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Softwares

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kduppala
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Operating System is a type of software that works as an interface between the system program and

the hardware. There are several types of Operating Systems many of which are mentioned below

Types of Operating Systems

There are several types of Operating Systems which are mentioned below.

 Batch Operating System


 Multi-Programming System
 Multi-Processing System
 Multi-Tasking Operating System
 Time-Sharing Operating System
 Distributed Operating System
 Network Operating System
 Real-Time Operating System

Batch Operating System

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator
which takes similar jobs having the same requirements and groups them into batches. It is the
responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs. Batch Operating System is designed to
manage and execute a large number of jobs efficiently by processing them in groups.

Advantages of Batch Operating System

 Multiple users can share the batch systems.

 The idle time for the batch system is very less.

 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.

Disadvantages of Batch Operating System

 Batch systems are hard to debug.


 It is sometimes costly.

 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.

 In batch operating system the processing time for jobs is commonly difficult to accurately
predict while they are in the queue.

Multi-Programming Operating System

Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as more than one program is present
in the main memory and any one of them can be kept in execution. This is basically used for better
utilization of resources.

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

 Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.

 It helps in reducing the response time.

Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

 There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with the system.

Multi-Processing Operating System

Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating System in which more than one CPU is used
for the execution of resources. It betters the throughput of the System.
Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

 It increases the throughput of the system.

 As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed with another
processor.

Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

 Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult to understand.

Multi-Tasking Operating System

Multitasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming Operating System with having facility of
a Round-Robin Scheduling Algorithm. It can run multiple programs simultaneously.

Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

 Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-Tasking Operating System.

 It comes with proper memory management.

Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

 The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times.

Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time
of the CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The
task can be from a single user or different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called
quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS

 Each task gets an equal opportunity.

 Fewer chances of duplication of software.

 CPU idle time can be reduced.

 Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to share hardware resources
such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals, reducing the cost of hardware and increasing
efficiency.

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS

 Reliability problem.

 One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data.

 Data communication problem.

 High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead than other operating systems
due to the need for scheduling, context switching, and other overheads that come with
supporting multiple users.

Distributed Operating System

These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer technology and
are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, at a great pace. Various autonomous
interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared communication network.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System

 Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are
independent of each other.

 Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.

 Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.

 Load on host computer reduces.

 These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network.

 Delay in data processing reduces.

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

 Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.

 To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-defined yet.

 These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not only that the
underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet.

Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups, security,
applications, and other networking functions. These types of operating systems allow shared access
to files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a small private network.

Advantages of Network Operating System


 Highly stable centralized servers.

 Security concerns are handled through servers.

 New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system.

 Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems.

Disadvantages of Network Operating System

 Servers are costly.

 User has to depend on a central location for most operations.

 Maintenance and updates are required regularly.

What is System Software?

System software is software that provides a platform for other software. Some examples can
be operating systems, antivirus software, disk formatting software, computer language translators,
etc.

Examples of System Software

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer’s hardware and
application programs and examples of system software include operating systems (OS) (like macOS,
Linux, Android, and Microsoft Windows), game engines, search engines(like google,Bing,Yahoo!),
industrial automation, computational science software, and (SaS)software as a service applications.

 Operating systems (OS): Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.

 Device drivers: software that enables the communication between hardware and OS.

 Firmware: pre-installed low-level software that controls a device’s basic functions.

 Utility software: tools for system maintenance and optimization.

 Boot loaders: software that initializes the OS during startup.

Why use System Software?

Here are some reasons why system software is necessary:

1. Hardware Communication: System software serves as an interface between the hardware


and software components of a computer, enabling them to communicate and work together.

2. Resource Management: System software manages computer resources such as memory,


CPU usage, and storage, optimizing their utilization and ensuring that the system operates
efficiently.

3. Security: System software provides security measures such as firewalls, antivirus software,
and encryption, protecting the system and its data from malware, viruses, and other security
threats.

4. User Interface: System software provides a user interface that allows users to interact with
the computer or computing device and perform various tasks.
5. Application Support: System software supports the installation and running of applications
and software on the system.

6. Customization: System software allows for customization of the system settings and
configuration, giving users greater control over their computing environment.

Features of System Software

The most important features of system software are as below.

