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Mathematics STEM 2

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24 views44 pages

Mathematics STEM 2

Uploaded by

mba174061
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STEM

2024
Linear Function
The graph of a linear function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 is a straight line
Example
Real Life Application on linear
Function
1. Rate of Change of Value

Linearly Growth
Linearly Decay
2. Business Area
- To calculate profit and loss
- To calculate depreciation

Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
Interpreting Slope as Average Rate of Change

Taye purchased a new equipment for Birr 18. The equipment


have a value of Birr 7.5 after 5 years, if its value is depreciated
linearly:
a. At what rate is the equipment's value changing with respect to
time?
b. Find the linear equation that relates value (V) in Birr to time
(t) in years:
c. Find its price after 2, 3, 6, 10, 15, 20 years.
d. When does the price be Birr 9?
e. When does the equipment have no value?
Interpreting Slope as Average Rate of Change
An equipment was purchased for Birr 20 and will have a scrap
value of Birr 2 after 10 years. If its value is depreciated linearly:
a. At what rate is the equipment's value changing with respect to
time?
b. Find the linear equation that relates value (V) in Birr to time
(t) in years:
c. Find its price in 3rd, 5th, 11th and 12th years
d. When does the price be Birr 9?
e. When does the equipment have no value?
Quadratic functions
Definition:
Quadratic functions are functions of the form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0.
Some Applications of Quadratic
Functions
The concept of quadratic functions can be
applied in a lot of areas. Some are
- Free fall motion
-Extreme [Maximum or minimum value]
problems
- parabolic tunnels and cables of bridges
analysis etc
Example
For the quadratic function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3,
use the winplot software to do the following
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑓
2. Find the zeros of f
3. Find the extreme value.
4. Find the points of intersections of 𝑓 and
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥+1
5. Length of the arc of f on −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
Example 1:

A boy threw a ball vertically upward in the air from a height of 4m with
𝑚
initial velocity 20 m/sec (𝑔 = 10 2 )
𝑠
a. Write the function
b. Draw the graph of the function
c. What is the maximum height of the ball?
d. When did it reach at maximum height?
e. When was the ball at 9 m from the ground?
f. After how long does the ball hit the ground?

1 2
ℎ(𝑡) = − 𝑔𝑡 + 𝑣0 𝑡 + ℎ0
2
Exercise 2

A company is going to make frames as part of a new


product they launching. The frame will cut out of a
piece of steel, and to keep the weight down, the final
area should be 28 cm2 . the inside of the frame has to be
11 cm by 6 cm.
What should the width 𝑥 of the metal be?
(Using winplot)

Area total, AT = (11+2x)(6+2x)


Area inside, AI = 66
Area Frame = AT-AI =4x2+34x
Exercise 3:
14 7
A tunnel bridge gate is designed in meter where 𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 +
9 2
representing the height from the ground x meter away from the center as
shown below.
1. Find the ground width of the tunnel gate?
2. Find the maximum height of the tunnel gate?
3. Can a car of width 2m and height 2m pass through the tunnel gate?
4. If a door is planned to design for this gate, find the area of the door?

𝟏𝟒 𝟐 𝟕
y 𝒇 𝒙 =− 𝒙 +
𝟗 𝟐

x
Exercise 4:
If the cable parabola of the bridge is symmetrical
1
modelled by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , where x in km and height h= 0.5km.
8
Find
1. The length of the cable
2. The length of the bridge

h
Exponential Functions
Definition:
The Exponential function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 , 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1
properties:
1. Its domain is (– , )
2. Its range is (0, ).
3. Its graph passes through the point (0,1).
4. It is increasing if b > 1 and decreasing if b < 1.
Graphs and Some Applications of Exponential Functions
Example
1 𝑥
Take 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = .
2
1.Using the winplot software, sketch the
functions on one coordinate system.
2. Where do they intersect?
3. Reflect 𝑓 and g along x-axis
4. Reflect 𝑓 along the line y=3x+2
5. Rotate 𝑔 by 300 at the origin
6. Animate 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴(𝐵 𝑥 )
If 𝑝𝑜 is the principal, 𝑟 is the annual interest rate and n is the
number of times that interest is compounded per year, then the
balance at time t years is
𝑟 𝑛𝑡
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑝0 (1 + )
𝑛

