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Randomized Algorithms

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Randomized Algorithms

Uploaded by

sara.lu.9210
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Randomized Algorithms

This section concerns about the ith order statistic selection problem and many other significant
yet practical randomized algorithms.

Randomized Selection
A computation task described as follows: Find the ith smallest element (also termed as the ith
order statistic) in a randomly distributed array.

In a more general question that to locate a median within a randomly distributed array, the
fundamental idea of randomized selection is also useful, contributing in Quick Sort partition
method as well.

Pseudocode
RANDOMIZED_SELECT(array, order_statistic)
if length(array) = 1
return array[1]
choose a pivot uniformly from array at random
find the index i of that pivot
if i = order_statistic
return pivot
else if i > order_statistic
return RANDOMIZED_SELECT(array[1..i], order_statistic)
else if i < order_statistic
return RANDOMIZED_SELECT(array[i+1..], order_statistic)
Algorithm Analysis

The average running time of RANDOMIZED SELECTION is Ο(n) for every possible input
length n.

Proof:

Define a phase j where the set of pivot choices lies between the size of n ⋅ (3/4)j+1 and n ⋅ (3/4)j
(in each iteration, choosing a central element that has 1/4 elements smaller than it and 1/4
elements larger than it makes the next length at least 3/4 of the current length).

It takes 50-50 to choose a random splitter that has a 25-75 split and thus E(X) = 1 + 1/2 ⋅ E(X),
E(X) = 2, where X is number of iterations before central element is found.

Then, by linearity of expectation,


E(Τ(n)) = cn ∑ (3/4)j ⋅ E(Xj); E(Τ(n)) ⩽ 2 cn ∑ (3/4)j = 8 cn

Then, the average running time is Ο(n), proof ends.

Randomized Quick Sort


A Quick Sort algorithm aims to swiftly sort the un-ordered elements in the array. With a
randomized pivot selection method (borrowed from the idea of randomized selection)

efficiency of Ο(n ⋅ log n) in the expected running time.


introduced to the phase of choosing pivot of partition method, Quick Sort will have an

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