3 𝑅1𝐶3 − 𝑅3 𝐶3 = − (1) = 0
4 4 4
𝑅1𝐶4 − 𝑅3 𝐶4 = − − (−2) = −2
4 2 4
0 0 1 −2
3 3 3
𝑅1𝐶1 + 𝑅2𝐶1 = 1 + (0) = 1
3 3 3
1 − 0 −2 3 4 4
𝑅1𝐶1 + 𝑅2𝐶1 = − + (1) = 0
4 4 4
| 4 | 4 | 𝑅1 →𝑅1 + 𝑅2 3 3
3 3 𝑅1𝐶4 + 𝑅2 𝐶4 = −2 + (4) = 1
0 1 0 4 𝑅1𝐶3 + 𝑅2 𝐶3 = 0 + (0) = 0 4 4
−2 4 4
0 0 1
1 0 0 1
Gauss-Jordan
|0 1 0| 4 |
0 0 1 −2 𝒙=𝟏 𝒚=𝟒 𝒛 = −𝟐