7th Grade

Elementary
STATISTICS
Week 4
 Opening Prayer
Dear Lord,
We thank you a hundredfold for the love and care that
you have given us. May we in return to you, your good
works by multiplying it with love and respect, adding
more faith, subtracting the unworldly behavior and evil
works and dividing your given talents to others so we
can sum it all and be united as one in your family. In
this, we pray, Amen.
Are your familiar with the
following expression?

𝒙=𝒚
x equals y
 Are your familiar with the
following expression?

𝒙≠𝒚
x not equals to y
 Are your familiar with the
following expression?

𝒙>𝒚
x is greater than y
 Are your familiar with the
following expression?

𝒙≤𝒚
x is less or equal to y
 Grade 7

Mathematics
Class
Week 5
 Grade 7

Statistical Symbols
and Nature of
Statistics
Week 4
Common symbols used in statistics:

∑ HS LS
Summation Highest Lowest
Score Score
Common symbols used in statistics:

UL LL FD
Upper Limit Lower Frequency
Limit Distribution
Common symbols used in statistics:

X Y i
One Another Interval
Variable Variable
Common symbols used in statistics:

f fd Cl
Frequency Frequency Class
times (×) Interval
deviation
Common symbols used in statistics:

C
Correction
M Md
Mean Median
Common symbols used in statistics:

Mo R
Mode Range
Common symbols used in statistics:

𝑸𝟑 𝑸 𝟐 𝑸 𝟏
QUARTILE 3 QUARTILE 2 Quartile 1
Common symbols used in statistics:

SD or S r ෍𝑿

QUARTILE 3 Pearson Summation

product of scores
Common symbols used in statistics:

෍ 𝒇𝒙

Summation of
AM P
Assumed Percentile
frequency times
(×) scores Mean
Characteristics Parameters Statistics
Mean 𝝁, 𝒎𝒖 ഥ
𝒙
Standard Deviation 𝝈, 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒎𝒂 𝒔
Number of Cases 𝑵 𝒏
Proportion 𝑷 𝒑
Pearson Product
Moment Correlation 𝑹 𝒓
Coefficient
Variance 𝑺𝟐 𝒔𝟐
Nature of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
✓ This includes the Examples:
techniques which are • Number of votes of a
concerned with • candidate for president
organizing, • sports statistics
summarizing and • university enrollment
describing data.
Nature of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
There are four major types of descriptive statistics:
• Measures of Frequency
• Measures of Central Tendency
• Measures of Dispersion or Variation
• Measures of Position
Nature of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
There are four major types of descriptive statistics:
✓ Measures of Frequency
• Count, Percent, Frequency
• Shows how often something occurs
• Use this when you want to show how often a response is
given
Nature of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
There are four major types of descriptive statistics:
✓ Measures of Central Tendency
• Mean, Median, and Mode
• Locates the distribution by various points
• Use this when you want to show how an average or most
commonly indicated response
Nature of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
There are four major types of descriptive statistics:
✓ Measures of Dispersion or Variation
• Range, Variance, Standard Deviation
• Identifies the spread of scores by stating intervals
• Use this when you want to show how "spread out" the data are.
It is helpful to know when your data are so spread out that it
affects the mean
Nature of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
There are four major types of descriptive statistics:
✓ Measures of Position
• Percentile Ranks, Quartile Ranks
• Describes how scores fall in relation to one another. Relies
on standardized scores
• Use this when you need to compare scores to a normalized
score (e.g., a national norm)
Nature of Statistics
Inferential Statistics
✓ Considered as higher form of Examples:
statistics.
✓ It involves using sample data to • by 2040, at least 3.5 billion
draw conclusions, generalizations, people will run short of water
predictions, or approximations in the • Drinking decaffeinated coffee
face of uncertainty. can raise cholesterol levels by
✓ It use the different statistical tools 6%
both the parametric and • Experts say that mortgage
nonparametric tests rates may soon hit bottom
Nature of Statistics
Inferential or Descriptive??
1. The chances of you getting a new car is about the
same as passing your math class. Inferential
2. The Senior Citizens that live in Carmona have better
memories than the ones that live in San Pedro.
Inferential
Nature of Statistics
Inferential or Descriptive??
3. The average number of students in a class at White
Descriptive
Oak University is 22.6

4. A recent study showed that eating garlic can lower

blood pressure. (Inferential)
Inferential
Types of Variable
Qualitative Variables
✓ It can be separated Examples:
• sex
into different • birthplace
categories that are • geographic location
• religion
distinguished by some • marital status
non-numeric • socio-economic status
characteristics. • educational attainment
• eye color and etc.
Types of Variable
Quantitative Variables
✓ Are numerical in nature Examples:
and can be ordered or • weight
ranked. • height
✓ It indicates how much of a • age
given characteristic an • test scores
individual, object or event • body temperature
possesses. • others of the like
Types of Variables
Qualitative or Quantitative?
1. The number of female students under Ms. Quantitative
Villanueva at Carmona National High School.
Qualitative
2. Political party of each congressman and senator.
3. The speed of the cars. Quantitative
4. Weight of a truck. Quantitative
5. Your weekly budget allowance. Quantitative
 Grade 7