1. Memory Management: operating system perform memory management. The OS keeps


track of the primary memory and allocates the memory when a process requests it.

2. Processor Management: OS performs process management. Allocates the main memory


(RAM) to a process and de-allocates it when it is no longer required.

3. File Management: Operating system perform file management. Allocates and de-allocates
the resources and decides who gets the resources.

4. Security: Prevents unauthorized access to programs and data using passwords.

5. Error-detecting Aids: Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other debugging
and error-detecting methods.

6. Scheduling: The OS schedules the process through its scheduling algorithms.

Types of System Software

Operating System
An operating system (OS) is a type of system software that manages a computer’s hardware and
software resources. It provides common services for computer programs. An OS acts as a link
between the software and the hardware. It controls and keeps a record of the execution of all other
programs that are present in the computer, including application programs and other system
software.

Important Tasks Performed by the Operating System

The main functions of operating systems are as follow:

 Resource Management: The operating system manages and allocates memory, CPU time,
and other hardware resources among the various programs and processes running on the
computer.

 Process Management: The operating system is responsible for starting, stopping, and
managing processes and programs. It also controls the scheduling of processes and allocates
resources to them.

 Memory Management: The operating system manages the computer’s primary memory and
provides mechanisms for optimizing memory usage.

 Security: The operating system provides a secure environment for the user, applications, and
data by implementing security policies and mechanisms such as access controls and
encryption.

 File Management: The operating system is responsible for organizing and managing the file
system, including the creation, deletion, and manipulation of files and directories.

 Device Management: The operating system manages input/output devices such as printers,
keyboards, mice, and displays. It provides the necessary drivers and interfaces to enable
communication between the devices and the computer.

Programming Language Translator

Programming language translators are programs that translate code written in one programming
language into another programming language. below are examples of programming language
translator.

 Compiler: A compiler is a software that translates the code written in one language to some
other language without changing the meaning of the program. The compiler is also said to
make the target code efficient and optimized in terms of time and space.

 Interpreter: An interpreter is a computer program that directly executes, i.e. it performs


instructions written in a programming or scripting language. Interpreters do not require the
program to be previously compiled into a machine language program. An interpreter
translates high-level instructions into an intermediate form, which is then executed.

 Assembler: An assembler is a program that converts the assembly language into machine
code. It takes the basic commands and operations and converts them into binary code
specific to a type of processor.
Assemblers produce executable code that is similar to compilers. However, assemblers are
more simplistic since they only convert low-level code (assembly language) to machine code.
Since each assembly language is designed for a specific processor, assembling a program is
performed using a simple one-to-one mapping from assembly code to machine code. On the
other hand, compilers must convert generic high-level source code into machine code for a
specific processor.

Device Drivers

Device drivers are a class of system software that minimizes the need for system troubleshooting.
Internally, the operating system communicates with hardware elements. Device drivers make it
simple to manage and regulate this communication.

To operate the hardware components, the operating system comes with a variety of device drivers.
The majority of device drivers, including those for a mouse, keyboard, etc., are pre-installed in the
computer system by the businesses that make computers.

Utility Software

System Software and application software interact through utility software. A third-party product
called utility software is created to lessen maintenance problems and find computer system defects.
It is included with your computer’s operating system.

Listed below are some particular attributes of utility software:

 Users benefit from protection from threats and infections.

 WinRAR and WinZip are programs that aid in reducing disk size.

 It assists with disk partitioning and functions as a windows disk management service.

 It makes it easier for users to back up old data and improves system security.

 It operates as a disk defragmenter to organize the dispersed files on the drive.

 It aids in the recovery of lost data.

Difference between System Software and Application Software

Here are the main difference points between software and application software

System Software Application Software

System Software maintains the system resources and Application software is built for specific
gives the path for application software to run. tasks.

Low-level languages are used to write the system While high-level languages are used to
software. write the application software.

It is general-purpose software. While it’s a specific purpose software.

Without system software, the system stops and can’t While Without application software
System Software Application Software

run. system always runs.

System software runs when the system is turned on While application software runs as per
and stops when the system is turned off. the user’s request.

Example: Application software is


Example: System software is an operating system, etc.
Photoshop, VLC player, etc.

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