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Grammatical Function

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views16 pages

Grammatical Function

Uploaded by

hirahmaachan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Grammatical

function
Presented By 11
th group
OUR Tiara hana m (007)
Norma agustiya r (012)
sinta wahyu L (039)

TEAM fina AIMMATUL f (071)


Setyowati (085)
Tongue twister!!!

I scream, you scream, we all Peter Piper picked a peck of


scream for ice cream! pickled peppers.
Grammar rules:
Ani (1) reads a book (2) for Adi (3)

Guess!!!
Agent and Patient Roles:
The cat (1) chases the mouse (2) in
the garden. (3)
Subject
1. The tigers hunt prey at night
"The tigers hunt prey at night," emphasizing how the subject
"tigers" satisfies criteria such as preceding the verb, agreeing in
number, and not being preceded by a preposition. It discusses the
subject's role as the agent in the sentence and explores
conflicting views on whether, in passive sentences, the subject still
denotes the agent or represents the path of action. The
discussion touches on the unresolved debate over whether
language directly mirrors reality or reflects mental
representations. It introduces the concept of the psychological
subject, denoting the starting point of the message, highlighting
that while it may differ from the grammatical subject, in this
sentence, both coincide. It then dismisses the concept of the
psychological subject in modern linguistic analysis due to its
complexity. Lastly, it underscores the significance of the
grammatical subject in denoting the agent and how its alignment
with the agent and psychological subject is a common feature in
European languages.
2. a. Fiona hoped to meet the Primer Minister 3. a. Fiona persuaded Arthur to bake a cake
b. Susan intends to reach Kasghar b. Susan wanted Jane to study German
c. Arthur tried to bake a cake
In sentences like "Fiona persuaded Arthur to bake a
The provided sentences feature infinitive phrases (to cake" and "Susan wanted Jane to study German," verbs
meet the PM, to reach Kashgar, to bake a cake), which such as "persuaded" and "wanted" are followed by a
are considered non-finite clauses. These infinitives are noun phrase (Arthur, Jane) and then by an infinitive
understood to have subjects; for instance, in "Fiona phrase. These infinitive phrases also have implied
hoped to meet the Prime Minister," Fiona is the subjects controlled by the noun phrases (Arthur and
understood subject of "meet the PM." Fiona both hopes Jane) next to the verb. In these examples, Arthur is
and is the individual to carry out the meeting. This influenced by persuasion and performs the baking, while
understanding extends similarly to Susan in (b) and Jane is the target of Susan's desire and is expected to
Arthur in (c). In these sentences, the infinitive phrases, do the studying. If we expand (3a) to include the missing
like "meet" in (a), rely on the main verbs (hoped, intends, elements: "Fiona persuaded Arthur: Arthur to bake a
tried) where the grammatical subject of the main verb cake." By connecting the infinitive to a finite clause,
controls the understood subject of the infinitive. "Arthur baked a cake," this transition involves deleting a
Additionally, while the main verbs in (2) have only one constituent. Analysts regard the affected constituent,
complement, the infinitive, in (3), the verbs include two always the grammatical subject of the non-finite clause,
complements: a noun phrase and an infinitive. as crucial to the infinitive construction.
5. a. Ayala went to the ball. Jonathan
4. a. Ayala went to the ball. Ayala chatted stubbs chatted to Ayala.
to Jonathan Stubb's b. Ayala went to the ball and Jonathan
b. Ayala went to the ball and chatted to stubbs chatted to.
Jonathan Stubbs
In the given examples, "Ayala went to the
The sentences "Ayala went to the ball. ball. Jonathan Stubbs chatted to Ayala,"
Ayala chatted to Jonathan Stubbs." can when attempted to be combined into
be combined into "Ayala went to the ball "Ayala went to the ball and Jonathan
and chatted to Jonathan Stubbs" through Stubbs chatted to," results in an
ellipsis, where the grammatical subject ungrammatical sentence (5b). It
"Ayala" is omitted in the second showcases the importance of the
sentence. This omission is possible only grammatical subject NP and
for the grammatical subject. However, in demonstrates that whether it denotes an
contrast, example (5a) cannot transform Agent or not doesn't affect the
into (5b) by omitting the non-subject sentence's grammaticality. This is
"Ayala" in the second sentence. highlighted by the combining of active
and passive sentences in (6).
7. a. All the Tringles came to Merle Park.
b. b. The Tringles all came to Merle Park.
6. a. Ayala went to the ball. Ayala was c. Both Jane and Elizabeth were at home.
d. Jane and Elizabeth were both at home.
chatted to by Jonathan Stubbs.
b. Ayala went to the ball and was In (7b), the word all is part of the noun phrase
chatted to by Jonathan Stubbs. all the Tringles. That noun phrase is the
subject, and all can ‘float’ out of the NP to a
In this construction, too, the position next the finite verb, as in (7b).
grammatical subject is pivotal, in the Similarly, both can be part of the subject noun
phrase as in (7c) but can float to the same
sense that it is a grammatical subject position, as in (7d).
that is omitted on the way from the (a) Only subject NPs allow all and both to float. In
to the (b) examples. Furthermore, the (8a), all is part of the non-subject phrase all
understood subject of the second the foxes and cannot float to the left of the
clause in (4b) and (6b) is controlled finite verb, as shown by the unacceptable
(8b), nor to the right, as in the un-acceptable
by the initial grammatical subject.
(8c). Nor can both in (8c) and (8d).
8. a. Larry Twenty man hunted all the 9. a. All the foxes were hunted by Larry
foxes. twenty man.
b The foxes were all hunted by Larry
b. *Larry Twenty man all hunted twenty man.
the foxes.
c. *Larry Twenty man hunted the One final property of grammatical subjects is
foxes all. worth mentioning, namely that just as subjects
d. George built both the houses. control the understood subjects of non-finite
e. *George both built the houses. clauses, so they control the interpretation of
reflexive pronouns inside single clauses. This
f. *George built the houses both. is shown in (10), where Augusta and she refer
to the same woman called Augusta.
As with the missing subject in the
conjoined clauses in (5) and (6),
quan-tifiers can float out of subject
noun phrases in both active and
passive clauses, as shown by (9a, b).
11. These documents Elizabeth is checking at
this very moment.

