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Matrix - Algebra - and - Applications (I)

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20 views30 pages

Matrix - Algebra - and - Applications (I)

Uploaded by

Aditya Anand
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Matrix Algebra and

Applications (I)

Key Concepts, Methods, and


Applications
Matrix

• We wish to express the information of


possession of notebooks and pens by
Radha and her two friends Fauzia and
Simran which is as follows: Radha has 15
notebooks and 6 pens, Fauzia has 10
notebooks and 2 pens, Simran has 13
notebooks and 5 pens.
• Definition: A matrix is a
rectangular or square array of
elements (usually numbers)
arranged in rows and columns.
• Order of a matrix: A matrix having
m rows and n columns is called a
matrix of order m × n or simply m
× n matrix (read as an m by n
matrix).
• In a matrix each element is
identified by its position e.g. aij
indicates the elements of i th row
and j th column.
• Elements a11, a22, …., amn are
diagonal elements.
Questions
1. Consider the following information regarding the number of men and
women workers in three factories

Represent the above information in the form of a 3 × 2 matrix. What does the
entry in the third row and second column represent?
2. If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?
Different types of Matrices
Row matrix: A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only
one row.

Column matrix: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has


only one column.

Square matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows are


equal to the number of columns, is said to be a square matrix.

Null matrix: A matrix in which all elements are zero.


• Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix whose all
elements except the diagonal elements are zero.

• Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix is said to be a


scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal.

• Identity Matrix: A square matrix in which


elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all
zero is called an identity matrix.
• Transpose Matrix: A matrix obtained by
interchanging rows into columns or columns into
rows is called transpose of the given matrix and
is denoted by A’ or AT.

• Triangular Matrix:
A square matrix whose all elements above the
diagonal elements are zero is called a lower
triangular matrix.

A square matrix whose all elements below the


diagonal elements are zero is called an upper
triangular matrix.
• Symmetric Matrix: A square
matrix whose transpose is a
matrix itself is called a symmetric
matrix. If A is a square matrix of
order n then it is called
asymmetric matrix if A = A’

• Skew Symmetric Matrix: If A is a


square matrix of order n then it is
said to be a skew symmetric
matrix if A = − A’
• Orthogonal Matrix: If A is a square matrix of order n then it is
said to be an orthogonal matrix if AA' = A'A = I
( where I represents identity matrix)

• Idempotant Matrix: If A is a square matrix of order n then it is


said to be an idempotant matrix if A2 = A.

• Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix A of order n is said to be a


nilpotent matrix if for some positive integer value of n , An = 0.
Operations on Matrices
Addition of matrices: Sum of two matrices is a matrix obtained by adding
the corresponding elements of the given matrices. Furthermore, the two
matrices have to be of the same order.

Subtraction of matrices: Difference of two matrices is a matrix obtained


by subtracting the corresponding elements of the given matrices.
Furthermore, the two matrices have to be of the same order.

Find the sum (A+B) and difference (A-B) of the provided matrices A and B.
• Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar: If A is a
matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another matrix
which is obtained by multiplying each element of
A by the scalar k.
• Find 3A

• Multiplication of Two Matrices: The product of


two matrices A and B is defined if the number of
columns of A is equal to the number of rows of
B.
• Find CD
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Determinant of a Matrix
Consider the system of linear • ax+by=e
equations • cx+dy=f

Corresponding 2×2 coefficient a b


matrix can be given as: c d 2×2

Then (ad-bc) is called as


determinant of this 2×2 matrix
and denoted by det(A) or |A|.

But what about if the matrix is


3×3 or n×n?
• In order to obtain the
determinant of matrices of
higher orders than 2, we need to
introduce two concepts- minors
and cofactors
• . Transpose of co-factor matrix is called Ad-joint matrix.
• .
Questions
• .
.
.
Inverse of a Matrix

• Invertible Matrices: If A is a square matrix of order m, and if


there exists another square matrix B of the same order m, such
that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and it is
denoted by A-1. In that case A is said to be invertible.
• A square matrix A is invertible if and only if |A|≠ 0
Inverse of a Matrix

Ad-Joint (Adjugate) Matrix Method

Find the inverse of all matrices on page


17 and 18 using Ad-joint method.
2. Gaussian Elimination Method: A pre requisite for using this
method is to know the concept of elementary row/column
operations.
• Row/Column switching: Ri↔ Rj OR Ci↔ Cj
• Row/Column multiplication by scalar:
k.Ri → Ri OR k.Ci↔ Ci
• Row/Column addition and subtraction:
Ri ± k.Rj = Ri OR Ci ± k.Cj = Ci
Method for solving
system of linear
equations
• Step 1: Write the augmented matrix of
a system of equations.

• Step 2: Convert the matrix in row


echelon form

• Step 3: Solve the equations obtained


to find the solution for system of
linear equations.
Solution of system of equations
• Consider the system of linear equations
ax+by=e
cx+dy=f
The system in matrix form can be written as:
AX=B
a b x e
c d y f

Then X=A-1B is the unique set of solution for that


system of equation
•
•
Gauss elimination method for
finding inverse of matrix

• To find the inverse of a square matrix A through the gaussian


elimination method, we attach an identity matrix I (of the same
order) to A and then by using a sequence of elementary row
operations on both of them, matrix A step by step transforms to
an identity matrix and the identity matrix transforms to A-1
(A:I)=(I:A-1)

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