07 Foundation

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 6

Foundations

Load from
roof to column

Load from
floor to column

(a) (b)
Load from
floor to column Fig. 3.69 Foundation failures: (a) sliding failure;
(b) overturning failure.
Load from
column to
foundation
Foundation loads resisted by ground

Fig. 3.68 Loading on foundations.

3.11 Foundations
(a) (b)
Foundations are required primarily to carry the dead
and imposed loads due to the structure’s floors, Fig. 3.70 Pad footing: (a) plan; (b) elevation.
beams, walls, columns, etc. and transmit and dis-
tribute the loads safely to the ground (Fig. 3.68).
The purpose of distributing the load is to avoid the foundations may bear directly on the ground or be
safe bearing capacity of the soil being exceeded supported on piles. The choice of foundation type
otherwise excessive settlement of the structure may will largely depend upon (1) ground conditions (i.e.
occur. strength and type of soil) and (2) type of structure
Foundation failure can produce catastrophic (i.e. layout and level of loading).
effects on the overall stability of a structure so that Pad footings are usually square or rectangular
it may slide or even overturn (Fig. 3.69). Such slabs and used to support a single column
failures are likely to have tremendous financial and (Fig. 3.70). The pad may be constructed using mass
safety implications. It is essential, therefore, that concrete or reinforced concrete depending on the
much attention is paid to the design of this element relative size of the loading. Detailed design of pad
of a structure. footings is discussed in section 3.11.2.1.
Continuous strip footings are used to support
3.11.1 FOUNDATION TYPES loadbearing walls or under a line of closely spaced
There are many types of foundations which are columns (Fig. 3.71). Strip footings are designed as
commonly used, namely strip, pad and raft. The pad footings in the transverse direction and in the

N = N = N = N
A B C D

Elevation

Plan

(a) (b)

Fig. 3.71 Strip footings: (a) footing supporting columns; ( b) footing supporting wall.

115

9780415467193_C03a 115 9/3/09, 1:10 PM


Design in reinforced concrete to BS 8110

(a)

Plan (b) (c)


Typical sections through
raft foundations

Fig. 3.72 Raft foundations. Typical sections through raft foundation: (a) flat slab; (b) flat slab and downstand;
(c) flat slab and upstand.

longitudinal direction as an inverted continuous the surrounding strata by end bearing and/or fric-
beam subject to the ground bearing pressure. tion. End bearing piles derive most of their carry-
Where the ground conditions are relatively ing capacity from the penetration resistance of the
poor, a raft foundation may be necessary in order soil at the toe of the pile, while friction piles rely
to distribute the loads from the walls and columns on the adhesion or friction between the sides of the
over a large area. In its simplest form this may pile and the soil.
consist of a flat slab, possibly strengthened by
upstand or downstand beams for the more heavily 3.11.2 FOUNDATION DESIGN
loaded structures (Fig. 3.72). Foundation failure may arise as a result of (a) allow-
Where the ground conditions are so poor that able bearing capacity of the soil being exceeded,
it is not practical to use strip or pad footings but or (b) bending and/or shear failure of the base.
better quality soil is present at lower depths, the The first condition allows the plan-area of the base
use of pile foundations should be considered to be calculated, being equal to the design load
(Fig. 3.73). divided by the bearing capacity of the soil, i.e.
The piles may be made of precast reinforced
Ground design load bearing
pressure = plan area < capacity of soil
concrete, prestressed concrete or in-situ reinforced (3.25)
concrete. Loads are transmitted from the piles to
Since the settlement of the structure occurs dur-
ing its working life, the design loadings to be con-
sidered when calculating the size of the base should
be taken as those for the serviceability limit state
(i.e. 1.0Gk + 1.0Qk). The calculations to determine
the thickness of the base and the bending and shear
reinforcement should, however, be based on ulti-
mate loads (i.e. l.4Gk + 1.6Qk). The design of a
Soft pad footing only will be considered here. The reader
strata is referred to more specialised books on this sub-
ject for the design of the other foundation types
discussed above. However, it should be borne in
mind that in most cases the design process would
Hard
be similar to that for beams and slabs.
strata
3.11.2.1 Pad footing
The general procedure to be adopted for the
Fig. 3.73 Piled foundations. design of pad footings is as follows:
116

9780415467193_C03a 116 9/3/09, 1:10 PM


Foundations

1. Calculate the plan area of the footing using ser-


viceability loads. Load on
shaded area
2. Determine the reinforcement areas required for to be used
bending using ultimate loads (Fig. 3.74). in design
3. Check for punching, face and transverse shear
failures (Fig. 3.75).
Fig. 3.74 Critical section for bending.

1.0d
Punching shear
1.5d
perimeter = Face shear
column
1.5d

perimeter
+ 8 × 1.5d

Transverse shear

Fig. 3.75 Critical sections for shear. (Load on shaded areas to be used in design.)

