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SETS

Sets

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40 views34 pages

SETS

Sets

Uploaded by

gabreil12347
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHS

Understanding
sets
I WONDER...

What do you already know about


SETS?

THINK SHARE
SETS

A set is a well defined collection of objects or


things considered together and generally having
something in common. The distinct objects of a given
set are called elements.

Sets are usually denoted by capital letters such as A,


B, C, etc. The elements of n set can be anything:
numbers, letters, people, places, and other objects
having a common characteristic.
TWO METHODS OF WRITING SETS

Roster Method - The elements of the set are enumerated


and separated by a comma.
Example:
M = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Rule Method - A descriptive phrase is used to describe the
elements of the set.
Example:
P = {x|x is a planet in the solar system)
CARDINAL NUMBER

The cardinal number of a set is the number of elements


in the set.

A = {H, O, U, S, E} the cardinal number of A is 5.


B = {O} the cardinal number of B is 1
SET RELATIONS

EQUAL SETS
Equal sets are sets which have exactly the same
elements. They are also called identical sets.

If X= {x|x is a letter in the word "read") = {r, e, a, d}


Y ={y|y is a letter in the word "dear") = {d, e, a, r}
Z= {z|z is a letter in the word "dare") = {d, a, r, e}

then X = Y Y = Z and X = Z
SET RELATIONS

EQUIVALENT SETS
Equivalent sets sets where a one-to-one correspondence between
the elements of sets A and B exists. A one-to-one
correspondence exists between two sets O and E, if we can pair
an element of O with exactly one element of E.
If O = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

then O~E
SET RELATIONS

EMPTY OR NULL SET


A set with no elements.

G = {x|x is an integer less than 12


but greater than 11}
SET RELATIONS

FINITE SET
A set whose elements are limited or countable.
A = {x|x is a student of BSMarE 1A of CTU-Carmen}
INFINITE SET
A set whose elements are unlimited or uncountable. We denote
an infinite set with three dots or the ellipsis symbol(...).
B = {x|x is a natural number}
SET RELATIONS

JOINT SETS
A sets that have common elements.

C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

The common elements of two sets are {3,5,7}.


Therefore, C and D are joint sets.
SET RELATIONS

DISJOINT SETS
A sets that have no common elements.

C = {1, 2, 3} D = {3, 4, 5,} E = {x, y, z}

Sets C, D and E have no elements Therefore, C, D


and E are disjoint sets.
SET RELATIONS

UNIVERSAL SET
The totality of elements of a set under consideration.

M = {a, b, c, d, ..., z}

UNIT SET
A set with only one element.
N = {9}
SET RELATIONS

SUBSET

A set whose elements are members of a given set. Given


sets A and B, if all the elements of set A are found
in B, then A is a subset of B. From this definition,
we can say that an empty set is a subset of every set
and that every set is a subset of itself.
SET RELATIONS

SUBSET
If G = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} K = {1, 2, 3} and L = {4, 5, 6}
then, K is a subset of G ( K ⊆ G) but L ⊈ G.

Set K is called a proper subset of set G because there are


some elements in set G which are not in set K. In
particular, these are elements 4 and 5. The number of
subsets of a given set is 2", where n is the number.
SET OPERATIONS

UNION OF SETS

The union of two sets A and B is the set of all elements,


which belong to either A or B or to both. This is denoted
by the symbol ∪, as in
A∪B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B or X ∈ A and B).
SET RELATIONS

EXAMPLE

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

Find 1. A∪B
2. A∪C
3. B∪C
4. A∪B∪C
SET RELATIONS

EXAMPLE

Solution:
1. A∪B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
2. A∪C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
3. B∪C = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
4. A∪B∪C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
SET RELATIONS

INTERSECTION OF SETS

The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all


elements that belong to both A and B. This is denoted by
the symbol ∩, as in
A∩B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B ).
SET RELATIONS