One property must be added to the list. It is


10. Augusta blamed herself for what happened not relevant to English (apart from the
pronoun system) but it is central to other
We present the state of affairs more accurately if we say
that in English various properties attach to noun phrases:
Indo-European languages such as Russian.
denoting an Agent, specifying the entity the speaker The property is that of taking nominative
wishes to say something about, acting as the pivot of case, as exemplified in (12).
various constructions (coordination, infinitives, both and
all floating, reflexives), being involved in person and 12. a. Ivan tolknul Mashu (‘Ivan – pushed -
number agreement with the finite verb. In the neutral
active declarative construction of English, these
`Masha’)
properties converge on one NP, which is accorded the b. Masha tolknula Ivana (‘Masha – pushed
title of grammatical subject. - Ivan’)
As the discussion of psychological subject showed, the In (12a), Ivan is in the nominative case (as the
properties do not always converge on one noun phrase.
The psychological subject of (11) is these documents, traditional formula puts it) and Mashu is in the
which does not agree with is in number and person and is accusative case. In (12b), Masha is in the
not the grammatical subject. nominative case and I vana is in the
accusative case. Analogous changes only
show up in the pronouns in English, as in I
pushed him and He pushed me.
DECLARATIVE, ACTIVE, POSITIVE
This basic construction allows the greatest range of tense, aspect, mood and voice (see
Chapters 12 and 13 on grammar and semantics); instances of this construction are the easiest
to turn into relative or interrogative clauses; they take the greatest range of adverbs. They are
semantically more basic than other clauses; in order to understand, for example, Kate wasn’t
helping and Was Kate helping?, it is necessary to understand Kate was helping.
The list of properties that we are to establish relates to the basic construction. In the
discussion of word classes, we distinguished between syntactic and morpho-syntactic
properties. Subjects have the following major properties:
Syntatic Properties:
• Control of reflexives, as in (10)
• Control of all and both floating, as in (7) and (9)
• functioning as pivot in infinitives and coordinate constructions, as in (3), (4) and (6).
Morpho-syntactic properties:
• being involved in person and number links with the finite verb
• being in the nominative case.
Direct Object
Keeping to the [ACTIVE DECLARATIVE] construction,we can say that in sentences
such as (13) the NP following the verb is the direct object. For example: "Martha
chewed the bread."

We can say that the direct object NP is never preceded by preposition in the sentence
"Martha chewed on the bread," -bread- is not a direct object,and the entity it denotes
is not completely affected by the action _chewing-. One of the properties of the
English NPs called direct object is that they correspond to the grammatical subject of
passive sentences. For example: The bread chewed by Martha. We can say that direct
object NPs typically refer to Patients.

The general picture of direct object in English is fragmented, unlike the picture of
grammatical subject.
Indirect & oblique "She went to the store. "
Dalam konteks linguistik, "the
object store" dapat dianggap sebagai
An "indirect object" is a noun or oblique object karena merupakan
pronoun that indicates the person objek dari preposisi "to." Artinya,
or thing that receives the direct "she" pergi ke "the store."
object. While "Oblique" is more
commonly used in linguistics to other example of Oblique Object
refer to a noun phrase that
a. Tatiana wrote to Onegin
functions as the object of a
b. Magnus went to Egilsay
preposition. It's not typically used
c. Frank bought a piano for Jane
to describe a specific grammatical
function in the same way as direct
or indirect objects. In fact, it is difficult to separate
"She gave Him the book." indirect objects from adverbs
Di sini, "him" adalah indirect object of direction.
karena dia adalah penerima dari
direct object.
a. Lucy sent a letter to Isadore. - Only to the best students would
b. Lucy sent Isadore a letter. he give this book.
- Only to Glasgow would he go by
a. The Government sent an envoy train (because the service is fast).
to China. - It is to the best students that he
b. (*)The Government sent China gives this book.
an envoy. - It is to Stromness that he is going.
the fault from (21b) is semantic and
The traditional concept of an indirect
not syntactic so it can make the
object with the "to" phrase is
odd sentence. (21b) can be "The
associated with verbs like "give" and
company sent China its senior
"show." All verb complements
mining engineers to help plan the
introduced by a preposition are
new mines."
considered indirect objects.
The indirect object and adverb of
direction can appear at the So, the position of the indirect object
beginning of a clause preceded by can appear right to the verb, while
"only" and "it is," then the the adverb indicating direction
preposition "to" cannot be omitted. cannot directly replace that position.
conclusion
Subject: The subject in a sentence is the one
performing an action or experiencing a change.
The subject is the main focus of the sentence.
Direct Object:The direct object receives the direct
action of the verb and answers the questions
"what" or "whom."
Indirect Object: The indirect object receives the
benefits or consequences of the action, often
expressed with a phrase using prepositions like
"to" or "for."
Oblique Object: The oblique object encompasses
various types of information introduced by
prepositions, such as location, time, purpose, and
so on. This can include adverbial direction but
also involves other elements.
thank You
Any questions?

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