Example 3.15 Design of a pad footing (BS 8110)


A 400 mm square column carries a dead load (G k ) of 1050 kN and imposed load (Q k ) of 300 kN. The safe bearing
capacity of the soil is 170 kNm−2. Design a square pad footing to resist the loads assuming the following material
strengths:
fcu = 35 Nmm−2 fy = 500 Nmm−2

Axial loads: dead = 1050 kN


imposed = 300 kN

PLAN AREA OF BASE


Loading

Dead load
Assume a footing weight of 130 kN
Total dead load (Gk) = 1050 + 130 = 1180 kN

Serviceability load
Design axial load (N ) = 1.0Gk + 1.0Q k = 1.0 × 1180 + 1.0 × 300 = 1480 kN

Plan area
N 1480
Plan area of base = = = 8.70 m2
bearing capacity of soil 170
Hence provide a 3 m square base (plan area = 9 m2)
117

9780415467193_C03a 117 9/3/09, 1:11 PM


Design in reinforced concrete to BS 8110

Example 3.15 continued


Self-weight of footing
Assume the overall depth of footing (h) = 600 mm
Self weight of footing = area × h × density of concrete
= 9 × 0.6 × 24 = 129.6 kN < assumed (130 kN)

BENDING REINFORCEMENT
Design moment, M
Total ultimate load (W ) = 1.4G k + 1.6Q k
= 1.4 × 1050 + 1.6 × 300 = 1950 kN
W 1950
Earth pressure ( ps ) = = = 217 kNm−2
plan area of base 9

1300 400 1300

217 kN/m2

psb 2 217 × 1.300 2


Maximum design moment occurs at face of column (M ) = =
2 2
= 183 kNm/m width of slab

Ultimate moment
Effective depth
Base to be cast against blinding, hence cover (c) to reinforcement = 50 mm (see Table 3.8). Assume 20 mm diameter
(Φ) bars will be needed as bending reinforcement in both directions.

d
Φ

Cover

Hence, average effective depth of reinforcement, d, is


d = h − c − Φ = 600 − 50 − 20 = 530 mm

Ultimate moment
Mu = 0.156fcubd 2 = 0.156 × 35 × 103 × 5302
= 1534 × 106 Nmm = 1534 kNm
Since Mu > M no compression reinforcement is required.
118

9780415467193_C03a 118 9/3/09, 1:11 PM


Foundations

Example 3.15 continued


Main steel
M 183 × 106
K = = = 0.0186
fcubd 2
35 × 1000 × 5302
z = d[0.5 + (0.25 − K /0.9)]
= d[0.5 + (0.25 − 0.0186/0.9)]
= 0.979d ≤ 0.95d = 0.95 × 530 = 504 mm
M 183 × 106
As = = = 835 mm2 /m
0.87f y z 0.87 × 500 × 504
Minimum steel area is
0.13%bh = 780 mm2/m < A s OK
Hence from Table 3.22, provide H20 at 300 mm centres (A s = 1050 mm /m) distributed uniformly across the full width
2

of the footing parallel to the x–x and y–y axis (see clause 3.11.3.2, BS 8110).

CRITICAL SHEAR STRESSES


Punching shear

Critical
1.5d
perimeter

Critical perimeter, pcrit, is


= column perimeter + 8 × 1.5d
= 4 × 400 + 8 × 1.5 × 530 = 7960 mm
Area within perimeter is
(400 + 3d)2 = (400 + 3 × 530)2 = 3.96 × 106 mm2
Ultimate punching force, V, is
V = load on shaded area = 217 × (9 − 3.96) = 1094 kN
Design punching shear stress, υ, is
V 1094 × 103
υ= = = 0.26 Nmm−2
p critd 7960 × 530
100 A s 100 × 1050
= = 0.198
bd 103 × 530
Hence from Table 3.11, design concrete shear stress, υc, is
υc = (35/25)1/3 × 0.37 = 0.41 Nmm−2
Since υc > υ, punching failure is unlikely and a 600 mm depth of slab is acceptable.
119

9780415467193_C03a 119 9/3/09, 1:11 PM


Design in reinforced concrete to BS 8110

Example 3.15 continued


Face shear
Maximum shear stress (υmax) occurs at face of column. Hence
W 1950 × 103
υmax = = = 2.3 Nmm−2 < permissible (= 0.8 35 = 4.73 Nmm−2)
column perimeter × d (4 × 400) × 530
Transverse shear 770 mm 530 mm

Ultimate shear force (V ) = load on shaded area = ps × area = 217(3 × 0.770) = 501 kN
Design shear stress, υ, is
V 501 × 103
υ= = = 0.32 Nmm−2  υc
bd 3 × 103 × 530
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
The sketch below shows the main reinforcement requirements for the pad footing.
01-11H20-300
alternate bars
reversed

A A

01-11H20-300
alternate bars
reversed
75 kicker

Column starter
bars (not designed)

01 01

01 01 01 01
Section A–A

120

9780415467193_C03a 120 9/3/09, 1:12 PM

You might also like