EXAMPLE

Let D = {a, b, c, d, e}
E = {a, c, e, g}
F = {b, d, f, h}
G = {e, f, g, h}

Find 1. D∩E
2. E∩F
3. D∩E∩G
SET RELATIONS

EXAMPLE

Solution:
1. D∩E = {a, c, e}
2. E∩F= {} or ∅
3. D∩E∩G = {e}
SET RELATIONS

COMPLEMENT OF A SET

The complement of set A in a given universal set U is the


set of all the elements that are in U but not in set A. In
symbols, the complement of set A may be written as A’(read
as "A complement" or "A prime").
A’ = {x|x ∈ U and x ∉ A ).
SET RELATIONS

EXAMPLE

Let U = {1, 2, 3, ..., 12}


A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

Find A’ and B’
SET RELATIONS

EXAMPLE

Solution:
1. A’ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
2. B’= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12}
VENN-EULER DIAGRAM

The mathematicians Leonard Euler (1707-1783) and John


Venn (1834- 1923) used diagrams represented by
circles, ovals, or cloud-like shapes on a plane to
illustrate the principles of logic and thus the method
was named after them
EXAMPLE
A survey on subjects being taken by 250 college students in Metro
Manila revealed the following information:
90 were taking Mathematics
145 were taking Filipino
88 were taking English
25 were taking Math and Filipino
38 were taking Filipino and English
59 were taking Math and English
15 were taking all the three subjects
Solve the following using the Venn-Euler diagram:
1) How many did not take any of the three subjects?
2) How many students took Mathematics as their only subject?
3) How many students were taking Mathematics and Filipino but
not English?
4) How many students were taking Filipino and English but not
Mathematics?
Solution: In Figure 5, let U represents the set of 250 students. Let sets E,
F, and M represent the sets of students taking English, Filipino,
and Mathematics respectively.
1) We place 15, the number of students who took all three subjects in the
region representing M∩F∩E.
2) 25 students are taking Mathematics and Filipino so the set M∩F must have
25 elements. Since we have 15 elements already, we write 10 in the
remainder of the region representing F∩M.
3) 44 must be placed in the remainder of the region representing M∩E, and
23 must be placed in the remainder of the region rep- resenting F∩E.
4) The remainder of the regions F, E, and M must contain the numbers 97, 6,
and 21 respectively.
Answers to the Questions

1) 34 did not take any of the three subjects.


2) 21 took Mathematics as their only subject.
3) 10 were taking Mathematics and Filipino but not English.
4) 23 were taking Filipino and English but not Mathematics.
YOUR TURN

A. Give at least 5 elements of the described set.

1. A is the set of carpenter’s tools.


2. B is the set of the consonants in the English alphabet.
3. C = {x|x are prime numbers less than 50}
4. D is the set of perfect cube numbers.
5. E is the set of rational numbers greater than 1 but less than 2.
YOUR TURN

B. Write the elements in each resulting set.


Given: Let U = {0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 10}
A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} C = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
B = {4, 5, 6, 7} D = {6, 7, 8, 9}

1. A∪C 6. A’∪(C∪D)
2. B∩D 7. A∪B∩C
3. (A∩B)∪C 8. B∪C∪D
4. B∪(C∩D) 9.(A∪D)∪(B∪C)
5. B’∪A’ 10.(B∪A)∪(C∪D)
YOUR TURN
C. Consider a scenario involving students in a BSMarE program at CTU-Carmen.
The program tracks students' involvement in various activities: Students who
participate in field research, Students who engage in lab work, and Students
who attend seminars. The university found the following data over a semester:

75 students participated in field research


90 students engaged in lab work
30 students attended seminars
25 students participated in both field research and lab work
10 students participated in field research and attended seminars
15 students engaged in lab work and attended seminars
5 students participated in all three activities
20 students were involved in activities outs
Solve the following using the Venn-Euler diagram:
1) How many students participated in the field research only?
2) How many students engaged in lab work only?
3) How many students participated in the field research or
attended seminars?
4) How many students were involved in these activities?
WELL DONE

Thank You!

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