Population and
Sample
and Statistical Data
Week 5
Population vs. Sample
Population
✓ The complete collection of Examples:
all elements (scores, • the students of CNHS
people, measurements, • the costumer of a particular
and so on) to be studied. bookstore
✓ Defined as the totality of • residents of the City of
objects, individuals, or Carmona
reactions • Teachers of Carmona
Population vs. Sample
Sample
✓ A portion or a subset of Examples:
the population selected for • the 1,000 students of CNHS
study. • first 100 costumers of a
particular bookstore
✓ refers to the element of
• 1,500 residents of the City of
objects or individuals Carmona
selected from the • 20 teachers of Carmona
population.
Population vs. Sample
Sample
Characteristics of Good Samples
✓Representative
✓ Accessible
✓ Low Cost
Statistical Data
- Concerned with quantitative or any
kind of numerical data such as figures on
sales, ages, tax returns, population,
births, deaths, and many more.
Types of Quantitative Variables
Discrete
✓ It has a finite or countable Examples:
number or values. • Number of siblings
✓ Assume exact values only • Number of students in each
and can be obtained by section
counting like number of • Number of trees in a
students, houses, workers certain mountain.
and so on.
Types of Quantitative Variables
Continuous
✓ assume infinite values Examples:
within a specified interval • height
and can be obtained by • weight
measurement, measures • speed
like feet, pounds, kilos, • body temperature
minutes and meters. • monthly salary
• age
 Levels of Measurements

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Level Level Level Level
Levels of Measurements
Nominal Level
✓ It is the weakest level of
Examples:
measurement where numbers • Marital status
or symbols are used simply • Sex
for categorizing subjects into • Subjects in Schools
different groups. • Gender
✓ No quantitative values. • Ethnicity
(Category) • Hair Color
Levels of Measurements
Ordinal Level (Ranking Scale)
✓ It contains properties of the
Examples:
nominal level and in addition, • year level
the numbers assigned to • ratings
categories of any variable • job description
may be ranked or ordered in • military rank
some low to high manner. • movie classification
✓ Are used to label + rank • Tshirt Size
Levels of Measurements
Ordinal Level (Ranking Scale)
Examples:
In this picture the girl is 2nd:
Levels of Measurements
Interval Level
Examples:
✓Used to label • IQ level
rank; do not have • Temperature

a true zero
Levels of Measurements
Ratio Level
Examples:
✓ It contains all the • scores in a certain test
•
properties of the •
NBA career points of Kobe Bryant
weight
•
interval level and in •
height
length
•
addition, has a true •
area
volume
•
zero point •
density
velocity, price, etc
 Data Collection
✓ is the process
and methods of
gathering
information.
Methods Of Gathering Data
1. Interviews
2. Questionnaires
3. Objective observations
4. Experimentations
5. Psychological tests
 Data Gathering Techniques
1. THE DIRECT OR THE INTERVIEW METHOD:
In this method, the researcher has direct contact
with the researcher.

Advantage Disadvantage
✓ Clarification can be ✓ Costly and time-
done easily. consuming
 Data Gathering Techniques
2. THE INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD:
The researcher gives or distributes the questionnaire to
the respondents either by personal delivery or by mail.

Advantage Disadvantage
✓ Saves time and money; large ✓ Problem of retrieval
number of samples can be
reached.
Characteristics of a Questionnaire

1. There is a descriptive title/name for the

questionnaire.
2. It is designed to achieve objectives.
3. The directions are clear.
4. It is designed for easy tabulation.
Characteristics of a Questionnaire

5. It avoids the use of double negatives.

6. It also avoids double barreled questions.
7. It phrases questions well for all respondents.
 Types of Questionnaires
1. Open How can we
promote
women
Suggest your
opinion to
promote
empowerment in
healthy lifestyle
– this type has an Philippines?
in Philippines.

unlimited
responses. Such questions were asked openly
to get opinion or view about the
aspect.
 Types of Questionnaires

2. Closed It has two possible

responses only, either
– this type limits
✓ Yes / No
the scope of
responses ✓ True / False
✓ Agree / Disagree
 2. Closed
Please enter Have you ever experienced
a service from our fitness
your gender center?
Male / Female Yes / No
 Types of Questionnaires
3. Combination
– this type is a Did you find this
combination of open meeting helpful?
and closed types of Why?"
questionnaire
 Types of Questionnaires
4. Multiple choice Example:
Question: Which of the warm up
– allows respondent duration you follow before athletic
competition?
to select answer/s a. 10 min.
b. 15 min.
from the list c. 20 min.
d. 25 min.
e. more than 25 min.
 Types of Questionnaires
Example:
5. Ranking Please rank the following in order of
– asks respondents importance from 1 to 4 where 1 is
most important to you and 4 is least
to rank the given important to you.
_____ Speed of Service
items. _____ Ease of Parking
_____ Cleanliness
_____ Friendliness of Staff
 Types of Questionnaires
6. Scale Example:
– asks respondents to
give his/her degree of
agreement to a
statement (Likert-scale).
Likert Scale - can help you as certain how strongly your
respondents agree to a particular statement.
 To assess a person's feelings about something
Express your views on the following aspect of smoking
Questions SA A UD D SD
Smoking is injurious to health
Cigarette contains nicotine
Those who smoke looks
charming
Smokers can impress people

SA - Strongly Agree A - Agree UD - Undecided

D - Disagree SD - Strongly Disagree
 Data Gathering Techniques
3. THE REGISTRATION METHOD:
This method of gathering data is governed by laws.

Advantage Disadvantage
✓ Most reliable source of ✓ Data are limited to what
data are listed in the
documents
 Data Gathering Techniques
4. THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:
This method of gathering data is used to find out
cause and effect relationships.

Advantage Disadvantage
✓ Can go beyond ✓ Lots of threats to internal
description and external validity