Exercise 1 (compound Interest)


If the principal value is Birr 100 with annual interest rate 10%
compounded twice per year then calculate the balance after
1. A year
2. Twelve years
3. When will be an amount of 500 Birr?
Exercise 2: Population Growth
The population of a certain town is growing at a rate of
5% every year. If the current population is 150k,
(k=1000). what will be the population
1. After 3 years
2. After 20 years
3. When will the population double?
Exercise 3: Population Growth

The population P (in millions) of Addis Ababa city during a


recent decade can be approximated by 𝑃 = 6 1.02 𝑡 , where t is
the number of years since the beginning of the decade.

a. Determine whether the model represents exponential


growth or decay
b. Identify the annual percent increase or decrease in
population
c. Estimate the number of populations at 5, 10 and 20 years
respectively.
d. what is the initial population?
e. Estimate when the population was about 8 million
Exercise 4 (Biological Study)
The population of a herd of deer can be modelled
300
by 𝑝 𝑡 = −0.12𝑡
1+2𝑒

1. Evaluate P(0)
2. Predict the number of population after 25 years?
3. When does the number of dears can be more
than 250?
Exercise 5 : Concrete Strength Analysis
1. Calculate the time at which 90% of the ultimate strength to be achieved for a
concrete 𝐶1 with k=2?

2. Calculate the time at which 90% of the ultimate strength to be achieved for a
concrete 𝐶2 with k=3?

3. Which concrete type gets its strength faster?


Logarithmic Functions
• The logarithmic function
y = logbx (b > 0, b ≠ 1)
has the following properties:
1. Its domain is (0, ).
2. Its range is (– , ).
3. Its graph passes through the point (1, 0).
4. It is continuous on (0, ).
5. It is increasing on (0, ) if b > 1
and decreasing on (0, ) if b < 1.
Note:
1. y= log 𝑏 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 for 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is the reflection of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 , (𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1) on
𝑦=𝑥
Exponential & Logarithmic Functions

• The Exponential function • The logarithmic function


y = bx (b > 0, b ≠ 1) y = logbx (b > 0, b ≠ 1)
Properties: Properties:
1. Its domain is (– , ) 1. Its domain is (0, ).
2. Its range is (0, ). 2. Its range is (– , ).
3. Its graph passes through the 3. Its graph passes through the
point (0,1). point (1, 0).
4. It is continuous on (-, ). 4. It is continuous on (0, ).
5. It is increasing if b > 1 5. It is increasing if b > 1
and and decreasing if b < 1.
decreasing if b < 1.
Logarithmic Functions
Example:
• Sketch the graph of the function y = ln x.
Solution
• We first sketch the graph of y = ex.

y y = ex y=x
 The required graph is the
mirror image of the graph of
y = ex with respect to the line
y = x: y = ln x

1
x
1
Example
1. Using WINPLOT, draw the graph of
𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥 and show that it is the
reflection of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥

2. Sketch the graph 𝑓 𝑥 = log 0.5 𝑥 and


𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥 and shade the region between
their point of intersection up to the line 𝑥 = 3

3. Using winplot, solve the equation log 6 (𝑥 2 +2𝑥 − 8) = log 6 (4𝑥)


Exercise

(c) At what age is 95cm achieved for the child?


Exercise
Exponential & Logarithm
• Exponential growth or decay
• Loans, mortgages, investments
Using a log scale:
– Sound intensity (decibels)
– Acidity (pH) of a solution
– Earthquake intensity (Richter scale)
Applications of Trigonometric ratio
• The angle of elevation,
which represents the
angle from the horizontal
upward to the object.

• The angle of depression,


which represents the
angle from the horizontal
downward to the object.
Example – Using Trigonometry to Solve a Right Triangle

• A surveyor is standing 50 feet from the base of a large


tree, as shown in Figure below. The surveyor measures
the angle of elevation to the top of the tree as 71.5.
How tall is the tree?

Figure 4.31
• Solution:
• From the Figure, you can see that
• tan 71.5
6. Find the height of a flagpole which casts a shadow of
9.32 m when the sun makes and angle of 63 to the
horizontal.

63

63

9.32 m

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